Carcharhiniformes: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{ |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| fill = yes |
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| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Early Cretaceous|Present|ref=<ref>{{FishBase_order|order=Carcharhiniformes|year=2009|month=January}}</ref>}} |
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| image = Carcharhinus isodon.jpg |
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| image_caption = A [[finetooth shark]], ''Carcharhinus isodon'' |
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| taxon = Carcharhiniformes |
| taxon = Carcharhiniformes |
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| authority = |
| authority = Compagno, 1977}} |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
'''Hiu tanah''', atau '''Carcharhiniformes''', merupakan ordo |
'''Hiu tanah''', atau '''''Carcharhiniformes''''', merupakan ordo [[Hiu|ikan hiu]] yang terbesar. Dengan lebih dari 270 spesies, carcharhiniformes mencakup sejumlah jenis umum hiu, seperti [[Hiu banteng]], [[Hiu martil]], [[Hiu harimau]], dan [[Hiu sirip hitam]]. |
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Anggota dari ordo ini dicirikan oleh adanya [[membran pengelip]] |
Anggota dari ordo ini dicirikan oleh adanya [[membran pengelip]] di atas mata, dua [[sirip punggung]], [[Anal fin|sirip anal]], dan lima celah [[insang]]. |
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Keluarga dalam rangka Carcharhiniformes diharapkan akan direvisi; recent [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] studi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa kelompok konvensional tidak monophyletic. |
Keluarga dalam rangka Carcharhiniformes diharapkan akan direvisi; recent [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] studi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa kelompok konvensional tidak monophyletic. |
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== Famili == |
== Famili == |
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Menurut [[FishBase]], delapan famili dari ordo Carcharhiniformes adalah:<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Fish Identification: Ground sharks] ''[ |
Menurut [[FishBase]], delapan famili dari ordo Carcharhiniformes adalah:<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Fish Identification: Ground sharks] ''[[FishBase]]''. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</ref> |
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* [[Carcharhinidae]] (hiu requiem) |
* [[Carcharhinidae]] (hiu requiem) |
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* [[Galeocerdo|Galeocerdonidae]] ([[hiu harimau]] beserta kerabatnya yang telah punah) |
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* [[Hemigaleidae]] (hiu kacang) |
* [[Hemigaleidae]] (hiu kacang) |
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* [[Leptochariidae]] ( |
* [[Leptochariidae]] (Hiu anjing berduri) |
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* [[Proscylliidae]] ( |
* [[Proscylliidae]] (Hiu kucing bersirip punggung) |
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* [[Pseudotriakidae]] ( |
* [[Pseudotriakidae]] (Hiu kucing palsu) |
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* [[Scyliorhinidae]] ( |
* [[Hiu kucing|Scyliorhinidae]] (Hiu kucing) |
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* [[Hiu martil|Sphyrnidae]] (hiu martil) |
* [[Hiu martil|Sphyrnidae]] (hiu martil) |
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* [[Triakidae]] ( |
* [[Triakidae]] (Hiu anjing halus) |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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<!-- |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 34px;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 34px;" |
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! Famili |
! Famili |
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| Baris 37: | Baris 33: | ||
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|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Carcharhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Carcharhinidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Carcharhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Carcharhinidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Tiger shark.jpg|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Hiu requiem]] |
| align=center | [[Hiu requiem]] |
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| align=center | 12 |
| align=center | 12 |
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| align=center | 62 |
| align=center | 62 |
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| valign=top | Hiu requiem adalah jenis hiu yang hidup berpindah-pindah dan tinggal di laut yang hangat (terkadang juga di air payau atau air tawar) such as the [[hiu harimau]], [[hiu biru]], [[hiu banteng]], dan [[milk shark]]. Karakteristik ordo carcharhiniform yang biasa terdapat pada jenis hiu ini meliputi mata bulat dan [[sirip pektoral]] yang berada tepat di belakang lima celah insangnya. Kebanyakan spesies ini [[vivipar]], individu baru akan dikeluarkan dalam keadaan seluruh tubuhnya telah berkembang penuh. Kelompok hiu requiem mempunyai ukuran yang bermacam-macam, mulai dari 69 |
| valign=top | Hiu requiem adalah jenis hiu yang hidup berpindah-pindah dan tinggal di laut yang hangat (terkadang juga di air payau atau air tawar) such as the [[hiu harimau]], [[hiu biru]], [[hiu banteng]], dan [[milk shark]]. Karakteristik ordo carcharhiniform yang biasa terdapat pada jenis hiu ini meliputi mata bulat dan [[sirip pektoral]] yang berada tepat di belakang lima celah insangnya. Kebanyakan spesies ini [[vivipar]], individu baru akan dikeluarkan dalam keadaan seluruh tubuhnya telah berkembang penuh. Kelompok hiu requiem mempunyai ukuran yang bermacam-macam, mulai dari 69 cm panjang hiu [[Australian sharpnose shark|hiu sharpnose Australia]] dewasa, hingga 55 m panjang [[hiu harimau]] dewasa.<ref>Compagno, L.J.V. [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=11 Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks] in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. [http://www.fishbase.org FishBase]. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (05/2010).</ref> Hiu requiem lah yang bertanggungjawab atas banyak [[Serangan hiu|serangan hiu pada manusia]]. |
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|- |
|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Hemigaleidae|<span style="color:white;">Hemigaleidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Hemigaleidae|<span style="color:white;">Hemigaleidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Chaenogaleus macrostoma Day - cropped.png|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Hemigaleidae|Weasel |
| align=center | [[Hemigaleidae|Weasel sharks]] |
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| align=center | 4 |
| align=center | 4 |
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| align=center | 8 |
| align=center | 8 |
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| Baris 52: | Baris 48: | ||
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|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Leptochariidae|<span style="color:white;">Leptochariidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Leptochariidae|<span style="color:white;">Leptochariidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Triaenodon smithii by muller and henle.png|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Barbeled houndshark]]s |
| align=center | [[Barbeled houndshark]]s |
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| align=center | 1 |
| align=center | 1 |
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| Baris 60: | Baris 56: | ||
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|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Proscylliidae|<span style="color:white;">Proscylliidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Proscylliidae|<span style="color:white;">Proscylliidae</span>]] |
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| |
| |
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| align=center | [[Proscylliidae|Finback |
| align=center | [[Proscylliidae|Finback catsharks]] |
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| align=center | 3 |
| align=center | 3 |
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| align=center | 7 |
| align=center | 7 |
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| valign=top | |
| valign=top | |
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|- |
|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Pseudotriakidae|<span style="color:white;">Pseudotriakidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Pseudotriakidae|<span style="color:white;">Pseudotriakidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Pseudotriakis acrales by jordan and snyder.jpg|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Pseudotriakidae|False |
| align=center | [[Pseudotriakidae|False catsharks]] |
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| align=center | 3 |
| align=center | 3 |
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| align=center | 4 |
| align=center | 4 |
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| Baris 75: | Baris 71: | ||
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|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Scyliorhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Scyliorhinidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Scyliorhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Scyliorhinidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Catshark oedv.jpg|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Catshark]]s |
| align=center | [[Catshark]]s |
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| align=center | 17 |
| align=center | 17 |
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| Baris 82: | Baris 78: | ||
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|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Sphyrnidae|<span style="color:white;">Sphyrnidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Sphyrnidae|<span style="color:white;">Sphyrnidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Hammerhead shark, Cocos Island, Costa Rica.jpg|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Hiu martil]] |
| align=center | [[Hiu martil]] |
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| align=center | 2 |
| align=center | 2 |
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| Baris 89: | Baris 85: | ||
|- |
|- |
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! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Triakidae|<span style="color:white;">Triakidae</span>]] |
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Triakidae|<span style="color:white;">Triakidae</span>]] |
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| [[ |
| [[Berkas:Leopard shark in kelp.jpg|140px]] |
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| align=center | [[Houndshark]]s |
| align=center | [[Houndshark]]s |
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| align=center | 9 |
| align=center | 9 |
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| Baris 95: | Baris 91: | ||
| valign=top | Houndsharks are distinguished by large spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from {{convert|37|to|220|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the sea bed and in midwater.<ref>{{FishBase_family|family=Triakidae|year=2009|month=January}}</ref> |
| valign=top | Houndsharks are distinguished by large spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from {{convert|37|to|220|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the sea bed and in midwater.<ref>{{FishBase_family|family=Triakidae|year=2009|month=January}}</ref> |
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|} |
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--> |
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== Timeline dari genera == |
== Timeline dari genera == |
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<timeline> |
<timeline> |
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ImageSize |
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PlotArea |
PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px |
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Period |
Period = from:-199.6 till:15 |
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TimeAxis |
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal |
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ScaleMajor |
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-199.6 |
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ScaleMinor |
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-199.6 |
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TimeAxis |
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AlignBars |
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Colors = |
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#legends |
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id:CAR |
id:CAR value:claret |
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id:ANK |
id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) |
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id:HER |
id:HER value:teal |
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id:HAD |
id:HAD value:green |
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id:OMN |
id:OMN value:blue |
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id:black value:black |
id:black value:black |
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id:white value:white |
id:white value:white |
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id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) |
id:mesozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) |
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id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) |
id:jurassic value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.79) |
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id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89) |
id:earlyjurassic value:rgb(0,0.69,0.89) |
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id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) |
id:middlejurassic value:rgb(0.52,0.81,0.91) |
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id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97) |
id:latejurassic value:rgb(0.74,0.89,0.97) |
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id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) |
id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) |
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id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) |
id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) |
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id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) |
id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) |
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id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) |
id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) |
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id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) |
id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) |
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id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) |
id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) |
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id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) |
id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) |
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id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) |
id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) |
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id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) |
id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) |
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id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) |
id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) |
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id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) |
id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) |
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id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) |
id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) |
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id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) |
id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) |
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id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) |
id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) |
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BarData= |
BarData= |
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bar:eratop |
bar:eratop |
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| Baris 176: | Baris 175: | ||
PlotData= |
PlotData= |
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align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 |
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 |
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shift:(7,-4) |
shift:(7,-4) |
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bar:periodtop |
bar:periodtop |
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from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]] |
from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]] |
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from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] |
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] |
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| Baris 186: | Baris 185: | ||
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]] |
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]] |
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from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene|Paleo.]] |
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene|Paleo.]] |
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene|Eo.]] |
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene|Eo.]] |
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from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene|Oligo.]] |
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene|Oligo.]] |
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from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene|Mio.]] |
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene|Mio.]] |
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from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Pliocene|Pl.]] |
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Pliocene|Pl.]] |
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| Baris 193: | Baris 192: | ||
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] |
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] |
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bar:eratop |
bar:eratop |
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from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]] |
from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]] |
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from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]] |
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]] |
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from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] |
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] |
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from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] |
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] |
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from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] |
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] |
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| Baris 209: | Baris 208: | ||
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-84.27 till:-65.5 text:[[Pteroscyllium]] |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-84.27 till:-65.5 text:[[Pteroscyllium]] |
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color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-83.5 till:-70.6 text:[[Archaeotriakis]] |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-83.5 till:-70.6 text:[[Archaeotriakis]] |
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color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-83.5 till:-58.7 text:[[Palaeogaleus]] |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-83.5 till:-58.7 text:[[Palaeogaleus]] |
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color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-74.9 till:-68.9 text:[[Squatigaleus]] |
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-74.9 till:-68.9 text:[[Squatigaleus]] |
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color:paleocene bar:NAM9 from:-65.5 till:-33.9 text:[[Abdounia]] |
color:paleocene bar:NAM9 from:-65.5 till:-33.9 text:[[Abdounia]] |
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| Baris 234: | Baris 233: | ||
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 |
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 |
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bar:period |
bar:period |
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from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]] |
from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]] |
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from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] |
from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]] |
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| Baris 241: | Baris 240: | ||
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]] |
from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]] |
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from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene|Paleo.]] |
from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:[[Paleocene|Paleo.]] |
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from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene|Eo.]] |
from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:[[Eocene|Eo.]] |
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from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene|Oligo.]] |
from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:[[Oligocene|Oligo.]] |
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from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene|Mio.]] |
from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:[[Miocene|Mio.]] |
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from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Pliocene|Pl.]] |
from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:[[Pliocene|Pl.]] |
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| Baris 248: | Baris 247: | ||
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] |
from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:[[Holocene|H.]] |
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bar:era |
bar:era |
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from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]] |
from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:[[Jurassic]] |
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from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]] |
from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:[[Cretaceous]] |
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from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] |
from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:[[Paleogene]] |
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from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] |
from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:[[Neogene]] |
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from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] |
from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:[[Quaternary|Q.]] |
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| Baris 260: | Baris 259: | ||
== Referensi lebih lanjut == |
== Referensi lebih lanjut == |
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* Froese, Rainer, dan Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) [http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Identifikasi Ikan: |
* Froese, Rainer, dan Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) [http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Identifikasi Ikan: Hiu tanah] di FishBase. Maret 2013 versi. |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Sepkoski|first=Jack|year=2002|title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class|dead-url=yes|journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology|volume=364|page=560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170834/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class|archive-date=2012-05-10|access-date=2011-05-17}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Sepkoski|first=Jack|year=2002|title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class|dead-url=yes|journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology|volume=364|page=560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170834/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class|archive-date=2012-05-10|access-date=2011-05-17}} |
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== |
== Pranala luar == |
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* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhiniformes.htm Ordo Carcharhiniformes] |
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhiniformes.htm Ordo Carcharhiniformes] |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q48178}} |
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[[Kategori:Carchahiniformes]] |
[[Kategori:Carchahiniformes]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 25 September 2024 06.30
| Carcharhiniformes | |
|---|---|
| |
Klasifikasi ilmiah 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kerajaan: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Chordata |
| Kelas: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subkelas: | Elasmobranchii |
| Subdivisi: | Selachimorpha |
| Superordo: | Galeomorphii |
| Ordo: | Carcharhiniformes Compagno, 1977 |
Hiu tanah, atau Carcharhiniformes, merupakan ordo ikan hiu yang terbesar. Dengan lebih dari 270 spesies, carcharhiniformes mencakup sejumlah jenis umum hiu, seperti Hiu banteng, Hiu martil, Hiu harimau, dan Hiu sirip hitam.
Anggota dari ordo ini dicirikan oleh adanya membran pengelip di atas mata, dua sirip punggung, sirip anal, dan lima celah insang.
Keluarga dalam rangka Carcharhiniformes diharapkan akan direvisi; recent DNA studi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa kelompok konvensional tidak monophyletic.
Famili
[sunting | sunting sumber]Menurut FishBase, delapan famili dari ordo Carcharhiniformes adalah:[1]
- Carcharhinidae (hiu requiem)
- Galeocerdonidae (hiu harimau beserta kerabatnya yang telah punah)
- Hemigaleidae (hiu kacang)
- Leptochariidae (Hiu anjing berduri)
- Proscylliidae (Hiu kucing bersirip punggung)
- Pseudotriakidae (Hiu kucing palsu)
- Scyliorhinidae (Hiu kucing)
- Sphyrnidae (hiu martil)
- Triakidae (Hiu anjing halus)
Timeline dari genera
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Fish Identification: Ground sharks FishBase. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
Referensi lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Froese, Rainer, dan Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) Identifikasi Ikan: Hiu tanah di FishBase. Maret 2013 versi.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-10. Diakses tanggal 2011-05-17.