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[[File:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1983, MiNr Block 070.jpg|thumb|300px|Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen dan John Sieg dalam prangko GDR.]]
[[Berkas:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1983, MiNr Block 070.jpg|jmpl|300px|Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen dan John Sieg dalam prangko GDR.]]
'''Orkestra Merah''' ({{lang-de|Die Rote Kapelle}}) atau disebut '''Kapel Merah''' di Jerman, adalah nama yang diberikan oleh [[Gestapo]] kepada [[gerakan perlawanan]] buruh anti-Nazi semasa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Kelompok ini beranggotakan [[Harro Schulze-Boysen]], [[Arvid Harnack]] dan teman-temannya di Berlin, serta sejumlah kelompok yang bergiat secara independen dari kelompok intelijen ini, yang bergiat dari [[Paris]] dan [[Brussels]], mengatasnamakan [[Leopold Trepper]] dari [[Direktorat Utama Keamanan Negara]] Soviet (GRU).{{sfn|Coppi Jr.|1996}} Tidak seperti desas-desus yang beredar, Orkestra Merah tidak diarahkan oleh komunis Soviet atau berada di bawah kepemimpinan tunggal, tetapi jaringan kelompok dan individu yang kerap beroperasi secara independen. Hingga saat ini, terdapat sekitar 400 anggota Orkestra Merah yang diketahui.{{sfn|Benz|Pehle|2001|p=281}} Kegiatan kelompok ini meliputi mencetak dan menyebarkan selebaran ilegal dengan harapan dapat memicu pembangkangan massal, membantu Yahudi dan oposisi melarikan diri dari [[Jerman Nazi|rezim Nazi]], mendokumentasikan kejahatan rezim Nazi dan meneruskan laporan intelijen militer kepada [[Sekutu Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]]. Sampai saat ini, persepsi umum mengenai "Orkestra Merah" ditandai oleh transfigurasi pada tahun-tahun pascaperang dan [[Perang Dingin]].{{sfn|Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle"|2013}}
'''Orkestra Merah''' ({{lang-de|Die Rote Kapelle}}) atau disebut '''Kapel Merah''' di Jerman, adalah nama yang diberikan oleh [[Gestapo]] kepada [[gerakan perlawanan]] buruh anti-Nazi semasa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Kelompok ini beranggotakan [[Harro Schulze-Boysen]], [[Arvid Harnack]] dan teman-temannya di Berlin, serta sejumlah kelompok yang bergiat secara independen dari kelompok intelijen ini, yang bergiat dari [[Paris]] dan [[Brussels]], mengatasnamakan [[Leopold Trepper]] dari [[Direktorat Utama Keamanan Negara]] Soviet (GRU).{{sfn|Coppi Jr.|1996}} Tidak seperti desas-desus yang beredar, Orkestra Merah tidak diarahkan oleh komunis Soviet atau berada di bawah kepemimpinan tunggal, tetapi jaringan kelompok dan individu yang kerap beroperasi secara independen. Hingga saat ini, terdapat sekitar 400 anggota Orkestra Merah yang diketahui.{{sfn|Benz|Pehle|2001|p=281}} Kegiatan kelompok ini meliputi mencetak dan menyebarkan selebaran ilegal dengan harapan dapat memicu pembangkangan massal, membantu Yahudi dan oposisi melarikan diri dari [[Jerman Nazi|rezim Nazi]], mendokumentasikan kejahatan rezim Nazi dan meneruskan laporan intelijen militer kepada [[Sekutu Perang Dunia II|Sekutu]]. Sampai saat ini, persepsi umum mengenai "Orkestra Merah" ditandai oleh transfigurasi pada tahun-tahun pascaperang dan [[Perang Dingin]].{{sfn|Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle"|2013}}


==Lihat juga==
== Lihat juga ==
*[[Tokoh Orkestra Merah]]
* [[Tokoh Orkestra Merah]]
*[[Penjara Plötzensee]]
* [[Penjara Plötzensee]]
*[[Schwarze Kapelle]]
* [[Schwarze Kapelle]]
*[[Mawar Putih]]
* [[Mawar Putih]]


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==


===Kutipan===
=== Kutipan ===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


===Bibliografi===
=== Bibliografi ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l’Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |date=2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l’Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |date=2015}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-89093-203-2 |url=http://archive.org/details/rotekapelleciOOunit |format=pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-89093-203-2 |url=http://archive.org/details/rotekapelleciOOunit |format=pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9}}
* {{cite book| last=Trepper |first=Leopold |date=1977 |title=The Great Game |publisher=McGraw–Hill |isbn=0-07-065146-9}}
* {{cite book| last=Trepper |first=Leopold |date=1977 |title=The Great Game | url=https://archive.org/details/greatgamememoirs0000trep |publisher=McGraw–Hill |isbn=0-07-065146-9}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle") |journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte |date=1988 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=267–292 |series=Theologie und Politik |trans-title=Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle") |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG) |language=German |jstor=43750615 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle") |journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte |date=1988 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=267–292 |series=Theologie und Politik |trans-title=Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle") |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG) |language=German |jstor=43750615 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Coppi Jr. |first1=Hans |editor1-last=Dietrich Bracher |editor1-first=Karl |editor2-last=Schwarz |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |editor3-last=Möller |editor3-first=Horst |title=Die Rote Kapelle |journal=Quarterly Books for Contemporary History |trans-title=''The Red Chapel'' in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943 |year=1996 |date=July 1996 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=431–548 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518143900/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1996_3.pdf |accessdate=9 December 2018 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary History |location=Munich |language=German |issn=0042-5702|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Coppi Jr. |first1=Hans |editor1-last=Dietrich Bracher |editor1-first=Karl |editor2-last=Schwarz |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |editor3-last=Möller |editor3-first=Horst |title=Die Rote Kapelle |journal=Quarterly Books for Contemporary History |trans-title=''The Red Chapel'' in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943 |year=1996 |date=July 1996 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=431–548 |url=http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1996_3.pdf |accessdate=9 December 2018 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary History |location=Munich |language=German |issn=0042-5702 |ref=harv |archive-date=2015-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518143900/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1996_3.pdf |dead-url=unfit }}
* {{cite book |last1=Benz |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Pehle |first2=Walther |title=Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes |trans-title=Encyclopedia of German Resistance (The Time of National Socialism) |year=2001 |date=May 2001 |publisher=Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3596150830|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Benz |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Pehle |first2=Walther |title=Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes |trans-title=Encyclopedia of German Resistance (The Time of National Socialism) |year=2001 |date=May 2001 |publisher=Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3596150830|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |title=Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.04.2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fast-vergessen-die-rote-kapelle/a-16761799 |website=Deutsche Welle |year=2013 |accessdate=8 January 2019 |language=de-DE |ref ={{harvid|Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle"|2013}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.04.2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fast-vergessen-die-rote-kapelle/a-16761799 |website=Deutsche Welle |year=2013 |accessdate=8 January 2019 |language=de-DE |ref ={{harvid|Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle"|2013}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scheel |first1=Heinrich |title=Die Rote Kapelle and the 20 July 1944 |journal=Zeitschrift für Geschichte |date=1985 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scheel |first1=Heinrich |title=Die Rote Kapelle and the 20 July 1944 |journal=Zeitschrift für Geschichte |date=1985 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Richelson | first = Jeffrey | authorlink =Jeffrey T. Richelson | title = A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century | publisher = [[Oxford University Press US]] | year = 1995 | location = | isbn = 978-0-19-511390-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Richelson | first = Jeffrey | authorlink =Jeffrey T. Richelson | title = A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/centuryofspiesin00rich | publisher = [[Oxford University Press US]] | year = 1995 | location = | isbn = 978-0-19-511390-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author=Jeffery T. Richelson|title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X5a1fgKqewC&pg=PT271|accessdate=4 January 2019 |year=1997|date=17 July 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988058-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author=Jeffery T. Richelson|title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X5a1fgKqewC&pg=PT271|accessdate=4 January 2019 |year=1997|date=17 July 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988058-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roloff |first1=Stefan |last2=Vigl |first2=Mario |title=Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs |date=2002 |publisher=Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg Verlag |location=Munic |isbn=9783550075438 |language=German|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roloff |first1=Stefan |last2=Vigl |first2=Mario |title=Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs |date=2002 |publisher=Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg Verlag |location=Munic |isbn=9783550075438 |language=German|ref=harv}}
Baris 33: Baris 33:
* {{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Menucha Chana |title=The Socialite Heroine Of The French Resistance |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/the-socialite-heroine-of-the-french-resistance/2017/07/27/ |year=2017|accessdate=28 December 2018 |agency=The Jewish Press |date=27 July 2017|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Menucha Chana |title=The Socialite Heroine Of The French Resistance |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/the-socialite-heroine-of-the-french-resistance/2017/07/27/ |year=2017|accessdate=28 December 2018 |agency=The Jewish Press |date=27 July 2017|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern |url=https://www.zeit.de/2007/51/A-Rote-Kapelle |accessdate=8 January 2019 |number=51 |newspaper=Die Zeit |year=2007|date=13 December 2007 |location=Berlin|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern |url=https://www.zeit.de/2007/51/A-Rote-Kapelle |accessdate=8 January 2019 |number=51 |newspaper=Die Zeit |year=2007|date=13 December 2007 |location=Berlin|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |last1=Tittenhofer |first1=Mark A. |title=The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |website=CIA Library |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence|year=2011|date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=4 January 2019|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |last1=Tittenhofer |first1=Mark A. |title=The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |website=CIA Library |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence |year=2011 |date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=4 January 2019 |ref=harv |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731125348/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Peter|title=History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=212hoVrF3B4C&pg=PA842|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=1996|date=8 October 1996|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Peter|title=History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=212hoVrF3B4C&pg=PA842|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=1996|date=8 October 1996|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brysac|first1=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler : Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWkZOB35KQcC&pg=PA495|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=2000|date=12 October 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-531353-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brysac|first1=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler : Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWkZOB35KQcC&pg=PA495|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=2000|date=12 October 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-531353-6|ref=harv}}
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{{refend}}
{{refend}}


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Rote Kapelle}}
{{Commons category|Rote Kapelle}}
<!---* [http://www.rotekapelle-redorchestra.com/ Film about the Red Orchestra]--->
<!---* [http://www.rotekapelle-redorchestra.com/ Film about the Red Orchestra]--->
*[https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/topics/14-the-red-orchestra/ The German Resistance Memorial Center]
* [https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/topics/14-the-red-orchestra/ The German Resistance Memorial Center]
*[http://www.gedenkstaette-ploetzensee.de/09_e.html Plötzensee Memorial Centre]
* [http://www.gedenkstaette-ploetzensee.de/09_e.html Plötzensee Memorial Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831082624/http://www.gedenkstaette-ploetzensee.de/09_e.html |date=2019-08-31 }}
* [http://www.bfcentral.com.br BFCentral]
* [http://www.bfcentral.com.br BFCentral] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723182539/http://www.bfcentral.com.br/ |date=2008-07-23 }}
* [http://www.haaretz.com/a-woman-called-zosha-1.11997 on Sophia Poznanska]
* [http://www.haaretz.com/a-woman-called-zosha-1.11997 on Sophia Poznanska]
* [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9781400060009.html Book review of ''Red Orchestra'' by Anne Nelson.] [[Random House]] website. Retrieved April 7, 2010
* [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9781400060009.html Book review of ''Red Orchestra'' by Anne Nelson.] [[Random House]] website. Retrieved April 7, 2010
*{{IMDb title | 0095793 | L'orchestre rouge }}
* {{IMDb title | 0095793 | L'orchestre rouge }}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revisi terkini sejak 31 Juli 2022 10.01

Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen dan John Sieg dalam prangko GDR.

Orkestra Merah (bahasa Jerman: Die Rote Kapelle) atau disebut Kapel Merah di Jerman, adalah nama yang diberikan oleh Gestapo kepada gerakan perlawanan buruh anti-Nazi semasa Perang Dunia II. Kelompok ini beranggotakan Harro Schulze-Boysen, Arvid Harnack dan teman-temannya di Berlin, serta sejumlah kelompok yang bergiat secara independen dari kelompok intelijen ini, yang bergiat dari Paris dan Brussels, mengatasnamakan Leopold Trepper dari Direktorat Utama Keamanan Negara Soviet (GRU).[1] Tidak seperti desas-desus yang beredar, Orkestra Merah tidak diarahkan oleh komunis Soviet atau berada di bawah kepemimpinan tunggal, tetapi jaringan kelompok dan individu yang kerap beroperasi secara independen. Hingga saat ini, terdapat sekitar 400 anggota Orkestra Merah yang diketahui.[2] Kegiatan kelompok ini meliputi mencetak dan menyebarkan selebaran ilegal dengan harapan dapat memicu pembangkangan massal, membantu Yahudi dan oposisi melarikan diri dari rezim Nazi, mendokumentasikan kejahatan rezim Nazi dan meneruskan laporan intelijen militer kepada Sekutu. Sampai saat ini, persepsi umum mengenai "Orkestra Merah" ditandai oleh transfigurasi pada tahun-tahun pascaperang dan Perang Dingin.[3]

Lihat juga

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Referensi

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Bibliografi

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Pranala luar

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