Kedar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Kedar''' |
'''Kedar''' atau '''Qedar''' adalah nama orang, juga nama suku bangsa nomaden kuno, dan kerajaan kuno yang tinggal di wilayah [[Jazirah Arab]], dan termasuk ke dalam konfederasi suku-suku Semit Arab. Pada puncak kejayaannya digambarkan sebagai "suku Jazirah Arab Utara kuno yang paling terorganisir", pada abad ke-6 SM menguasai daerah luas antara [[Teluk Persia]] dan [[Semenanjung Sinai]].<ref name=Stearnsp41>Stearns and Langer, 2001, p. 41.</ref><ref name=Eshelp149>Eshel in Lipschitz et al., 2007, p. 149.</ref><ref name="Kingp40"/><ref name=Meyersp223/> |
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Menurut tradisi [[Alkitab]] suku Kedar adalah keturunan dari |
Menurut tradisi [[Alkitab]] suku Kedar adalah keturunan dari ''Kedar'', putra kedua [[Ismael]] bin [[Abraham]], yang dicatat dalam [[Kitab Kejadian]]<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 25:13}}</ref> dan [[Kitab 1 Tawarikh]],<ref>{{Alkitab|1 Tawarikh 1:29}}</ref> serta di bagian lain ada pula beberapa rujukan tentang "Kedar" sebagai suatu suku.<ref name=Eshelp149/><ref name=Bromileyp5>Bromiley, 1997, p. 5.</ref> |
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Inskripsi tertua di luar Alkitab yang ditemukan para arkeolog Siria-Palestina dengan rujukan kepada suku Kedar adalah dari [[Kerajaan Asyur|Kekaisaran Asyur Barue]]. Selama abad ke-8 dan ke-7 SM, mereka menulis daftar nama raja-raja Kedar yang memberontak dan dikalahkan dalam peperangan, juga yang membayar upeti kepada raja-raja Asyur, termasuk [[Zabibe]], ratu orang Arab (šar-rat KUR.a-ri-bi).<ref>Teppo (2005): 47.</ref><ref>"Ratu-ratu yang dicatat selama ratusan ini hanyalah ratu Arab. Tidak ada yang disebut dengan gelar lain. Ini ditafsirkan sebagai berikut: Arab dan Kedar, meskipun berhubungan, tidak dianggap identik." Jan Retsö, ''The Arabs in antiquity'', (Routledge, 2003), p. 167.</ref> Ada pula inskripsi Aram dan Arab Selatan kuno yang menyebut orang Kedar, yang kemudian muncul sesaat dalam tulisan-tulisan sejarawan Yunani klasik ataupun Romawi, seperti [[Herodotus]], [[Plinius yang Tua]], dan [[Diodorus]]. |
Inskripsi tertua di luar Alkitab yang ditemukan para arkeolog Siria-Palestina dengan rujukan kepada suku Kedar adalah dari [[Kerajaan Asyur|Kekaisaran Asyur Barue]]. Selama abad ke-8 dan ke-7 SM, mereka menulis daftar nama raja-raja Kedar yang memberontak dan dikalahkan dalam peperangan, juga yang membayar upeti kepada raja-raja Asyur, termasuk [[Zabibe]], ratu orang Arab (šar-rat KUR.a-ri-bi).<ref>Teppo (2005): 47.</ref><ref>"Ratu-ratu yang dicatat selama ratusan ini hanyalah ratu Arab. Tidak ada yang disebut dengan gelar lain. Ini ditafsirkan sebagai berikut: Arab dan Kedar, meskipun berhubungan, tidak dianggap identik." Jan Retsö, ''The Arabs in antiquity'', (Routledge, 2003), p. 167.</ref> Ada pula inskripsi Aram dan Arab Selatan kuno yang menyebut orang Kedar, yang kemudian muncul sesaat dalam tulisan-tulisan sejarawan Yunani klasik ataupun Romawi, seperti [[Herodotus]], [[Plinius yang Tua]], dan [[Diodorus]]. |
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Tidak jelas kapan suku Kedar tidak lagi ada terpisah dari masyarakat umum. Karena bersekutu dengan orang-orang [[Nabataea]], mungkin saja mereka akhirnya melebur ke dalam negara Nabataea sekitar abad ke-2 M. Sarjana-sarjana genealogi Arab umumnya menganggap Ismael sebagai leluhur orang-orang Arab, dan memberi nilai penting pada kisah kedua putra pertamanya, [[Nebayot]] dan Kedar, dikaitkan dengan silsilah [[Muhammad]], rasul [[Allah]] dalam [[Islam]], menurut sarjana-sarjana yang berbeda dihubungkan dengan salah satu dari kedua putra tersebut secara berganti-ganti. |
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It is unclear when the Qedarites ceased to exist as a separately defined confederation or people. Allies with the [[Nabataeans]], it is likely that they were subsumed into the Nabataean state around the 2nd century AD. Arab genealogical scholars widely consider Ishmael to be an ancestral forefather of the Arab people, and assign great importance in their accounts to his first two sons ([[Nebaioth]] and Qedar), with the genealogy of Muhammad, a Messenger of [[God]] in [[Islam]], alternately assigned to one or the other son, depending on the scholar. |
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== Etimologi == |
== Etimologi == |
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Ada pendapat bahwa nama orang Kedar diturunkan dari putra kedua [[Ismael]], yaitu Kedar.<ref name=Eshelp148/> Meskipun nama suku ini dalam [[bahasa Arab]], pertama kalinya dialihaksarakan ke dalam [[bahasa Akkadia]] (abad ke-8 SM) dan [[bahasa Aram]] (abad ke-6 SM), karena [[abjad Arab]] saat itu belum dikembangkan. Pada onomasticon [[Mareshah]], orang Kedar dimasukkkan daftar sebagai suatu kelompok etnik yang dalam transliterasi bahasa Aram ditulis ''QDRYN''.<ref name=Eshelp148>Eshel in Lipschitz, 2007, pp. 148-149.</ref> |
Ada pendapat bahwa nama orang Kedar diturunkan dari putra kedua [[Ismael]], yaitu Kedar.<ref name=Eshelp148/> Meskipun nama suku ini dalam [[bahasa Arab]], pertama kalinya dialihaksarakan ke dalam [[bahasa Akkadia]] (abad ke-8 SM) dan [[bahasa Aram]] (abad ke-6 SM), karena [[abjad Arab]] saat itu belum dikembangkan. Pada onomasticon [[Mareshah]], orang Kedar dimasukkkan daftar sebagai suatu kelompok etnik yang dalam transliterasi bahasa Aram ditulis ''QDRYN''.<ref name=Eshelp148>Eshel in Lipschitz, 2007, pp. 148-149.</ref> |
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Akar kata Arab (triliteral) ''q-d-r'' artinya "mengukur, menghitung, memperkirakan"; "menetapkan, menunjuk, melantik"; dan "mempunyai kuasa atau kemampuan." ''Qidr'', suatu kata benda yang diturunkan dari akar kata yang sama, berarti "panci, pot", dan juga memberi turunan kata kerja, "memasak".<ref name=Stetkevychp73>Stetkevych, 1996, p. 73.</ref> Ernst Axel Knauf, seorang sarjana Alkitab yang meneliti sejarah orang Ismael (''Ishmaelites'') meyakini bahwa mereka dikenal pada inskripsi-inskripsi Asyur sebagai "Šumu'il", menyimpulkan bahwa nama orang Kedar diturunkan dari kata kerja ''qadara'', yang berarti "melantik, mempunyai kuasa".<ref name=Stetkevychp76>Stetkevych, 1996, p. 76.</ref> Karena etimologi ini disimpulkan hanya berdasarkan ketenaran suku Kedar di antara suku-suku Šumu'il tribes, kesimpulan tersebut dianggap kurang kuat oleh para sarjana lain.<ref name=Stetkevychp138>Stetkevych, 1996, p. 138, note #50.</ref> |
Akar kata Arab (triliteral) ''q-d-r'' artinya "mengukur, menghitung, memperkirakan"; "menetapkan, menunjuk, melantik"; dan "mempunyai kuasa atau kemampuan." ''Qidr'', suatu kata benda yang diturunkan dari akar kata yang sama, berarti "panci, pot", dan juga memberi turunan kata kerja, "memasak".<ref name=Stetkevychp73>Stetkevych, 1996, p. 73.</ref> Ernst Axel Knauf, seorang sarjana Alkitab yang meneliti sejarah orang Ismael (''Ishmaelites'') meyakini bahwa mereka dikenal pada inskripsi-inskripsi Asyur sebagai "Šumu'il", menyimpulkan bahwa nama orang Kedar diturunkan dari kata kerja ''qadara'', yang berarti "melantik, mempunyai kuasa".<ref name=Stetkevychp76>Stetkevych, 1996, p. 76.</ref> Karena etimologi ini disimpulkan hanya berdasarkan ketenaran suku Kedar di antara suku-suku Šumu'il tribes, kesimpulan tersebut dianggap kurang kuat oleh para sarjana lain.<ref name=Stetkevychp138>Stetkevych, 1996, p. 138, note #50.</ref> |
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== Wawasan geografi == |
== Wawasan geografi == |
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[[Berkas:Assyrian empire 750 625.jpg|jmpl|ka|250px|Peta kerajaan Asyur dan wilayah sekitar Mediterranean Timur, 750 - 625 SM dari William R. Shepherd, "Historical Atlas" (1911) - Para pemimpin Kedar awal dimuat dalam daftar pada inskripsi-inskripsi [[kuneiform]] [[bahasa Akkadia|Akkadia]] dari abad ke-8 dan ke-7 SM sebagai taklukan [[kerajaan Asyur]].]] |
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Orang Kedar merupakan anggota "konfederasi suku-suku Arab" ("Arab tribal confederation") atau "persekutuan suku-suku Arab nomadik" ("alliance of nomadic Arab tribes").<ref name="Kingp40"/><ref name=Meyersp223>Meyers, 1997, p. 223.</ref> Menurut [[Philip J. King]], teolog dan sejarawan, mereka tinggal di bagian barat laut [[padang gurun Arab]] dan merupakan "suatu kekuatan berpengaruh dari abad ke-8 sampai ke-4 SM."<ref name="Kingp40"/> Geoffrey Bromiley, teolog sejarah dan penerjemah, mengeja nama mereka sebagai ''Kedar'' dan menyatakan bahwa mereka berdiam di daerah tenggara kota [[Damaskus]] dan sebelah timur wilayah [[Transjordan]].<ref name=Bromileyp5/> |
Orang Kedar merupakan anggota "konfederasi suku-suku Arab" ("Arab tribal confederation") atau "persekutuan suku-suku Arab nomadik" ("alliance of nomadic Arab tribes").<ref name="Kingp40"/><ref name=Meyersp223>Meyers, 1997, p. 223.</ref> Menurut [[Philip J. King]], teolog dan sejarawan, mereka tinggal di bagian barat laut [[padang gurun Arab]] dan merupakan "suatu kekuatan berpengaruh dari abad ke-8 sampai ke-4 SM."<ref name="Kingp40"/> Geoffrey Bromiley, teolog sejarah dan penerjemah, mengeja nama mereka sebagai ''Kedar'' dan menyatakan bahwa mereka berdiam di daerah tenggara kota [[Damaskus]] dan sebelah timur wilayah [[Transjordan]].<ref name=Bromileyp5/> |
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Selama periode kekuasaan kerajaan Persia di wilayah itu (~ 550–330 SM), suku Kedar memegang kontrol atas daerah padang gurun yang berbatasan dengan [[Mesir]] dan [[Israel]] serta jalur lalu lintas yang berhubungan dengan perdagangan rempah-rempah Arab yang penting bagi [[Gaza]].<ref name=Lipinskip333>Lipinski, 2004, p. 333.</ref><ref name=Daviesp87>Davies et al., 1984, p. 87.</ref> [[Herodotus]] (~ 484–425 SM) menulis tentang kehadiran mereka di bagian utara [[Sinai]] dekat perbatasan Mesir di mana mereka mungkin disewa oleh orang [[Kekaisaran |
Selama periode kekuasaan kerajaan Persia di wilayah itu (~ 550–330 SM), suku Kedar memegang kontrol atas daerah padang gurun yang berbatasan dengan [[Mesir]] dan [[Israel]] serta jalur lalu lintas yang berhubungan dengan perdagangan rempah-rempah Arab yang penting bagi [[Gaza]].<ref name=Lipinskip333>Lipinski, 2004, p. 333.</ref><ref name=Daviesp87>Davies et al., 1984, p. 87.</ref> [[Herodotus]] (~ 484–425 SM) menulis tentang kehadiran mereka di bagian utara [[Sinai]] dekat perbatasan Mesir di mana mereka mungkin disewa oleh orang [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah]], yang memerintah Persia, untuk menjaga keamanan perbatasan, sekaligus mengontrol kota Gaza.<ref name=Eshelp149/> |
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== Referensi Sejarah == |
== Referensi Sejarah == |
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=== Di luar Alkitab === |
=== Di luar Alkitab === |
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==== Inskripsi Asyur ==== |
==== Inskripsi Asyur ==== |
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[[Berkas:Sennacherib.jpg|jmpl|kiri|300px|Ukiran dari tembok istana Sanherib di [[Niniwe]] menggambarkan serangannya ke Babel]] |
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Dokumentasi pertama yang menyebut "Kedar" adalah suatu [[stele]] (~ 737 SM) dari [[Tiglat-Pileser III]], raja [[Asyur]], yang memuat daftar pemimpin dari bagian barat [[Mesopotamia]] yang memberi [[upeti]] kepadanya.<ref name=Eshelp149/><ref name=Gallagherp53b>Gallagher, 1999, p. 53, note 120.</ref> Bagi orang [[Asyur]], suku Kedar dikenal sebagai ''Qidri'' atau ''qi-id-ri'' dengan inskripsi [[kuneiform]] lain mengeja sebagai ''Qadri'', ''Qidarri'', ''Qidari'' dan ''Qudari'' ([[Neo Babylonian]]).<ref name=Bromileyp5/><ref name="Stetkevychp76" /><ref name=Blenkinsoppp225>Blenkinsopp, 1988, p. 225.</ref> |
Dokumentasi pertama yang menyebut "Kedar" adalah suatu [[stele]] (~ 737 SM) dari [[Tiglat-Pileser III]], raja [[Asyur]], yang memuat daftar pemimpin dari bagian barat [[Mesopotamia]] yang memberi [[upeti]] kepadanya.<ref name=Eshelp149/><ref name=Gallagherp53b>Gallagher, 1999, p. 53, note 120.</ref> Bagi orang [[Asyur]], suku Kedar dikenal sebagai ''Qidri'' atau ''qi-id-ri'' dengan inskripsi [[kuneiform]] lain mengeja sebagai ''Qadri'', ''Qidarri'', ''Qidari'' dan ''Qudari'' ([[Neo Babylonian]]).<ref name=Bromileyp5/><ref name="Stetkevychp76" /><ref name=Blenkinsoppp225>Blenkinsopp, 1988, p. 225.</ref> [[Zabibe]] (~ 738 SM) terdaftar di antara mereka yang membayar upeti dengan gelar "ratu (orang) ''Qidri'' dan ''Aribi''" (''Aribi'' artinya "Arab").<ref name=Eph>Eph'al, 1982, p. 82.</ref> |
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Also mentioned in Assyrian royal inscriptions is Zabibe's successor [[Yatie]] (c. 730 BC), who sent forces headed by her brother [[Baasqanu]] to aid [[Marduk-apla-iddina II|Merodach-Baladan]] in his bid to hold onto power in [[Babylon]].<ref name=Boardmanp34>Boardman, 1991, p. 34.</ref><ref name=Lesliep249>Leslie, 1999, p. 249.</ref> Together with an army from [[Elam]], this alliance faced the forces of [[Sennacherib]], on the Assyrian king's first campaign in 703 BC.<ref name=Ephalp112/> The events of the battle are recorded in the annals of Sennacherib which describe Yatie as "queen of the Arabs," and tell of the capture of her brother Baasqanu in battle. Israel Eph'al writes that this is the first mention in Assyrian documents of [[Arabs]] as an ethnic element in [[Babylonia]].<ref name=Ephalp112>Eph'al, 1982, pp. 112-113.</ref> |
Also mentioned in Assyrian royal inscriptions is Zabibe's successor [[Yatie]] (c. 730 BC), who sent forces headed by her brother [[Baasqanu]] to aid [[Marduk-apla-iddina II|Merodach-Baladan]] in his bid to hold onto power in [[Babylon]].<ref name=Boardmanp34>Boardman, 1991, p. 34.</ref><ref name=Lesliep249>Leslie, 1999, p. 249.</ref> Together with an army from [[Elam]], this alliance faced the forces of [[Sennacherib]], on the Assyrian king's first campaign in 703 BC.<ref name=Ephalp112/> The events of the battle are recorded in the annals of Sennacherib which describe Yatie as "queen of the Arabs," and tell of the capture of her brother Baasqanu in battle. Israel Eph'al writes that this is the first mention in Assyrian documents of [[Arabs]] as an ethnic element in [[Babylonia]].<ref name=Ephalp112>Eph'al, 1982, pp. 112-113.</ref> |
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Statements about the Qedarites in the annals of the Assyrian kings of [[Ashurbanipal]] and his son [[Esarhaddon]] indicate that the term ''Kedar'' was almost synonymous with ''Arabia''.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> [[Hazael]], who ruled c. 690–676 BC, is described as a Qedarite king by Ashurbanipal and "king of the Arabs" by Esarhaddon.<ref name=Handyp132>Handy, 1997, p. 132.</ref><ref name=Gallagherp53>Gallagher, 1999, p. 53, note 118.</ref> After Sennacherib's invasion of [[Babylonia]] in 691–689 BC, Hazael fled to Dumah.<ref name=Gallagherp56>Gallagher, 1999, p. 56.</ref><ref name=Hoylandp68>Hoyland, 2001, p. 68.</ref> Dumah is referred to as ''Adummatu'' by the Assyrians, and the city is described by them as the seat of the Qedar confederation and the base of their cult.<ref name=Hoylandp68>Hoyland, 2001, p. 68.</ref> |
Statements about the Qedarites in the annals of the Assyrian kings of [[Ashurbanipal]] and his son [[Esarhaddon]] indicate that the term ''Kedar'' was almost synonymous with ''Arabia''.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> [[Hazael]], who ruled c. 690–676 BC, is described as a Qedarite king by Ashurbanipal and "king of the Arabs" by Esarhaddon.<ref name=Handyp132>Handy, 1997, p. 132.</ref><ref name=Gallagherp53>Gallagher, 1999, p. 53, note 118.</ref> After Sennacherib's invasion of [[Babylonia]] in 691–689 BC, Hazael fled to Dumah.<ref name=Gallagherp56>Gallagher, 1999, p. 56.</ref><ref name=Hoylandp68>Hoyland, 2001, p. 68.</ref> Dumah is referred to as ''Adummatu'' by the Assyrians, and the city is described by them as the seat of the Qedar confederation and the base of their cult.<ref name=Hoylandp68>Hoyland, 2001, p. 68.</ref> |
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Te'elkhunu and Tabua, both referred to as both "queens of Qidri" and "queens of ''Aribi''," have ''Adummatu'' explicitly denoted as their seat and capital city in the inscriptions.<ref name=Sudayrip25>Sudayrī, 2001, p. 25.</ref> While the capital city for the three other queens referred to as "queens of ''Aribi''" ([[Samsi]], Zabibe and Yatie) is not explicitly mentioned, it is thought to have been ''Adummatu'' as well.<ref name=Sudayrip25/> Numerous inscriptions discovered in Dumah itself are further indications for a strong Qedarite presence, one of which asks of three [[deities]] known to the Assyrians as gods of Qedar ([[Ruda (deity)|Ruda]], [[Nuha (deity)|Nuha]] and [[Atarsamain]]) for "help in the matter of my love."<ref name=Hoylandp68/> |
Te'elkhunu and Tabua, both referred to as both "queens of Qidri" and "queens of ''Aribi''," have ''Adummatu'' explicitly denoted as their seat and capital city in the inscriptions.<ref name=Sudayrip25>Sudayrī, 2001, p. 25.</ref> While the capital city for the three other queens referred to as "queens of ''Aribi''" ([[Samsi]], Zabibe and Yatie) is not explicitly mentioned, it is thought to have been ''Adummatu'' as well.<ref name=Sudayrip25/> Numerous inscriptions discovered in Dumah itself are further indications for a strong Qedarite presence, one of which asks of three [[deities]] known to the Assyrians as gods of Qedar ([[Ruda (deity)|Ruda]], [[Nuha (deity)|Nuha]] and [[Atarsamain]]) for "help in the matter of my love."<ref name=Hoylandp68/> |
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[[File:Kinadshburn.JPG|200px|thumb|Ashurbanipal, digambarkan di atas kereta kuda pada perburuan singa]] |
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Direbutnya ''Adummatu'' oleh Sanherib pada tahun 690 SM dan penawanan seorang ratu orang Kedar, Te'elkhunu, yang dibawa ke Asyur dengan banyak jarahan lain, termasuk gambar-gambar para dewa, juga disebut dalam tawarikh raja-raja Asyur.<ref name=Teppo>{{cite web|title=Women and their agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire|author=Saana Teppo|url=https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/820/womenand.pdf?sequence=2|date=01.02.2005|accessdate=2009-04-16|publisher=Doria, from the collection of e-theses of Helsinki University}}</ref> [[Esarhadon]] kemudian mengembalikan gambar-gambar dewa-dewa Arab "yang diperbarui" ke ''Adummatu'' bersama Tabua, "yang dibesarkan di istana Sanherib," dan diangkat menjadi ratu orang Kedar oleh Esarhadon untuk menggantikan Te'elkhunu.<ref name=Teppo/> Namun, hubungan yang tidak baik antara orang Asyur dan orang Kedar menyebabkan Tabua hanya memerintah sebentar saja, sampai Esarhadon mengakui Hazael sebagai raja Kedar setelah ia meningkatkan jumlah upetinya kepada raja Asyur sebanyak 65 ekor unta.<ref name=Sudayrip29>Sudayrī, 2001, p. 29.</ref> Esarhadon kemudian menunjuk [[Yauta]], putra Hazael, sebagai raja Kedar, setelah Hazael meninggal.<ref name=Teppo/> Yauta dicatat membayar upeti dalam bentuk 10 mina emas, 1.000 batu permata, 50 ekor unta, dan 1.000 kantong kulit berisi rempah-rempah.<ref name=Retsop159>Retsö, 2003, p. 159.</ref> |
Direbutnya ''Adummatu'' oleh Sanherib pada tahun 690 SM dan penawanan seorang ratu orang Kedar, Te'elkhunu, yang dibawa ke Asyur dengan banyak jarahan lain, termasuk gambar-gambar para dewa, juga disebut dalam tawarikh raja-raja Asyur.<ref name=Teppo>{{cite web|title=Women and their agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire|author=Saana Teppo|url=https://oa.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/820/womenand.pdf?sequence=2|date=01.02.2005|accessdate=2009-04-16|publisher=Doria, from the collection of e-theses of Helsinki University}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Esarhadon]] kemudian mengembalikan gambar-gambar dewa-dewa Arab "yang diperbarui" ke ''Adummatu'' bersama Tabua, "yang dibesarkan di istana Sanherib," dan diangkat menjadi ratu orang Kedar oleh Esarhadon untuk menggantikan Te'elkhunu.<ref name=Teppo/> Namun, hubungan yang tidak baik antara orang Asyur dan orang Kedar menyebabkan Tabua hanya memerintah sebentar saja, sampai Esarhadon mengakui Hazael sebagai raja Kedar setelah ia meningkatkan jumlah upetinya kepada raja Asyur sebanyak 65 ekor unta.<ref name=Sudayrip29>Sudayrī, 2001, p. 29.</ref> Esarhadon kemudian menunjuk [[Yauta]], putra Hazael, sebagai raja Kedar, setelah Hazael meninggal.<ref name=Teppo/> Yauta dicatat membayar upeti dalam bentuk 10 mina emas, 1.000 batu permata, 50 ekor unta, dan 1.000 kantong kulit berisi rempah-rempah.<ref name=Retsop159>Retsö, 2003, p. 159.</ref> |
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The defeat of [[Ammuladi]] and Yauta after they mounted Qedarite forces to march against the kings of the [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]] is recorded by Ashurbanipal.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> Yauta is said to have "roused the people of Arabia to revolt with him."<ref name=Bromileyp5/><ref name=Patonp269/> His wife, [[Adiya]], is the only woman mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions as both a Qedarite queen and the wife of a Qedarite king, and is thought to be the only woman who was not a ruler in her own right.<ref name=Teppo/> The inscriptions record how Adiya was sent by Yauta to accompany Ammuladi and the Qedarite forces, and their subsequent defeat and capture in 604 BC by the forces of [[Kaasḥalta|Kamushaltu]], king of [[Moab]] and a loyal [[vassal]] of the Assyrian empire.<ref name=Teppo/><ref name=Bartonp521>Barton, 2004, p. 521.</ref> Yauta is said to have "fled to the [[Nabataeans]]."<ref name=Patonp269>Paton, 2008, p. 269.</ref> His subsequent capture and sentencing in [[Nineveh]] are recorded by Ashurbanipal who relates that, "I put a dog chain upon him and made him guard a kennel."<ref name=Bromileyp5/> [[Abiyate]] was appointed as Yauta's successor, and soon joined with the [[Nabataeans]] to revolt against Assyria again, prompting Ashurbanipal to launch a three-month campaign to end it, beginning in [[Palmyra]], continuing on to [[Damascus]] and ending in the southern part of [[Leja|al-Leja]].<ref name=Patonp269/><ref name=Guzzop10/> |
The defeat of [[Ammuladi]] and Yauta after they mounted Qedarite forces to march against the kings of the [[Amurru kingdom|Amurru]] is recorded by Ashurbanipal.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> Yauta is said to have "roused the people of Arabia to revolt with him."<ref name=Bromileyp5/><ref name=Patonp269/> His wife, [[Adiya]], is the only woman mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions as both a Qedarite queen and the wife of a Qedarite king, and is thought to be the only woman who was not a ruler in her own right.<ref name=Teppo/> The inscriptions record how Adiya was sent by Yauta to accompany Ammuladi and the Qedarite forces, and their subsequent defeat and capture in 604 BC by the forces of [[Kaasḥalta|Kamushaltu]], king of [[Moab]] and a loyal [[vassal]] of the Assyrian empire.<ref name=Teppo/><ref name=Bartonp521>Barton, 2004, p. 521.</ref> Yauta is said to have "fled to the [[Nabataeans]]."<ref name=Patonp269>Paton, 2008, p. 269.</ref> His subsequent capture and sentencing in [[Nineveh]] are recorded by Ashurbanipal who relates that, "I put a dog chain upon him and made him guard a kennel."<ref name=Bromileyp5/> [[Abiyate]] was appointed as Yauta's successor, and soon joined with the [[Nabataeans]] to revolt against Assyria again, prompting Ashurbanipal to launch a three-month campaign to end it, beginning in [[Palmyra]], continuing on to [[Damascus]] and ending in the southern part of [[Leja|al-Leja]].<ref name=Patonp269/><ref name=Guzzop10/> |
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| Baris 46: | Baris 44: | ||
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==== Inskripsi Arab Selatan dan Aram kuno ==== |
==== Inskripsi Arab Selatan dan Aram kuno ==== |
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:{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;font-size:80%" |
:{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;font-size:80%" border="1" |
||
|+ {{nowrap|Nama-nama dan perkiraan tarikh pemerintahan para pemimpin Arabia barat laut, Kedar, dan Dedan}} |
|+ {{nowrap|Nama-nama dan perkiraan tarikh pemerintahan para pemimpin Arabia barat laut, Kedar, dan Dedan}} |
||
! Nama |
! Nama |
||
| Baris 55: | Baris 53: | ||
| [[Gindibu]], dari Arabia<ref name=Kitchenp741>Kitchen, 1994, p. 741.</ref> |
| [[Gindibu]], dari Arabia<ref name=Kitchenp741>Kitchen, 1994, p. 741.</ref> |
||
| c. 870–850 SM |
| c. 870–850 SM |
||
| |
| |
||
| Penyebutan pertama "orang Arab"<br/> dalam tulisan-tulisan Asyur.<br/> Tidak berkaitan secara eksplisit<br/> dengan Kedar. |
| Penyebutan pertama "orang Arab"<br/> dalam tulisan-tulisan Asyur.<br/> Tidak berkaitan secara eksplisit<br/> dengan Kedar. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Ratu [[Zabibe]]<br/>dari Arabia dan Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Ratu [[Zabibe]]<br/>dari Arabia dan Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| Baris 66: | Baris 64: | ||
| c. 735–710 SM |
| c. 735–710 SM |
||
| Shamsi, Samsil |
| Shamsi, Samsil |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Ratu [[Yatie]] dari Arabia<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Ratu [[Yatie]] dari Arabia<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| Baris 83: | Baris 81: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Tabua<ref name=Sudayrip29/> |
| Tabua<ref name=Sudayrip29/> |
||
| ? |
| ? |
||
| |
| |
||
| Baris 90: | Baris 88: | ||
| Yauta, putra Hazael<br />(ibn Hazael), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Yauta, putra Hazael<br />(ibn Hazael), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| 676–652 SM |
| 676–652 SM |
||
| 'Iauta, Iata,<br />Uaite atau Yawthi'i{{ref label|transliteration_B|b}} |
| 'Iauta, Iata,<br />Uaite atau Yawthi'i{{ref label|transliteration_B|b}} |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Abiyate, putra Teri<br/>(ibn Teri), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Abiyate, putra Teri<br/>(ibn Teri), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| 652–644 SM |
| 652–644 SM |
||
| Abyate |
| Abyate |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Mati-il, Raja Dedan<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Mati-il, Raja Dedan<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| c. 580–565 SM |
| c. 580–565 SM |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Kabaril, putra Mati-il<br/>(ibn Mati-il) Raja Dedan<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Kabaril, putra Mati-il<br/>(ibn Mati-il) Raja Dedan<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| c. 565–550 SM |
| c. 565–550 SM |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Nabonidus]], Raja Babel<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| [[Nabonidus]], Raja Babel<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| Baris 126: | Baris 124: | ||
| c. 470–450 SM |
| c. 470–450 SM |
||
| Shahru |
| Shahru |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Gashmu I (=Geshem), putra Shahr<br />(ben Shahr), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Gashmu I (=Geshem), putra Shahr<br />(ben Shahr), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| c. 450–430 SM |
| c. 450–430 SM |
||
| Geshem |
| Geshem |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Qainu, putra Gehsem<br />(bar Geshem), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
| Qainu, putra Gehsem<br />(bar Geshem), Raja Kedar<ref name=Kitchenp741/> |
||
| c. 430–410 SM |
| c. 430–410 SM |
||
| Kaynau, Qaynu |
| Kaynau, Qaynu |
||
| |
| |
||
|} |
|} |
||
| Baris 157: | Baris 155: | ||
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||
=== Catatan Alkitab === |
=== Catatan Alkitab === |
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[[ |
[[Berkas:Karel Dujardin - Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness.jpg|jmpl|kiri|220px|ka|Hagar dan Ishmael di padang gurun, lukisan [[Karel Dujardin]]]] |
||
Keturunan [[Abraham]] dan [[Hagar]] disebut orang Ismael ([[Ishmaelites]]), dari nama [[Ismael]], putra sulung mereka, dan orang Kedar dinamakan menurut putra kedua Ismael, yaitu Kedar.<ref name=Waddellp50>Alexander and Alexander, 1839, p. 50.</ref> Alkitab sering merujuk nama Kedar dan suku Kedar.<ref name=Kingp40>King, 1993, p. 40.</ref> Rujukan dalam [[Perjanjian Lama]] meliputi [[Kitab Kejadian]] (25:13), [[Kitab Yesaya]] (21:16-17, 42:11, 60:7), [[Kitab Yeremia]] (2:10, 49:28-33), [[Kitab Yehezkiel]] (27:21), dan [[Kitab 1 Tawarikh]] (1:29).<ref name=Blenkinsoppp225/> Dua kali, Kedar merujuk putra Ismael, yaitu [[Kitab Kejadian]] dan [[Kitab 1 Tawarikh]], sedangkan sisanya merujuk kepada keturunannya, baik sebagai putra-putra Arab Utara yang prominen, maupun sebagai orang Arab dan [[Bedouin]] secara kolektif dalam arti umum.<ref name=Freedmanp761>Freedman et al., 2000, p. 761.</ref> |
Keturunan [[Abraham]] dan [[Hagar]] disebut orang Ismael ([[Ishmaelites]]), dari nama [[Ismael]], putra sulung mereka, dan orang Kedar dinamakan menurut putra kedua Ismael, yaitu Kedar.<ref name=Waddellp50>Alexander and Alexander, 1839, p. 50.</ref> Alkitab sering merujuk nama Kedar dan suku Kedar.<ref name=Kingp40>King, 1993, p. 40.</ref> Rujukan dalam [[Perjanjian Lama]] meliputi [[Kitab Kejadian]] (25:13), [[Kitab Yesaya]] (21:16-17, 42:11, 60:7), [[Kitab Yeremia]] (2:10, 49:28-33), [[Kitab Yehezkiel]] (27:21), dan [[Kitab 1 Tawarikh]] (1:29).<ref name=Blenkinsoppp225/> Dua kali, Kedar merujuk putra Ismael, yaitu [[Kitab Kejadian]] dan [[Kitab 1 Tawarikh]], sedangkan sisanya merujuk kepada keturunannya, baik sebagai putra-putra Arab Utara yang prominen, maupun sebagai orang Arab dan [[Bedouin]] secara kolektif dalam arti umum.<ref name=Freedmanp761>Freedman et al., 2000, p. 761.</ref> Istilah "kemah-kemah Kedar" disamakan dengan "orang-orang yang membenci perdamaian di [[Mesekh]]" disebut dalam {{Alkitab|Mazmur 120:5-6}}, kemungkinan suatu kelompok kecil dalam suku Kedar.<ref name=Freedmanp761/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Pada {{Alkitab|Kidung Agung 1:5}}, kemah-kemah orang Kedar digambarkan berwarna hitam: "''Memang hitam aku, tetapi cantik, hai puteri-puteri Yerusalem, seperti kemah orang Kedar, seperti tirai-tirai orang Salma.''"<ref name=Freedmanp761/><ref name=Seitz>{{Citation|title=Jerusalem and its Gods A Review of Ancient Astral Worship and 'Jerusalem'|author=Charmaine Seitz|journal=Jerusalem Quarterly|publisher=Institute of Jerusalem Studies|volume=Issue 32, Fall 2007|accessdate=2009-04-17 | url=http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/ViewArticle.aspx?id=43|postscript=.}}</ref> Kemah-kemah itu dikatakan terbuat dari bulu kambing hitam.<ref name="Kingp40"/> Sebuah suku "S-L-M" ("Salam" atau "Salma") ditemukan di sebelah selatan [[Nabatea]] di [[Madain Salih]], dan Knauf mengusulkan bahwa orang Kedar yang disebut dalam [[Teks Masoret]] ini sebenarnya adalah orang Nabataea yang berperan penting dalam perdagangan rempah-rempah pada abad ke-3 SM.<ref name=Seitz/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
Biblical descriptions indicate there were two major types of Qedarites: nomads ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''wabariya'') living in tents and sedentary people ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]:''ḥaḍariya'') living in villages.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> Jeremiah describes them as "a nation at ease, that dwells securely" (49:31) and notes that they engage in the pagan practice of shaving their temples.<ref name="Kingp40" /><ref name=Bromileyp5/> Isaiah recalls their warrior activities and skill with the [[Bow (weapon)|bow]]. (21:16f) <ref name=Bromileyp5/> Ezekiel associates, "Arabia and all the princes of Kedar," and indicates that they engaged in sheep/goat trading with the [[Phoenicians]].<ref name=Bromileyp5/><ref name=Freedmanp761/> The three books list the flocks of the Qedarites as including lambs, rams, goats and camels.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> |
Biblical descriptions indicate there were two major types of Qedarites: nomads ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''wabariya'') living in tents and sedentary people ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]:''ḥaḍariya'') living in villages.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> Jeremiah describes them as "a nation at ease, that dwells securely" (49:31) and notes that they engage in the pagan practice of shaving their temples.<ref name="Kingp40" /><ref name=Bromileyp5/> Isaiah recalls their warrior activities and skill with the [[Bow (weapon)|bow]]. (21:16f) <ref name=Bromileyp5/> Ezekiel associates, "Arabia and all the princes of Kedar," and indicates that they engaged in sheep/goat trading with the [[Phoenicians]].<ref name=Bromileyp5/><ref name=Freedmanp761/> The three books list the flocks of the Qedarites as including lambs, rams, goats and camels.<ref name=Bromileyp5/> |
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| Baris 167: | Baris 165: | ||
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== Budaya dan masyarakat == |
== Budaya dan masyarakat == |
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Bukti-bukti Alkitab dan di luar Alkitab menunjukkan bahwa di antara suku-suku Arab, orang Kedar paling terkemuka dalam kontak dengan dunia di luar Arabia.<ref name=Blockp78>Block, 1998, p. 78.</ref> Sebagaimana kelompok-kelompok nomadik lain, mereka berdiam terutama dalam perkemahan yang tidak mempunyai benteng pertahanan.<ref name=Ephalp175>Eph'al, 1982, p. 175.</ref> Pekerjaan mereka terutama adalah gembala dan pedagang ternak, seperti domba dan kambing, serta berperan penting dalam kemakmuran perdagangan rempah-rempah di |
Bukti-bukti Alkitab dan di luar Alkitab menunjukkan bahwa di antara suku-suku Arab, orang Kedar paling terkemuka dalam kontak dengan dunia di luar Arabia.<ref name=Blockp78>Block, 1998, p. 78.</ref> Sebagaimana kelompok-kelompok nomadik lain, mereka berdiam terutama dalam perkemahan yang tidak mempunyai benteng pertahanan.<ref name=Ephalp175>Eph'al, 1982, p. 175.</ref> Pekerjaan mereka terutama adalah gembala dan pedagang ternak, seperti domba dan kambing, serta berperan penting dalam kemakmuran perdagangan rempah-rempah di [[Gaza]], mengontrol jalur lalu lintas di daerah-daerah padang gurun antara Mesir dan Palestina.<ref name=Lipinskip333/><ref name=Blockp78/> Akibat aktivitas perdagangan mereka, ada kelompok atau klan di antar orang Kedar yang menjadi kaya.<ref name=Hoylandp63>Hoyland, 2001, p. 63.</ref> |
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Though they were vassals under Assyrian rule and were often engaged in rebellion against that empire, the rise to dominance of the Persian empire proved beneficial to the Qedarites.<ref name=Hoylandp63/> Qedarite control of the trade routes and the access they afforded the Persians translated into what Herodotus described as a friendly relationship.{{ref label|friendship_C|c}} |
Though they were vassals under Assyrian rule and were often engaged in rebellion against that empire, the rise to dominance of the Persian empire proved beneficial to the Qedarites.<ref name=Hoylandp63/> Qedarite control of the trade routes and the access they afforded the Persians translated into what Herodotus described as a friendly relationship.{{ref label|friendship_C|c}} |
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===Language=== |
===Language=== |
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The Qedarites are among a number of North Arabian tribes whose interactions with [[Arameaens|Arameaen]] tribes beginning in the 8th century BC resulted in cultural exchanges between these two large [[Semitic]] groups.<ref name=Greenfieldp158/> Early Arab tribal groups like the Qedarites spoke early Arab dialects, but as the [[Arabic alphabet]] had not yet been developed, they used the [[Aramaic alphabet]] to write.<ref name=Greenfieldp158/><ref name=Taylorp151/> "The tongue of Kedar" is used in [[rabbinical]] sources as a name for the Arabic language.<ref name=Alexanderp67>Alexander, 1847, p. 67.</ref> |
The Qedarites are among a number of North Arabian tribes whose interactions with [[Arameaens|Arameaen]] tribes beginning in the 8th century BC resulted in cultural exchanges between these two large [[Semitic]] groups.<ref name=Greenfieldp158/> Early Arab tribal groups like the Qedarites spoke early Arab dialects, but as the [[Arabic alphabet]] had not yet been developed, they used the [[Aramaic alphabet]] to write.<ref name=Greenfieldp158/><ref name=Taylorp151/> "The tongue of Kedar" is used in [[rabbinical]] sources as a name for the Arabic language.<ref name=Alexanderp67>Alexander, 1847, p. 67.</ref> |
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[[Papponymy]], the practice of naming boys after their grandfathers, was common among the Qedar.<ref name=Crossp158>Cross, 2000, p. 158.</ref> Some Qedarites had Aramaic personal names (e.g. Hazael or ''Haza-el''), while others had Arabic personal names (e.g. Gashmu and [[Zabibe]]).<ref name=Taylorp151>Taylor, 2001, p. 151.</ref><ref name=Lipinskip438>Lipinski, 2000, p. 438.</ref> Aramaic civilization and its peoples were gradually absorbed by the Arabs with [[Varieties of Arabic|Arabic dialects]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Palestinian Arabic|Palestine]], [[Syrian Arabic|Syria]], and [[Iraqi Arabic|Iraq]] in particular exhibiting the huge influence of Aramaic.<ref name=Greenfieldp158>Greenfield et al., 2001, p. 158.</ref> |
[[Papponymy]], the practice of naming boys after their grandfathers, was common among the Qedar.<ref name=Crossp158>Cross, 2000, p. 158.</ref> Some Qedarites had Aramaic personal names (e.g. Hazael or ''Haza-el''), while others had Arabic personal names (e.g. Gashmu and [[Zabibe]]).<ref name=Taylorp151>Taylor, 2001, p. 151.</ref><ref name=Lipinskip438>Lipinski, 2000, p. 438.</ref> Aramaic civilization and its peoples were gradually absorbed by the Arabs with [[Varieties of Arabic|Arabic dialects]] in [[Lebanon]], [[Palestinian Arabic|Palestine]], [[Syrian Arabic|Syria]], and [[Iraqi Arabic|Iraq]] in particular exhibiting the huge influence of Aramaic.<ref name=Greenfieldp158>Greenfield et al., 2001, p. 158.</ref> |
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| Baris 182: | Baris 180: | ||
The biblical view of the late [[Iron Age]] political and cultural map describes it as a set of branching geneaologies. Biblical figures three generations forward from [[Terah]] are invariably described as the eponymous founders of different tribes and polities that interacted with the [[Kingdom of Judah]] between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Such is the case of the Qedarite Arabs, who according to biblical tradition, are the offspring of the Abraham-Ishmael-Kedar geneaological line.<ref name=Routledgep43>Routledge, 2004, p. 43.</ref> |
The biblical view of the late [[Iron Age]] political and cultural map describes it as a set of branching geneaologies. Biblical figures three generations forward from [[Terah]] are invariably described as the eponymous founders of different tribes and polities that interacted with the [[Kingdom of Judah]] between the 8th and 6th centuries BC. Such is the case of the Qedarite Arabs, who according to biblical tradition, are the offspring of the Abraham-Ishmael-Kedar geneaological line.<ref name=Routledgep43>Routledge, 2004, p. 43.</ref> |
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The majority of [[Sayyid]], most whom are [[Shia Muslims]], believe that they are one of the modern day descendants of [[Muhammad]], and that they are therefore the descendants of Ishmael and his second son Qedar. |
The majority of [[Sayyid]], most whom are [[Shia Muslims]], believe that they are one of the modern day descendants of [[Muhammad]], and that they are therefore the descendants of Ishmael and his second son Qedar.<ref name=Shahidp334>Shahîd, 1989, p. 334.</ref> [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Abu Ja'far al-Baqir]] (676–743 AD) wrote that his father [[Zayn al-Abidin|Ali ibn Husayn]] informed him that [[Mohammed]] had said: "The first whose tongue spoke in clear Arabic was Ishmael, when he was fourteen years old."<ref name=Wheelerp110>Wheeler, 2002, p. 110-111.</ref> [[Hisham Ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi]] (737–819 AD) established a genealogical link between Ishmael and Mohammed using writings that drew on biblical and [[Palmyra]]n sources, and the ancient oral traditions of the Arabs. His book, ''Jamharat al-Nasab'' ("The Abundance of Kinship"), seems to posit that the people known as "Arabs" are all descendants of Ishmael.<ref name=Sinai>{{cite web|publisher=Centre for Sinai|url=http://www.centre4sinai.com.eg/arabia%20in%20ancient%20history.htm|title="Arabia" in Ancient History|accessdate=2009-04-16}}</ref> [[Ibn Kathir]] (1301–1373) writes, "All the Arabs of the [[Hijaz]] are descendants of [[Nebaioth]] and Qedar."<ref name=Wheelerp110/> Medieval Jewish sources also usually identified Qedar with Arabs and/or Muslims.<ref name="Alexanderp67" /><ref name=Alfonsop137>Alfonso, 2007, p. 137, note 36.</ref>{{ref label|poetry_D|d}} According to author and scholar Irfan Shahîd, Western scholars viewed this kind of "genealogical Ishmaelism" with suspicion, seeing it as, <blockquote>[...] a late [[Islam]]ic fabrication because of the confusion in Islamic times which made it such a capacious term as to include the inhabitants of the south as well as the north of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. But shorn of this extravagance, the concept is much more modest in its denotation, and in the sober sources it applies only to certain groups among the Arabs of [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic]] times. Some important statements to this effect were made by Muhammed when he identified some Arabs as Ishmaelites and others as not.<ref name=Shahidp335>Shahîd, 1989, p. 335-336.</ref></blockquote> Ishmaelism in this more limited definition holds that Ishmael was both an important religious figure and [[eponym]]ous ancestor for some of the Arabs of western Arabia.<ref name=Shahidp335/> Prominence is given in Arab genealogical accounts to the first two of Ishmael's twelve sons, Nebaioth ({{lang-ar|نبيت}}, ''Nabīt'') and Qedar ({{lang-ar|قيدار}}, ''Qaydār''), who are also prominently featured in the Genesis account.<ref name=Shahidp335/> It is likely that they and their tribes lived in northwestern Arabia and were historically the most important of the twelve [[Ishmaelites|Ishamelite]] tribes.<ref name=Shahidp335/> |
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In accounts tracing the [[Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim|ancestry of Mohammed]] back to [[Ma'ad]] (and from there to [[Adam]]), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.<ref name=Mousawip219>al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.</ref> Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of [[God]] who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.<ref name=Zepp>Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.</ref> |
In accounts tracing the [[Family tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim|ancestry of Mohammed]] back to [[Ma'ad]] (and from there to [[Adam]]), Arab scholars alternate, with some citing the line as through Nebaioth, others Qedar.<ref name=Mousawip219>al-Mousawi in Boudreau et al., 1998, p. 219.</ref> Many Muslim scholars see Isaiah 42 (21:13-17) as predicting the coming of a servant of [[God]] who is associated with Qedar and interpret this as a reference to Mohammed.<ref name=Zepp>Zepp et al., 2000, p. 50.</ref> |
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| Baris 193: | Baris 191: | ||
== Catatan == |
== Catatan == |
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*{{note|names_A|a}}Nama-nama tempat "Dumah" dan "Tayma" (atau Tema') juga kebetulan adalah nama-nama dua putra Ismael yang tercatat dalam Alkitab, dimana Tayma merupakan pula nama sebuah suku.<ref name=Ephalp238>Eph'al, 1982, p. 238.</ref> |
* {{note|names_A|a}}Nama-nama tempat "Dumah" dan "Tayma" (atau Tema') juga kebetulan adalah nama-nama dua putra Ismael yang tercatat dalam Alkitab, dimana Tayma merupakan pula nama sebuah suku.<ref name=Ephalp238>Eph'al, 1982, p. 238.</ref> |
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*{{note|transliteration_B|b}}Perlu dicatat bahwa dalam [[bahasa Akkadia]] aslinya, ''Ú-a-a-te'' digunakan untuk merujuk nama-nama depan baik Yauta ibn Hazail (putra Hazael) dan Uayte ben Birdadda (putra Birdadda).<ref name=Ephalp115>Eph'al, 1982, p. 115.</ref> Yang terakhir ini kadang kala dirujuk sebagai ''Ia-u-ta-'' dan pada beberapa inskripsi [[Asyurbanipal]], kedua ejaan ini dirancukan, di mana keduanya ditulis sebagai ''Ú-a-a-te''.<ref name=Ephalp115/> |
* {{note|transliteration_B|b}}Perlu dicatat bahwa dalam [[bahasa Akkadia]] aslinya, ''Ú-a-a-te'' digunakan untuk merujuk nama-nama depan baik Yauta ibn Hazail (putra Hazael) dan Uayte ben Birdadda (putra Birdadda).<ref name=Ephalp115>Eph'al, 1982, p. 115.</ref> Yang terakhir ini kadang kala dirujuk sebagai ''Ia-u-ta-'' dan pada beberapa inskripsi [[Asyurbanipal]], kedua ejaan ini dirancukan, di mana keduanya ditulis sebagai ''Ú-a-a-te''.<ref name=Ephalp115/> |
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*{{note|poetry_C|c}}Misalnya, dalam sajak percintaan karya [[Moses Ibn Ezra]] berpusat pada seorang anak laki-laki tampan yang dijumpainya, ia menyebutnya "seorang putra Qedar," cara lain untuk mengatakan ia orang "Arab".<ref name=Rothp192>Roth, 1994, pp. 192-193.</ref> |
* {{note|poetry_C|c}}Misalnya, dalam sajak percintaan karya [[Moses Ibn Ezra]] berpusat pada seorang anak laki-laki tampan yang dijumpainya, ia menyebutnya "seorang putra Qedar," cara lain untuk mengatakan ia orang "Arab".<ref name=Rothp192>Roth, 1994, pp. 192-193.</ref> |
||
*{{note|friendship_D|d}}Herodotus menggambarkan hubungan antara orang Kedar dan orang Persia demikian: "mereka tidak menyerahkan kepatuhan budak-budak kepada orang Persia, tetapi bersatu dengan mereka dalam persahabatan untuk memberi jalan bagi Cambyses ke Mesir, dimana orang Persia tidak bisa masuk tanpa izin orang Arab."<ref name=Hoylandp63/> |
* {{note|friendship_D|d}}Herodotus menggambarkan hubungan antara orang Kedar dan orang Persia demikian: "mereka tidak menyerahkan kepatuhan budak-budak kepada orang Persia, tetapi bersatu dengan mereka dalam persahabatan untuk memberi jalan bagi Cambyses ke Mesir, dimana orang Persia tidak bisa masuk tanpa izin orang Arab."<ref name=Hoylandp63/> |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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| Baris 203: | Baris 201: | ||
== Pustaka == |
== Pustaka == |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2kSovzudhFUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=A History of the Jewish People|first1=Abraham|last1=Malamat|first2=Haim Hillel|last2=Ben-Sasson|edition=11th, reprint, illustrated|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1976|isbn=9780674397316}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2kSovzudhFUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=A History of the Jewish People|first1=Abraham|last1=Malamat|first2=Haim Hillel|last2=Ben-Sasson|edition=11th, reprint, illustrated|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1976|isbn=9780674397316}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=r1IYAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Near+East&dq=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Near+East&cd=1|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East|first1=Eric M.|last1=Meyers|last2=American Schools of Oriental Research|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780195112184}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=r1IYAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Near+East&dq=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology+in+the+Near+East&cd=1|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East|first1=Eric M.|last1=Meyers|last2=American Schools of Oriental Research|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780195112184}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8SjtPuppLtYC&dq=Genealogica+%26+heraldica%3A+proceedings+of+the+22nd+International+Congress+of+Genealogical+and+Heraldic+Sciences+in+Ottawa&q=boudreau#v=snippet&q=mousawi|title=Genealogica & heraldica: proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Ottawa, August 18–23, 1996|first1=Hussain|last1=al-Mousawi|editor=[[Claire Boudreau]], Daniel Cogné, Auguste Vachon|edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|year=1998|isbn=9780776604725}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8SjtPuppLtYC&dq=Genealogica+%26+heraldica%3A+proceedings+of+the+22nd+International+Congress+of+Genealogical+and+Heraldic+Sciences+in+Ottawa&q=boudreau#v=snippet&q=mousawi|title=Genealogica & heraldica: proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in Ottawa, August 18–23, 1996|first1=Hussain|last1=al-Mousawi|editor=[[Claire Boudreau]], Daniel Cogné, Auguste Vachon|edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|year=1998|isbn=9780776604725}} |
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*{{Citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jUhj5AUwAkwC&pg=PA295&dq=kedarites&cd=137#v=onepage&q=kedarites|title=Jeremiah in Talmud and Midrash: a source book|first1=Jacob|last1=Neusner|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|isbn=9780761834878}} |
* {{Citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jUhj5AUwAkwC&pg=PA295&dq=kedarites&cd=137#v=onepage&q=kedarites|title=Jeremiah in Talmud and Midrash: a source book|first1=Jacob|last1=Neusner|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|isbn=9780761834878}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bHh5plYLhHEC&pg=PA193&dq=qedar+communal&cd=52#v=onepage&q=qedar|title=Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in medieval Spain: cooperation and conflict|first1=Norman|last1=Roth|publisher=BRILL|year=1994|isbn=9789004099715}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bHh5plYLhHEC&pg=PA193&dq=qedar+communal&cd=52#v=onepage&q=qedar|title=Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in medieval Spain: cooperation and conflict|first1=Norman|last1=Roth|publisher=BRILL|year=1994|isbn=9789004099715}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SBWmAwOJI2UC&pg=PA43&dq=qedarite+culture&cd=4#v=onepage&q=qedarite|title=Moab in the Iron Age: hegemony, polity, archaeology|first1=Bruce Edward|last1=Routledge|edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2004|isbn=9780812238013}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SBWmAwOJI2UC&pg=PA43&dq=qedarite+culture&cd=4#v=onepage&q=qedarite|title=Moab in the Iron Age: hegemony, polity, archaeology|first1=Bruce Edward|last1=Routledge|edition=Illustrated|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2004|isbn=9780812238013}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ztErCKwFmOQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Early+History+of+Syria+and+Palestine&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=The Early History of Syria and Palestine|first1=Lewis Bayles|last1=Paton|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|isbn=9780554479590}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ztErCKwFmOQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Early+History+of+Syria+and+Palestine&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=The Early History of Syria and Palestine|first1=Lewis Bayles|last1=Paton|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2008|isbn=9780554479590}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pUepRuQO8ZkC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Arabs+in+antiquity:+their+history+from+the+Assyrians+to+the+Umayyads&cd=1|title=The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|first1=Jan|last1=Retsö|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=9780700716791}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=pUepRuQO8ZkC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Arabs+in+antiquity:+their+history+from+the+Assyrians+to+the+Umayyads&cd=1|title=The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|first1=Jan|last1=Retsö|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=9780700716791}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6oYCfWor5AIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+fifth+century&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the fifth century|first1=Irfan|last1=Shahîd|edition=Illustrated, reprint|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1989|isbn=9780884021520}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6oYCfWor5AIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+fifth+century&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the fifth century|first1=Irfan|last1=Shahîd|edition=Illustrated, reprint|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|year=1989|isbn=9780884021520}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Encyclopedia+of+world+history:+ancient,+medieval,+and+modern,+chronologically+arranged&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged|authorlink1=Peter Stearns|authorlink2=William L. Langer|first1=Peter N.|last1=Stearns|first2=William Leonard|last2=Langer|edition=6th, illustrated|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2001|isbn=9780395652374}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Encyclopedia+of+world+history:+ancient,+medieval,+and+modern,+chronologically+arranged&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged|authorlink1=Peter Stearns|authorlink2=William L. Langer|first1=Peter N.|last1=Stearns|first2=William Leonard|last2=Langer|edition=6th, illustrated|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2001|isbn=9780395652374}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RNRtAAAAMAAJ&q=The+desert+frontier+of+Arabia:+al-Jawf+through+the+ages&dq=The+desert+frontier+of+Arabia:+al-Jawf+through+the+ages&cd=1|title=The desert frontier of Arabia: al-Jawf through the ages|first1=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad|last1=Sudayrī|last2=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sudairī Foundation|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Stacey International|year=2001|isbn=9780905743868}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RNRtAAAAMAAJ&q=The+desert+frontier+of+Arabia:+al-Jawf+through+the+ages&dq=The+desert+frontier+of+Arabia:+al-Jawf+through+the+ages&cd=1|title=The desert frontier of Arabia: al-Jawf through the ages|first1=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad|last1=Sudayrī|last2=ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sudairī Foundation|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Stacey International|year=2001|isbn=9780905743868}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Petra+and+the+lost+kingdom+of+the+Nabataeans&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=Petra and the lost kingdom of the Nabataeans|first1=Jane|last1=Taylor|edition=Illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2001|isbn=9781860645082}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Petra+and+the+lost+kingdom+of+the+Nabataeans&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=Petra and the lost kingdom of the Nabataeans|first1=Jane|last1=Taylor|edition=Illustrated|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2001|isbn=9781860645082}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prophets+in+the+Quran:+an+introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+exegesis&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis|first1=Brannon M.|last1=Wheeler|edition=Annotated|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=9780826449566}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prophets+in+the+Quran:+an+introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+exegesis&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis|first1=Brannon M.|last1=Wheeler|edition=Annotated|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=9780826449566}} |
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*{{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=b3QyW2-0QWEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Muslim+primer:+beginner%27s+guide+to+Islam&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=A Muslim primer: beginner's guide to Islam|first1=Ira G.|last1=Zepp|first2=Sayyid Muhammad|last2=Syeed|last3=Islamic Society of North America|edition=2nd illustrated|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|year=2000|isbn=9781557285959}} |
* {{citation|url=http://books.google.com/?id=b3QyW2-0QWEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Muslim+primer:+beginner%27s+guide+to+Islam&cd=1#v=onepage&q=|title=A Muslim primer: beginner's guide to Islam|first1=Ira G.|last1=Zepp|first2=Sayyid Muhammad|last2=Syeed|last3=Islamic Society of North America|edition=2nd illustrated|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|year=2000|isbn=9781557285959}} |
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[[Kategori:Tokoh Perjanjian Lama]] |
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[[Kategori:Kitab Kejadian]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 31 Desember 2023 10.16
Kedar atau Qedar adalah nama orang, juga nama suku bangsa nomaden kuno, dan kerajaan kuno yang tinggal di wilayah Jazirah Arab, dan termasuk ke dalam konfederasi suku-suku Semit Arab. Pada puncak kejayaannya digambarkan sebagai "suku Jazirah Arab Utara kuno yang paling terorganisir", pada abad ke-6 SM menguasai daerah luas antara Teluk Persia dan Semenanjung Sinai.[1][2][3][4]
Menurut tradisi Alkitab suku Kedar adalah keturunan dari Kedar, putra kedua Ismael bin Abraham, yang dicatat dalam Kitab Kejadian[5] dan Kitab 1 Tawarikh,[6] serta di bagian lain ada pula beberapa rujukan tentang "Kedar" sebagai suatu suku.[2][7]
Inskripsi tertua di luar Alkitab yang ditemukan para arkeolog Siria-Palestina dengan rujukan kepada suku Kedar adalah dari Kekaisaran Asyur Barue. Selama abad ke-8 dan ke-7 SM, mereka menulis daftar nama raja-raja Kedar yang memberontak dan dikalahkan dalam peperangan, juga yang membayar upeti kepada raja-raja Asyur, termasuk Zabibe, ratu orang Arab (šar-rat KUR.a-ri-bi).[8][9] Ada pula inskripsi Aram dan Arab Selatan kuno yang menyebut orang Kedar, yang kemudian muncul sesaat dalam tulisan-tulisan sejarawan Yunani klasik ataupun Romawi, seperti Herodotus, Plinius yang Tua, dan Diodorus.
Tidak jelas kapan suku Kedar tidak lagi ada terpisah dari masyarakat umum. Karena bersekutu dengan orang-orang Nabataea, mungkin saja mereka akhirnya melebur ke dalam negara Nabataea sekitar abad ke-2 M. Sarjana-sarjana genealogi Arab umumnya menganggap Ismael sebagai leluhur orang-orang Arab, dan memberi nilai penting pada kisah kedua putra pertamanya, Nebayot dan Kedar, dikaitkan dengan silsilah Muhammad, rasul Allah dalam Islam, menurut sarjana-sarjana yang berbeda dihubungkan dengan salah satu dari kedua putra tersebut secara berganti-ganti.
Etimologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ada pendapat bahwa nama orang Kedar diturunkan dari putra kedua Ismael, yaitu Kedar.[10] Meskipun nama suku ini dalam bahasa Arab, pertama kalinya dialihaksarakan ke dalam bahasa Akkadia (abad ke-8 SM) dan bahasa Aram (abad ke-6 SM), karena abjad Arab saat itu belum dikembangkan. Pada onomasticon Mareshah, orang Kedar dimasukkkan daftar sebagai suatu kelompok etnik yang dalam transliterasi bahasa Aram ditulis QDRYN.[10]
Akar kata Arab (triliteral) q-d-r artinya "mengukur, menghitung, memperkirakan"; "menetapkan, menunjuk, melantik"; dan "mempunyai kuasa atau kemampuan." Qidr, suatu kata benda yang diturunkan dari akar kata yang sama, berarti "panci, pot", dan juga memberi turunan kata kerja, "memasak".[11] Ernst Axel Knauf, seorang sarjana Alkitab yang meneliti sejarah orang Ismael (Ishmaelites) meyakini bahwa mereka dikenal pada inskripsi-inskripsi Asyur sebagai "Šumu'il", menyimpulkan bahwa nama orang Kedar diturunkan dari kata kerja qadara, yang berarti "melantik, mempunyai kuasa".[12] Karena etimologi ini disimpulkan hanya berdasarkan ketenaran suku Kedar di antara suku-suku Šumu'il tribes, kesimpulan tersebut dianggap kurang kuat oleh para sarjana lain.[13]
Wawasan geografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Orang Kedar merupakan anggota "konfederasi suku-suku Arab" ("Arab tribal confederation") atau "persekutuan suku-suku Arab nomadik" ("alliance of nomadic Arab tribes").[3][4] Menurut Philip J. King, teolog dan sejarawan, mereka tinggal di bagian barat laut padang gurun Arab dan merupakan "suatu kekuatan berpengaruh dari abad ke-8 sampai ke-4 SM."[3] Geoffrey Bromiley, teolog sejarah dan penerjemah, mengeja nama mereka sebagai Kedar dan menyatakan bahwa mereka berdiam di daerah tenggara kota Damaskus dan sebelah timur wilayah Transjordan.[7]
Selama periode kekuasaan kerajaan Persia di wilayah itu (~ 550–330 SM), suku Kedar memegang kontrol atas daerah padang gurun yang berbatasan dengan Mesir dan Israel serta jalur lalu lintas yang berhubungan dengan perdagangan rempah-rempah Arab yang penting bagi Gaza.[14][15] Herodotus (~ 484–425 SM) menulis tentang kehadiran mereka di bagian utara Sinai dekat perbatasan Mesir di mana mereka mungkin disewa oleh orang Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah, yang memerintah Persia, untuk menjaga keamanan perbatasan, sekaligus mengontrol kota Gaza.[2]
Referensi Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Di luar Alkitab
[sunting | sunting sumber]Inskripsi Asyur
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Dokumentasi pertama yang menyebut "Kedar" adalah suatu stele (~ 737 SM) dari Tiglat-Pileser III, raja Asyur, yang memuat daftar pemimpin dari bagian barat Mesopotamia yang memberi upeti kepadanya.[2][16] Bagi orang Asyur, suku Kedar dikenal sebagai Qidri atau qi-id-ri dengan inskripsi kuneiform lain mengeja sebagai Qadri, Qidarri, Qidari dan Qudari (Neo Babylonian).[7][12][17] Zabibe (~ 738 SM) terdaftar di antara mereka yang membayar upeti dengan gelar "ratu (orang) Qidri dan Aribi" (Aribi artinya "Arab").[18]
Direbutnya Adummatu oleh Sanherib pada tahun 690 SM dan penawanan seorang ratu orang Kedar, Te'elkhunu, yang dibawa ke Asyur dengan banyak jarahan lain, termasuk gambar-gambar para dewa, juga disebut dalam tawarikh raja-raja Asyur.[19] Esarhadon kemudian mengembalikan gambar-gambar dewa-dewa Arab "yang diperbarui" ke Adummatu bersama Tabua, "yang dibesarkan di istana Sanherib," dan diangkat menjadi ratu orang Kedar oleh Esarhadon untuk menggantikan Te'elkhunu.[19] Namun, hubungan yang tidak baik antara orang Asyur dan orang Kedar menyebabkan Tabua hanya memerintah sebentar saja, sampai Esarhadon mengakui Hazael sebagai raja Kedar setelah ia meningkatkan jumlah upetinya kepada raja Asyur sebanyak 65 ekor unta.[20] Esarhadon kemudian menunjuk Yauta, putra Hazael, sebagai raja Kedar, setelah Hazael meninggal.[19] Yauta dicatat membayar upeti dalam bentuk 10 mina emas, 1.000 batu permata, 50 ekor unta, dan 1.000 kantong kulit berisi rempah-rempah.[21]
Inskripsi Arab Selatan dan Aram kuno
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nama-nama dan perkiraan tarikh pemerintahan para pemimpin Arabia barat laut, Kedar, dan Dedan Nama Masa pemerintahan Ejaan lain Catatan Gindibu, dari Arabia[22] c. 870–850 SM Penyebutan pertama "orang Arab"
dalam tulisan-tulisan Asyur.
Tidak berkaitan secara eksplisit
dengan Kedar.Ratu Zabibe
dari Arabia dan Kedar[22]c. 750–735 SM Zabiba Penguasa pertama yang secara eksplisit
dikaitkan dengan Kedar
dalam tulisan-tulisan Asyur.Ratu Samsi dari Arabia[22] c. 735–710 SM Shamsi, Samsil Ratu Yatie dari Arabia[22] c. 710–695 SM Iati'e, Yatie Ratu Te'elkhunu dari Arabia[22] c. 695–690 SM Te'elhunu Hazael, Raja Kedar [22] 690–676 SM Hazail, Khaza'il Tabua[20] ? Ditunjuk menjadi ratu oleh
Esarhadon.Yauta, putra Hazael
(ibn Hazael), Raja Kedar[22]676–652 SM 'Iauta, Iata,
Uaite atau Yawthi'i[b]Abiyate, putra Teri
(ibn Teri), Raja Kedar[22]652–644 SM Abyate Mati-il, Raja Dedan[22] c. 580–565 SM Kabaril, putra Mati-il
(ibn Mati-il) Raja Dedan[22]c. 565–550 SM Nabonidus, Raja Babel[22] c. 550–540 SM Memerintah dari Tayma Mahlay, Raja (Kedar?)[22] c. 510–490 SM Mahaly Disebut pada
Inskripsi Lakhis.Iyas, putra Mahlay c. 490–470 SM Juga disebut pada
Inskripsi Lakhis.Shahr I, Raja Kedar[22] c. 470–450 SM Shahru Gashmu I (=Geshem), putra Shahr
(ben Shahr), Raja Kedar[22]c. 450–430 SM Geshem Qainu, putra Gehsem
(bar Geshem), Raja Kedar[22]c. 430–410 SM Kaynau, Qaynu
Inskripsi Arab Selatan kuno menyebut qdrn ("Qadirān" atau "Qadrān") sebagai seorang individu atau masyarakat.[7] Ada Graffiti ditemukan di al-Ula, dikenal sebagai "Graffito Niran" di Dedan, menyebut "Gashmu I" (= Gesem, di Alkitab), putra Shahr I, sebagai Raja Kedar.[23]
Seorang "Raja Kedar" juga disebut pada inskripsi bahasa Arab dari akhir abad ke-5 SM pada suatu cawan perak yang ditemukan di Tell el-Maskhuta di bagian timur Delta Nil di Mesir Hilir.[24] Inskripsi itu menamakannya "Qainū putra Gashmu," pada cawan yang disebut sebagai suatu, "persembahan untuk (dewa) Allat atau han-'Ilāt".[2][24]
Meskipun tidak secara khusus menyebut Kedar, sehingga diperdebatkan, suatu inskripsi Aram dari abad ke-5 SM ditemukan pada suatu mezbah ukupan di Lakhis yang didedikasikan kepada, "Iyas, putra Mahaly, sang king," ditafsirkan oleh André Lemaire sebagai kemungkinan rujukan untuk raja-raja Kedar.[25]
Catatan Alkitab
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Keturunan Abraham dan Hagar disebut orang Ismael (Ishmaelites), dari nama Ismael, putra sulung mereka, dan orang Kedar dinamakan menurut putra kedua Ismael, yaitu Kedar.[26] Alkitab sering merujuk nama Kedar dan suku Kedar.[3] Rujukan dalam Perjanjian Lama meliputi Kitab Kejadian (25:13), Kitab Yesaya (21:16-17, 42:11, 60:7), Kitab Yeremia (2:10, 49:28-33), Kitab Yehezkiel (27:21), dan Kitab 1 Tawarikh (1:29).[17] Dua kali, Kedar merujuk putra Ismael, yaitu Kitab Kejadian dan Kitab 1 Tawarikh, sedangkan sisanya merujuk kepada keturunannya, baik sebagai putra-putra Arab Utara yang prominen, maupun sebagai orang Arab dan Bedouin secara kolektif dalam arti umum.[27] Istilah "kemah-kemah Kedar" disamakan dengan "orang-orang yang membenci perdamaian di Mesekh" disebut dalam Mazmur 120:5–6, kemungkinan suatu kelompok kecil dalam suku Kedar.[27]
Pada Kidung Agung 1:5, kemah-kemah orang Kedar digambarkan berwarna hitam: "Memang hitam aku, tetapi cantik, hai puteri-puteri Yerusalem, seperti kemah orang Kedar, seperti tirai-tirai orang Salma."[27][28] Kemah-kemah itu dikatakan terbuat dari bulu kambing hitam.[3] Sebuah suku "S-L-M" ("Salam" atau "Salma") ditemukan di sebelah selatan Nabatea di Madain Salih, dan Knauf mengusulkan bahwa orang Kedar yang disebut dalam Teks Masoret ini sebenarnya adalah orang Nabataea yang berperan penting dalam perdagangan rempah-rempah pada abad ke-3 SM.[28]
Budaya dan masyarakat
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bukti-bukti Alkitab dan di luar Alkitab menunjukkan bahwa di antara suku-suku Arab, orang Kedar paling terkemuka dalam kontak dengan dunia di luar Arabia.[29] Sebagaimana kelompok-kelompok nomadik lain, mereka berdiam terutama dalam perkemahan yang tidak mempunyai benteng pertahanan.[30] Pekerjaan mereka terutama adalah gembala dan pedagang ternak, seperti domba dan kambing, serta berperan penting dalam kemakmuran perdagangan rempah-rempah di Gaza, mengontrol jalur lalu lintas di daerah-daerah padang gurun antara Mesir dan Palestina.[14][29] Akibat aktivitas perdagangan mereka, ada kelompok atau klan di antar orang Kedar yang menjadi kaya.[31]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Abraham
- Ismael
- Bagian Alkitab yang berkaitan: Kejadian 25, 1 Tawarikh 1, Kidung Agung 1
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^aNama-nama tempat "Dumah" dan "Tayma" (atau Tema') juga kebetulan adalah nama-nama dua putra Ismael yang tercatat dalam Alkitab, dimana Tayma merupakan pula nama sebuah suku.[32]
- ^bPerlu dicatat bahwa dalam bahasa Akkadia aslinya, Ú-a-a-te digunakan untuk merujuk nama-nama depan baik Yauta ibn Hazail (putra Hazael) dan Uayte ben Birdadda (putra Birdadda).[33] Yang terakhir ini kadang kala dirujuk sebagai Ia-u-ta- dan pada beberapa inskripsi Asyurbanipal, kedua ejaan ini dirancukan, di mana keduanya ditulis sebagai Ú-a-a-te.[33]
- ^cMisalnya, dalam sajak percintaan karya Moses Ibn Ezra berpusat pada seorang anak laki-laki tampan yang dijumpainya, ia menyebutnya "seorang putra Qedar," cara lain untuk mengatakan ia orang "Arab".[34]
- ^dHerodotus menggambarkan hubungan antara orang Kedar dan orang Persia demikian: "mereka tidak menyerahkan kepatuhan budak-budak kepada orang Persia, tetapi bersatu dengan mereka dalam persahabatan untuk memberi jalan bagi Cambyses ke Mesir, dimana orang Persia tidak bisa masuk tanpa izin orang Arab."[31]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Stearns and Langer, 2001, p. 41.
- ^ a b c d e Eshel in Lipschitz et al., 2007, p. 149.
- ^ a b c d e King, 1993, p. 40.
- ^ a b Meyers, 1997, p. 223.
- ^ Kejadian 25:13
- ^ 1 Tawarikh 1:29
- ^ a b c d Bromiley, 1997, p. 5.
- ^ Teppo (2005): 47.
- ^ "Ratu-ratu yang dicatat selama ratusan ini hanyalah ratu Arab. Tidak ada yang disebut dengan gelar lain. Ini ditafsirkan sebagai berikut: Arab dan Kedar, meskipun berhubungan, tidak dianggap identik." Jan Retsö, The Arabs in antiquity, (Routledge, 2003), p. 167.
- ^ a b Eshel in Lipschitz, 2007, pp. 148-149.
- ^ Stetkevych, 1996, p. 73.
- ^ a b Stetkevych, 1996, p. 76.
- ^ Stetkevych, 1996, p. 138, note #50.
- ^ a b Lipinski, 2004, p. 333.
- ^ Davies et al., 1984, p. 87.
- ^ Gallagher, 1999, p. 53, note 120.
- ^ a b Blenkinsopp, 1988, p. 225.
- ^ Eph'al, 1982, p. 82.
- ^ a b c Saana Teppo (01.02.2005). "Women and their agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire" (PDF). Doria, from the collection of e-theses of Helsinki University. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-16. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ a b Sudayrī, 2001, p. 29.
- ^ Retsö, 2003, p. 159.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kitchen, 1994, p. 741.
- ^ Kitchen, 1994, p. 169.
- ^ a b Guzzo et al., 2002, p. 11.
- ^ Kitchen, 1994, p. 722.
- ^ Alexander and Alexander, 1839, p. 50.
- ^ a b c Freedman et al., 2000, p. 761.
- ^ a b Charmaine Seitz, "Jerusalem and its Gods A Review of Ancient Astral Worship and 'Jerusalem'", Jerusalem Quarterly, Institute of Jerusalem Studies, Issue 32, Fall 2007, diakses tanggal 2009-04-17.
- ^ a b Block, 1998, p. 78.
- ^ Eph'al, 1982, p. 175.
- ^ a b Hoyland, 2001, p. 63.
- ^ Eph'al, 1982, p. 238.
- ^ a b Eph'al, 1982, p. 115.
- ^ Roth, 1994, pp. 192-193.
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