Protokol Montreal: Perbedaan antara revisi
k r2.7.1) (bot Menambah: ca:Protocol de Montreal |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.6 |
||
(12 revisi perantara oleh 8 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Protokol Montreal atas Zat-Zat yang mengurangi Lapisan Ozon
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_agreeded = 14–16 September 1987
| location_signed = [[Montreal]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 1 Januari 1989 jika 11 negara telah meratifikasinya.
| condition_effective = ratifikasi oleh 20 negara
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 46
| ratifiers = 197 (seluruh anggota PBB, serta [[Niue]], [[Kepulauan Cook]], [[Tahta Suci]] dan [[Uni Eropa]])
| depositor =[[Sekretaris Jenderal PBB]]
| language =
| languages = Arab, Tionghoa, Inggris, Prancis, Rusia, dan Spanyol.
| website =
| wikisource =
}}
[[Berkas:NASA and NOAA Announce Ozone Hole is a Double Record Breaker.png|jmpl|ka|Lubang ozon Antartika terbesar tercatat pada September 2006]]
'''Protokol Montreal''' (lengkapnya: '''Protokol Montreal atas Zat-Zat yang mengurangi Lapisan Ozon''') adalah sebuah [[traktat]] internasional yang dirancang untuk melindungi [[lapisan ozon]] dengan meniadakan [[produksi]] sejumlah zat yang diyakini bertanggung jawab atas [[penipisan ozon|berkurangnya lapisan ozon]]. Traktat ini terbuka untuk ditandatangani pada [[16 September]] [[1987]] dan berlaku sejak [[1 Januari]] [[1989]]. Sejak itu, traktat ini telah mengalami lima kali revisi yaitu pada [[1990]] di [[London]], [[1992]] di [[Kopenhagen]], [[1995]] di [[Vienna]], [[1997]] di [[Montreal]] dan [[1999]] di [[Beijing]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-37665529 Climate change: 'Monumental' deal to cut HFCs, fastest growing greenhouse gases]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/Treaties/treaties_decisions-hb.php?sec_id=343 |title=Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat |date=}}</ref> Sebagai hasil dari perjanjian internasional tersebut, lubang ozon di Antartika secara perlahan pulih.<ref>Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", ''[[Arbetarbladet]] 12-9-2014, p. 10.''</ref> Proyeksi iklim menunjukkan bahwa lapisan ozon akan kembali ke tingkat 1980 antara tahun 2050 dan 2070.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate|url=http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2796&ArticleID=10978&l=en|accessdate=18 September 2014|agency=UNEP|publisher=UNEP|date=10 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913031932/http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2796&ArticleID=10978&l=en|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Susan Solomon|author2=Anne R. Douglass|author3=Paul A. Newman|title=The Antarctic ozone hole: An update|url=http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/article/67/7/10.1063/PT.3.2449|website=Physics today|accessdate=18 September 2014|date=July 2014}}</ref> Dikarenakan tingkat penerapan dan implementasinya yang luas, traktat ini dianggap sebagai contoh kesuksesan kerjasama internasional. [[Kofi Annan]] pernah menyebutnya sebagai "Kemungkinan merupakan persetujuan internasional tersukses sampai hari ini..".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theozonehole.com/montreal.htm |title=The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer |publisher=Theozonehole.com |date=16 September 1987}}</ref>
Traktat ini difokuskan pada beberapa kelompok senyawa [[hidrokarbon]] [[halogen]] yang diyakini memainkan peranan penting dalam pengikisan lapisan ozon. Semua zat tersebut memiliki [[klorin]] atau [[bromin]] (zat yang hanya memiliki [[fluorin]] saja tidak berbahaya bagi lapisan ozon).
== Syarat dan tujuan ==
Perjanjian ini<ref>Persyaratan lengkap tersedia dari http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703062032/http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/ |date=2008-07-03 }}.</ref> terstruktur pada sekitar beberapa kelompok [[haloalkana|hidrokarbon terhalogenasi]] yang menipiskan ozon [[stratosfer]]. Semua zat perusak ozon yang dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal mengandung [[klorin]] atau [[bromin]] (zat yang hanya mengandung [[fluorin]] tidak membahayakan lapisan ozon). Beberapa bahan perusak ozon (BPO) belum dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal, termasuk nitrogen oksida (N<sub>2</sub>O) Untuk tabel bahan perusak ozon yang dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal lihat:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ods.html |title=Class I Ozone-depleting Substances | Science | Ozone Layer Protection | US EPA |publisher=Epa.gov |date=}}</ref>
Untuk setiap kelompok BPO, perjanjian tersebut menyediakan jadwal dimana produksi zat-zat tersebut harus ditembakkan dan akhirnya dihilangkan.
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Lingkungan}}
* [[Gas rumah kaca]]
* [[Haloalkana]]
* [[Konferensi Wina (1985)]]
* [[Pendingin]]
* [[Penipisan ozon]]
* [[Perjanjian Kopenhagen]]
* [[Perjanjian Paris]]
* [[Protokol Kyoto]]
* [[R-134a]]
* [[Amendemen Kigali]]
== Referensi ==
{{CIA World Factbook|year=2003}}<small>(disebut sebagai Perlindungan Lapisan Ozon)</small>
{{reflist|30em}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* Andersen, S. O. and K. M. Sarma. (2002). ''Protecting the Ozone Layer: the United Nations History, Earthscan Press''. London.
* Andersen, S. O., K. M. Sarma and K. N. Taddonio. (2007). ''Technology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate Change''. Earthscan Press, London.
* Benedick, Richard E. (1991). ''Ozone Diplomacy''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65001-8 (Ambassador Benedick was the Chief U.S. Negotiator at the meetings that resulted in the Protocol.)
* Brodeur, Paul (1986). "Annals of Chemistry: In the Face of Doubt." ''The New Yorker'', 9 June 1986, pp. 70–87.
* Chasek, Pam, David Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013 – forthcoming). G''lobal Environmental Politics'', 6th Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
* Dotto, Lydia and Harold Schiff (1978). ''The Ozone War''. New York: Double Day.
* Downie, David (1993). "Comparative Public Policy of Ozone Layer Protection." ''Political Science'' (NZ) 45(2): (December): 186–197.
* Downie, David (1995). "Road Map or False Trail: Evaluating the Precedence of the Ozone Regime as Model and Strategy for Global Climate Change," ''International Environmental Affairs'', 7(4):321–345 (Fall 1995).
* Downie, David (1999). "The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem", in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh (eds.) ''Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources''. Albany: State University of New York Press.
* [[David L. Downie]] (2012). "The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone", in P. Wexler et al. (eds.) ''Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Management Perspective''. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
* Downie, David (2013) "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion." ''The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics''. New York: Routledge.
* Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin (1985). "Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal ClOx/NOx Interaction." ''Nature'' 315: 207–210, 16 May 1985.
* Gareau, Brian J. (2013). ''From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol''. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17526-4
* Grundmann, Reiner. (2001). ''Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone'', London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22423-3
* Litfin, Karen T. (1994). ''Ozone Discourses''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08137-5
* Molina, Mario and F. Sherwood Rowland (1974). "Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone." ''Nature'' 249: 810–12, 28 June 1974.
* Morissette, P.M. (1989). "The evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion." ''Natural Resources Journal'' 29: 793–820.
* Parson, Edward (2003). ''Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Roan, Sharon (1989). ''Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency''. New York, John Wiley and Sons
* United Nations Environmental Programme. (2012). ''[http://new.unep.org/ozonaction/Portals/105/documents/publications/green-economy-report.pdf The Montreal Protocol and The Green Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121215638/http://new.unep.org/ozonaction/Portals/105/documents/publications/green-economy-report.pdf |date=2015-11-21 }}''.
* Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. (2007). ''[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/12/4814.full The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting the Climate]''. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 104(12), 4814–4819, doi:10.1073/pnas.0610328104.
* Velders, G. J. M., D. W. Fahey, J. S Daniel, M. McFarland, and S. O. Andersen. (2009). ''[http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/19/0902817106.full.pdf+html?with-ds=yes The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing]''. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 106(27), doi:10.1073/pnas.090281716.
* Velders, G. J. M., A. R. Ravishankara, M. K. Miller, M. J. Molina, J. Alcamo, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, S. A. Montzka, and S. Reimann. (2012). ''[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6071/922 Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs]''. Science, 335(6071), 922–923, doi:10.1126/science.1216414.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/index.php The Ozone Secretariat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124225050/http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/index.php |date=2012-01-24 }}
* [http://www.multilateralfund.org/ Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/treaty_ratification_status.php Status of Ratification]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/montreal_protocol.php The Montreal Protocol]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/vienna_convention.php The Vienna Convention]
* [http://ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/Treaties/treaties_decisions-hb.php?art_id=59,60,61,62,63 Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) Controlled Under the Montreal Protocol]
* [http://www.epa.gov/ozone/strathome.html U.S. EPA Ozone Layer Protection Information Home Page]
* [http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/montrealprotocolwhoswho/ The Montreal Protocol Who's Who] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531033513/http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/montrealprotocolwhoswho/ |date=2010-05-31 }}
* [http://www.ncseonline.org/cfc-ozone-puzzle-environmental-science-global-arena-2000-chafee-memorial-lecture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919203230/http://www.ncseonline.org/cfc-ozone-puzzle-environmental-science-global-arena-2000-chafee-memorial-lecture |date=2015-09-19 }} by F.Sherwood Rowland and Mario J.Molina
* [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2002/qandas16.pdf Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere? ](NOAA Aeronomy Lab)
* [http://www.cei.org/gencon/025,01184.cfm Doomsday Déjà vu: Ozone Depletion's Lessons for Global Warming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910000608/http://cei.org/gencon/025,01184.cfm |date=2009-09-10 }} by [http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_expert.cfm?expert=6 Ben Lieberman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213041936/http://www.cei.org/dyn/view_Expert.cfm?Expert=6 |date=2005-12-13 }}
* [http://www.eia-international.org/media?cat1=196&cat2=236 EIA reports]: Reports on illegal trade and solutions.
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vcpol/vcpol.html Introductory note by Edith Brown Weiss, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/ Green Cooling Initiative]
* [http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/ Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies]
{{Polusi}}
[[Kategori:Traktat]]
|
Revisi terkini sejak 20 Januari 2022 14.19
Lokasi | Montreal |
---|---|
Efektif | 1 Januari 1989 jika 11 negara telah meratifikasinya. |
Syarat | ratifikasi oleh 20 negara |
Penanda tangan | 46 |
Ratifikasi | 197 (seluruh anggota PBB, serta Niue, Kepulauan Cook, Tahta Suci dan Uni Eropa) |
Penyimpan | Sekretaris Jenderal PBB |
Bahasa | Arab, Tionghoa, Inggris, Prancis, Rusia, dan Spanyol. |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/220px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png)
Protokol Montreal (lengkapnya: Protokol Montreal atas Zat-Zat yang mengurangi Lapisan Ozon) adalah sebuah traktat internasional yang dirancang untuk melindungi lapisan ozon dengan meniadakan produksi sejumlah zat yang diyakini bertanggung jawab atas berkurangnya lapisan ozon. Traktat ini terbuka untuk ditandatangani pada 16 September 1987 dan berlaku sejak 1 Januari 1989. Sejak itu, traktat ini telah mengalami lima kali revisi yaitu pada 1990 di London, 1992 di Kopenhagen, 1995 di Vienna, 1997 di Montreal dan 1999 di Beijing.[1][2] Sebagai hasil dari perjanjian internasional tersebut, lubang ozon di Antartika secara perlahan pulih.[3] Proyeksi iklim menunjukkan bahwa lapisan ozon akan kembali ke tingkat 1980 antara tahun 2050 dan 2070.[4][5] Dikarenakan tingkat penerapan dan implementasinya yang luas, traktat ini dianggap sebagai contoh kesuksesan kerjasama internasional. Kofi Annan pernah menyebutnya sebagai "Kemungkinan merupakan persetujuan internasional tersukses sampai hari ini..".[6]
Traktat ini difokuskan pada beberapa kelompok senyawa hidrokarbon halogen yang diyakini memainkan peranan penting dalam pengikisan lapisan ozon. Semua zat tersebut memiliki klorin atau bromin (zat yang hanya memiliki fluorin saja tidak berbahaya bagi lapisan ozon).
Syarat dan tujuan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Perjanjian ini[7] terstruktur pada sekitar beberapa kelompok hidrokarbon terhalogenasi yang menipiskan ozon stratosfer. Semua zat perusak ozon yang dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal mengandung klorin atau bromin (zat yang hanya mengandung fluorin tidak membahayakan lapisan ozon). Beberapa bahan perusak ozon (BPO) belum dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal, termasuk nitrogen oksida (N2O) Untuk tabel bahan perusak ozon yang dikendalikan oleh Protokol Montreal lihat:[8]
Untuk setiap kelompok BPO, perjanjian tersebut menyediakan jadwal dimana produksi zat-zat tersebut harus ditembakkan dan akhirnya dihilangkan.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Gas rumah kaca
- Haloalkana
- Konferensi Wina (1985)
- Pendingin
- Penipisan ozon
- Perjanjian Kopenhagen
- Perjanjian Paris
- Protokol Kyoto
- R-134a
- Amendemen Kigali
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber] Artikel ini berisi bahan berstatus domain umum dari CIA World Factbook dokumen "2003 edition".(disebut sebagai Perlindungan Lapisan Ozon)
- ^ Climate change: 'Monumental' deal to cut HFCs, fastest growing greenhouse gases
- ^ "Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol". United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat.
- ^ Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", Arbetarbladet 12-9-2014, p. 10.
- ^ "Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate". UNEP. UNEP. 10 September 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-09-13. Diakses tanggal 18 September 2014.
- ^ Susan Solomon; Anne R. Douglass; Paul A. Newman (July 2014). "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update". Physics today. Diakses tanggal 18 September 2014.
- ^ "The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer". Theozonehole.com. 16 September 1987.
- ^ Persyaratan lengkap tersedia dari http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/ Diarsipkan 2008-07-03 di Wayback Machine..
- ^ "Class I Ozone-depleting Substances | Science | Ozone Layer Protection | US EPA". Epa.gov.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Andersen, S. O. and K. M. Sarma. (2002). Protecting the Ozone Layer: the United Nations History, Earthscan Press. London.
- Andersen, S. O., K. M. Sarma and K. N. Taddonio. (2007). Technology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate Change. Earthscan Press, London.
- Benedick, Richard E. (1991). Ozone Diplomacy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65001-8 (Ambassador Benedick was the Chief U.S. Negotiator at the meetings that resulted in the Protocol.)
- Brodeur, Paul (1986). "Annals of Chemistry: In the Face of Doubt." The New Yorker, 9 June 1986, pp. 70–87.
- Chasek, Pam, David Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013 – forthcoming). Global Environmental Politics, 6th Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
- Dotto, Lydia and Harold Schiff (1978). The Ozone War. New York: Double Day.
- Downie, David (1993). "Comparative Public Policy of Ozone Layer Protection." Political Science (NZ) 45(2): (December): 186–197.
- Downie, David (1995). "Road Map or False Trail: Evaluating the Precedence of the Ozone Regime as Model and Strategy for Global Climate Change," International Environmental Affairs, 7(4):321–345 (Fall 1995).
- Downie, David (1999). "The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem", in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh (eds.) Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- David L. Downie (2012). "The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone", in P. Wexler et al. (eds.) Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Management Perspective. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
- Downie, David (2013) "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion." The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. New York: Routledge.
- Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin (1985). "Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal ClOx/NOx Interaction." Nature 315: 207–210, 16 May 1985.
- Gareau, Brian J. (2013). From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17526-4
- Grundmann, Reiner. (2001). Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone, London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22423-3
- Litfin, Karen T. (1994). Ozone Discourses. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08137-5
- Molina, Mario and F. Sherwood Rowland (1974). "Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone." Nature 249: 810–12, 28 June 1974.
- Morissette, P.M. (1989). "The evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion." Natural Resources Journal 29: 793–820.
- Parson, Edward (2003). Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Roan, Sharon (1989). Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency. New York, John Wiley and Sons
- United Nations Environmental Programme. (2012). The Montreal Protocol and The Green Economy Diarsipkan 2015-11-21 di Wayback Machine..
- Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. (2007). The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting the Climate. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 104(12), 4814–4819, doi:10.1073/pnas.0610328104.
- Velders, G. J. M., D. W. Fahey, J. S Daniel, M. McFarland, and S. O. Andersen. (2009). The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 106(27), doi:10.1073/pnas.090281716.
- Velders, G. J. M., A. R. Ravishankara, M. K. Miller, M. J. Molina, J. Alcamo, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, S. A. Montzka, and S. Reimann. (2012). Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs. Science, 335(6071), 922–923, doi:10.1126/science.1216414.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- The Ozone Secretariat Diarsipkan 2012-01-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol
- Status of Ratification
- The Montreal Protocol
- The Vienna Convention
- Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) Controlled Under the Montreal Protocol
- U.S. EPA Ozone Layer Protection Information Home Page
- The Montreal Protocol Who's Who Diarsipkan 2010-05-31 di Wayback Machine.
- [1] Diarsipkan 2015-09-19 di Wayback Machine. by F.Sherwood Rowland and Mario J.Molina
- Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere? (NOAA Aeronomy Lab)
- Doomsday Déjà vu: Ozone Depletion's Lessons for Global Warming Diarsipkan 2009-09-10 di Wayback Machine. by Ben Lieberman Diarsipkan 2005-12-13 di Wayback Machine.
- EIA reports: Reports on illegal trade and solutions.
- Introductory note by Edith Brown Weiss, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Green Cooling Initiative
- Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies