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Danau Baikal: Perbedaan antara revisi

Koordinat: 53°30′N 108°0′E / 53.500°N 108.000°E / 53.500; 108.000
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(41 revisi perantara oleh 21 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{Infobox body of water
{{kotak info danau
|lake_name = Danau Baikal, Russia
|name = Danau Baikal
|native_name = {{native name|ru|Oзеро Байкал}}<br />{{native name|bua|Байгал нуур}}<br />{{native name|mn|Байгал нуур}}
|image_lake = LakeBaikal.png
|pushpin_map=Russia Buryatia#Russia Irkutsk Oblast#Russia
|caption_lake = Danau Baikal
|image = Baikal.A2001296.0420.250m-NASA.jpg
|image_bathymetry =
|caption = Citra satelit danau Baikal, 2001
|image_bathymetry = Karte baikal2.png
|caption_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|location = [[Siberia]], [[Rusia]]
|coords = {{coor dm|52|45|N|107|15|E}}
|coords = {{Coord|53|30|N|108|0|E|region:RU-BU_type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}}
|type = Danau [[Kontinental]]
|lake_type = [[Danau purba]], [[Danau retakan|danau retakan benua]]
|inflow = [[Selenga]]{{br}}[[Chikoy]]{{br}}[[Khiloh]]{{br}}[[Uda River, Buryatia|Uda]]{{br}}[[Barguzin]]{{br}}[[Upper Angara]]
|inflow = [[Selenga]], [[Barguzin (sungai)|Barguzin]], [[Angara Atas]]
|outflow = Sungai [[Angara]]
|outflow = [[Angara]]
|catchment = 560,000 km<sup>2</sup> (347,968&nbsp;mi²)
|catchment = {{convert|560000|km2|-3|abbr=on}}
|basin_countries = [[Russia]]
|basin_countries = [[Mongolia]] dan [[Rusia]]
|length = 636 kilometer (395&nbsp;mi)
|length = {{convert|636|km|abbr=on}}
|width = 80 kilometer (50&nbsp;mi)
|width = {{convert|79|km|abbr=on}}
|area = 31,494 km<sup>2</sup> (19,569&nbsp;mi²)
|area = {{convert|31722|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="INTAS">{{cite web|url= http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm|title= A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation|publisher= Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium|access-date= 9 July 2009|archive-date= 2018-12-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085935/http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm|dead-url= yes}}</ref>
|depth = 758 meter (2,487&nbsp;kaki)
|depth = {{convert|744.4|m|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/>
|max-depth = 1637 meter (5369&nbsp;kaki)
|residence_time = 330 tahun<ref>{{cite web |author= M.A. Grachev |url= http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm |title= On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal |publisher= Limnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences |access-date= 9 July 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110820023119/http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm |archive-date= 20 August 2011}}</ref>
|volume = 23,600 km<sup>3</sup> (5,521&nbsp;mi³)
|max-depth = {{convert|1642|m|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/>
|shore = 2.100 kilometer (1,305&nbsp;mi)
|volume = {{convert|23615.39|km3|cumi|-1|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/>
|elevation = 456 meter (1,496&nbsp;kaki)
|shore = {{convert|2100|km|-1|abbr= on}}
|islands = 22
|elevation = {{convert|455.5|m|0|abbr=on}}
|cities = [[Irkutsk]]
|islands = 27 ([[Pulau Olkhon]])
|cities = [[Severobaykalsk]], [[Slyudyanka]], [[Baykalsk]], [[Ust-Barguzin]]
|frozen = Januari–Mei
|reference =
|extra =
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|ID = 754
|Year = 1996
|Criteria = Alam: vii, viii, ix, x
|Area = 8,800,000 hektar
}}
}}
}}
'''Danau Baikal''' ({{lang-ru|Oзеро Байкал|Ozero Baykal}}; {{lang-bua|Байгал нуур|Baigal nuur}};<ref>Dervla Murphy (2007) ''Silverland: A Winter Journey Beyond the Urals'', London, John Murray, p. 173</ref> {{lang-mn|Байгал нуур|Baigal nuur}}) adalah sebuah [[danau]] retakan di [[Rusia]] yang terletak di [[Siberia]] selatan, di antara [[Subjek federal di Rusia|subjek federal]] [[Oblast Irkutsk]] di barat laut dan [[Buryatia]] di tenggara.
{{Infobox World Heritage Site

| WHS = Danau Baikal
Danau Baikal adalah danau air tawar terbesar di dunia berdasarkan volume. Volume air di danau ini mencapai {{convert|23615.39|km3|cumi|-1|abbr=on}}, atau sekitar 23% dari keseluruhan volume air tawar di permukaan Bumi,<ref name="INTAS" /><ref>{{cite book|author1= Schwarzenbach, Rene P. |author2= Philip M. Gschwend |author3= Dieter M. Imboden | title= Environmental Organic Chemistry |url= https://archive.org/details/environmentalorg00schw | year= 2003 | publisher= Wiley Interscience | edition= 2 | page= [https://archive.org/details/environmentalorg00schw/page/n1056 1052] | isbn= 9780471350538}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| authors= Tyus, Harold M. | title= Ecology and Conservation of Fishes | year= 2012 | publisher= CRC Press | page= 116 | isbn= 978-1-4398-9759-1}}</ref> jauh lebih banyak dari gabungan volume [[Danau-Danau Besar (Amerika)|Danau-Danau Besar]] di [[Amerika Utara]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1= Bright |editor-first1= Michael | others= preface by Koichiro Mastsuura|title= 1001 natural wonders : you must see before you die|url= https://archive.org/details/1001naturalwonde0000unse |date= 2010|publisher= Cassell Illustrated|location= London|isbn= 9781844036745|page= [https://archive.org/details/1001naturalwonde0000unse/page/620 620]|edition= 2009 }}</ref> Danau Baikal memiliki kedalaman maksimum {{convert|1642|m|abbr=on}},<ref name="INTAS"/> dan merupakan [[Daftar danau terbesar di dunia|danau terdalam]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://geology.com/records/deepest-lake.shtml|title= Deepest Lake in the World|publisher= geology.com |access-date= 18 August 2007}}</ref> serta danau tertua di Bumi,<ref name="touchstone">{{cite web|url= http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/|title= Lake Baikal – A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies|publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120629180319/http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/|archive-date= 29 June 2012|access-date= 3 January 2016}}</ref> yang terbentuk sekitar 25–30 juta tahun lalu.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754|title= Lake Baikal – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date= 5 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=ScienceDaily2017>{{cite web|url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170726103013.htm|title= Lake Baikal: Protection of a unique ecosystem|website= ScienceDaily|date= 26 July 2017|access-date= 16 January 2018}}</ref> Danau Baikal adalah [[Daftar danau terbesar di dunia|danau terbesar ketujuh di dunia]] berdasarkan luas permukaan, dengan luas membentang hingga {{convert|31722|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, sedikit lebih besar dari luas [[Belgia]]. Danau ini juga merupakan salah satu danau dengan air terjernih di dunia.<ref name=Jung2004>{{cite book |title= Ecosystems and Natural Resources of Mountain Regions. Proceedings of the first international symposium on Lake Baikal: The current state of the surface and underground hydrosphere in mountainous areas. "Nauka", Novosibirsk, Russia|authors= Jung, J., Hojnowski, C., Jenkins, H., Ortiz, A., Brinkley, C., Cadish, L., Evans, A., Kissinger, P., Ordal, L., Osipova, S., Smith, A., Vredeveld, B., Hodge, T., Kohler, S., Rodenhouse, N. and Moore, M. |editor1-first= A.I. |editor1-last= Smirnov |editor2-first= L.R. |editor2-last= Izmest'eva |year= 2004 |pages= 131–140 |chapter= Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Lake Baikal and its relationship to body size |chapter-url= http://www.wellesley.edu/Biology/Faculty/Mmoore/Content/JUNG_et_al_2004.pdf |access-date= 9 August 2009}}</ref>
| Image = [[Berkas:Beautiful-Lake-Baikal-Rusia-2.jpg|280px]]

| State Party = {{RUS}}
Danau Baikal menjadi habitat bagi ribuan spesies tumbuhan dan hewan, banyak di antaranya merupakan spesies [[endemik]] di wilayah tersebut. Danau ini juga menjadi daerah pemukiman [[suku Buryat]], yang banyak memelihara [[kambing]], [[unta]], [[sapi]], [[domba]], dan [[kuda]]<ref name=animal>{{cite book |title= The Other Side of Russia: A Slice of Life in Siberia and the Russian Far East |author= S. Hudgins |year= 2003 |publisher= Texas A&M University Press |url= http://www.tamupress.com/product/Other-Side-of-Russia,4080.aspx |access-date= 9 August 2009}}</ref> di sisi timur danau,<ref>{{cite web |author1= M. Hammer |author2= T. Karafet |title= DNA & the peopling of Siberia |url= http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/peopling_siberia.html |year= 1995 |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |access-date= 9 August 2009 |archive-date= 2015-12-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151224202140/http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic//html/peopling_siberia.html |dead-url= yes }}</ref> di daerah ini suhu rata-rata bervariasi, dengan suhu terendah saat [[musim dingin]] mencapai {{convert|-19|°C|0}} dan suhu tertinggi {{convert|14|°C|0}} selama [[musim panas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Fefelov |first= I. |author2= Tupitsyn, I. |date= August 2004 |title= Waders of the Selenga delta, Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia |journal= Wader Study Group Bulletin |volume= 104 |pages= 66–78 |url= http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v104/p00066-p00078.pdf |access-date= 9 August 2009}}</ref>
| Type = Nature

| Criteria = vii,viii,ix,x
Wilayah di sebelah timur Danau Baikal disebut sebagai Transbaikalia atau [[Transbaikal]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Erbajeva|first1=Margarita A.|last2=Khenzykhenova|first2=Fedora I.|last3=Alexeeva|first3=Nadezhda V.|date=2013-01-23|title=Aridization of the Transbaikalia in the context of global events during the Pleistocene and its effect on the evolution of small mammals|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618211007166|journal=Quaternary International|series=Quaternary interconnections in Eurasia: focus on Eastern Europe SEQS Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 21–26 June 2010|language=en|volume=284|pages=45–52|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.024|bibcode=2013QuInt.284...45E|issn=1040-6182}}</ref> dan wilayah di sekitar danau itu sendiri kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai Baikalia. [[UNESCO]] menyatakan Danau Baikal sebagai salah satu [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] pada tahun 1996.<ref>
| ID = 754
{{cite web|url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754|title= Lake Baikal – World Heritage Site|publisher= World Heritage|access-date=13 January 2007}}
| Region = [[Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Eropa|Eropa]]
</ref>
| Year = 1996
| Session = ke-17
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/754
}}
'''Danau Baikal''' adalah [[danau]] terdalam dan tertua di dunia dan terbanyak (dalam isi) [[air tawar]]nya di Bumi. Danau ini berisi lebih dari 20% air tawar dunia dan lebih dari 90% air tawar Russia. Danau ini merupakan [[Situs warisan dunia]] yang terletak di selatan [[Siberia]] di Russia, antara [[Oblast Irkutsk]] di barat laut dan [[Buryatia]] di tenggara, dekat kota [[Irkutsk]]. Nama ini berasal dari kata [[Tatar]] "Bai-Kul" - "danau kaya". Dia juga dikenal dengan "Mata Biru Siberia". Dalam [[bahasa Russia]], dia disebut Байка́л (''Ozero Baykal'', О́зеро secara harfiah berarti ''Danau''), dan dalam [[bahasa Buryat]] dan [[Mongol]] dia disebut ''Dalai-Nor'', atau "Laut suci".


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Rusia Timur Jauh]]

* [[Transbaikal]]
* [[Sarma (angin)]]
* [[Dingling]]
* [[Su Wu]]


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}


== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* [http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/ US Geological Survey Factsheet]
* Detlev Henschel, ''Kayak Adventure in Siberia: The first solo circumnavigation of Lake Baikal''. Amazon {{ISBN|978-3737561020}}
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/russia/story/train/lake.baikal/ Lake Baikal: the great blue eye of Siberia]. ''CNN—InDepth''.
* [[Colin Thubron]] (2000), ''In Siberia'', {{ISBN|978-0060953737}}, Harper Perennial.
* [http://www.tahoebaikal.org/lakeinfo/ Lake Tahoe and Lake Baikal Watersheds]. ''Tahoe-Baikal Institute''.
* [[Leonid Borodin]] (1988), ''Year of Miracle And Grief'', Quartet Books {{ISBN?}}
* [http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF9/986.html The Oddities of Lake Baikal]. Carla Helfferich, ''Alaska Science Forum''.
* Martin Cruz Smith (2019), ''Siberian Dilemma'', Simon & Schuster {{ISBN?}}
* [http://www.schoolofflyfishing.com/resources/worldslakes.htm The World's Greatest Lakes]


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Lake Baikal}}
*[http://www.lakebaikal.org/ Lake Baikal Information]
*[https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2019/05/lake-baikal-ice-formations-photos/590374/ Lake Baikal Ice Formations in Photos]
* {{Vimeo|157246628|Lake Baikal}}


{{Authority control}}
{{commonspiped|О́зеро Байка́л|Lake Baikal}}

* [http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/baikal/ USGS survey fact sheet on Lake Baikal]
* [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-27.html World lakes database entry] for Lake Baikal
* [http://www.bww.irk.ru/ Baikal information site] in English
* [http://www.nwi.ru/id=1/city_id=4/lang=1/city.cgi Lake Baikal travel overview] in English
* [http://www.baikalinfo.com/ Free and independent travel guide for Lake Baikal] English and German
* [http://blogs.washingtonpost.com/russianchronicles/ Washington Post Russian Chronicles Blog that Includes visits to Lake Baikal]
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/lakebaikal/ Flickr photos tagged lakebaikal]
* [http://baikal.mobi/photo/album/122 Baikal photos and traveler stories]
* [http://www.savebaikal.org/index.php?lang=1 Save Baikal Greenpeace site]

{{danau-stub}}


[[Kategori:Danau di Rusia|Baikal]]
[[Kategori:Danau di Rusia|Baikal]]
[[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Rusia|Baikal]]
[[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Rusia|Baikal]]
{{Link GA|ja}}

[[af:Baikalmeer]]
[[an:Laco Baikal]]
[[ar:بحيرة بايكال]]
[[arz:بحيرة بايكال]]
[[az:Baykal]]
[[ba:Байкал]]
[[bat-smg:Baikals (ežers)]]
[[be:Возера Байкал]]
[[be-x-old:Байкал]]
[[bg:Байкал]]
[[bn:বৈকাল হ্রদ]]
[[bo:པེ་གལ་མཚེའུ།]]
[[br:Lenn Baikal]]
[[bs:Bajkalsko jezero]]
[[bxr:Байгал]]
[[ca:Baikal]]
[[cs:Bajkal]]
[[cv:Байкал]]
[[cy:Llyn Baikal]]
[[da:Bajkalsøen]]
[[de:Baikalsee]]
[[dv:ބައިކަލް ކުޅި]]
[[el:Βαϊκάλη]]
[[en:Lake Baikal]]
[[eo:Bajkalo]]
[[es:Lago Baikal]]
[[et:Baikali järv]]
[[eu:Baikal]]
[[fa:دریاچه بایکال]]
[[fi:Baikaljärvi]]
[[fiu-vro:Baikali järv]]
[[fr:Lac Baïkal]]
[[fy:Baikalmar]]
[[gd:Loch Baikal]]
[[gl:Lago Baikal]]
[[he:ימת באיקל]]
[[hi:बयकाल झील]]
[[hif:Lake Baikal]]
[[hr:Bajkalsko jezero]]
[[hsb:Bajkal]]
[[hu:Bajkál-tó]]
[[ia:Laco Baikal]]
[[io:Baikal]]
[[is:Bajkalvatn]]
[[it:Lago Bajkal]]
[[ja:バイカル湖]]
[[jbo:baikal. zei lalxu]]
[[ka:ბაიკალი]]
[[kk:Байкөл]]
[[kn:ಬೈಕಲ್ ಸರೋವರ]]
[[ko:바이칼 호]]
[[kw:Lydn Baikal]]
[[la:Lacus Baical]]
[[lt:Baikalo ežeras]]
[[lv:Baikāls]]
[[mhr:Байкал]]
[[mk:Бајкалско Езеро]]
[[ml:ബൈകാൽ തടാകം]]
[[mn:Байгаль нуур]]
[[mr:बैकाल सरोवर]]
[[mrj:Байкал]]
[[ms:Tasik Baikal]]
[[mwl:Lago Baikal]]
[[my:ဘိုင်ကယ်အိုင်]]
[[mzn:Baykal]]
[[na:Baykal]]
[[new:बैकाल पुखु]]
[[nl:Baikalmeer]]
[[nn:Bajkalsjøen]]
[[no:Bajkalsjøen]]
[[oc:Lac Baikal]]
[[os:Байкал]]
[[pl:Bajkał]]
[[pnb:جھیل بیکال]]
[[pt:Lago Baikal]]
[[qu:Paygal qucha]]
[[ro:Lacul Baikal]]
[[ru:Байкал]]
[[rue:Байкал]]
[[sah:Баай күөл]]
[[scn:Lacu Baikal]]
[[sh:Bajkalsko jezero]]
[[simple:Lake Baikal]]
[[sk:Bajkalské jazero]]
[[sl:Bajkalsko jezero]]
[[sq:Liqeni i Bajkalit]]
[[sr:Бајкалско језеро]]
[[sv:Bajkalsjön]]
[[sw:Baikal (ziwa)]]
[[ta:பைக்கால் ஏரி]]
[[th:ทะเลสาบไบคาล]]
[[tk:Baýkal]]
[[tl:Lawa ng Baikal]]
[[tr:Baykal Gölü]]
[[uk:Байкал]]
[[ur:جھیل بیکال]]
[[vep:Baikal]]
[[vi:Hồ Baikal]]
[[war:Danaw Baikal]]
[[yi:בייקאל אזערע]]
[[zh:贝加尔湖]]
[[zh-yue:貝加爾湖]]

Revisi terkini sejak 9 November 2024 10.46

Danau Baikal
Oзеро Байкал  (Rusia)
Байгал нуур  (Buryat)
Байгал нуур  (Mongolian)
Citra satelit danau Baikal, 2001
Danau Baikal di Buryatia
Danau Baikal
Danau Baikal
Danau Baikal di Oblast Irkutsk
Danau Baikal
Danau Baikal
Danau Baikal di Rusia
Danau Baikal
Danau Baikal
LetakSiberia, Rusia
Koordinat53°30′N 108°0′E / 53.500°N 108.000°E / 53.500; 108.000
Jenis danauDanau purba, danau retakan benua
Aliran masuk utamaSelenga, Barguzin, Angara Atas
Aliran keluar utamaAngara
Wilayah tangkapan air560.000 km2 (216.000 sq mi)
Terletak di negaraMongolia dan Rusia
Panjang maksimal636 km (395 mi)
Lebar maksimal79 km (49 mi)
Luas permukaan31.722 km2 (12.248 sq mi)[1]
Kedalaman rata-rata7.444 m (24.423 ft)[1]
Kedalaman maksimal1.642 m (5.387 ft)[1]
Volume air2.361.539 km3 (566.560 cu mi)[1]
Residence time330 tahun[2]
Keliling12.100 km (1.300 mi)
Ketinggian permukaan4.555 m (14.944 ft)
BekuJanuari–Mei
Kepulauan27 (Pulau Olkhon)
PermukimanSeverobaykalsk, Slyudyanka, Baykalsk, Ust-Barguzin
Peta
Peta
KriteriaAlam: vii, viii, ix, x
Nomor identifikasi754
Pengukuhan1996 (Sesi ke-20)
Luas8,800,000 hektar
1 Perkiraan.

Danau Baikal (bahasa Rusia: Oзеро Байкал, translit. Ozero Baykal; bahasa Buryat: Байгал нуур, translit. Baigal nuur;[3] bahasa Mongol: Байгал нуур) adalah sebuah danau retakan di Rusia yang terletak di Siberia selatan, di antara subjek federal Oblast Irkutsk di barat laut dan Buryatia di tenggara.

Danau Baikal adalah danau air tawar terbesar di dunia berdasarkan volume. Volume air di danau ini mencapai 2.361.539 km3 (566.560 cu mi), atau sekitar 23% dari keseluruhan volume air tawar di permukaan Bumi,[1][4][5] jauh lebih banyak dari gabungan volume Danau-Danau Besar di Amerika Utara.[6] Danau Baikal memiliki kedalaman maksimum 1.642 m (5.387 ft),[1] dan merupakan danau terdalam,[7] serta danau tertua di Bumi,[8] yang terbentuk sekitar 25–30 juta tahun lalu.[9][10] Danau Baikal adalah danau terbesar ketujuh di dunia berdasarkan luas permukaan, dengan luas membentang hingga 31.722 km2 (12.248 sq mi), sedikit lebih besar dari luas Belgia. Danau ini juga merupakan salah satu danau dengan air terjernih di dunia.[11]

Danau Baikal menjadi habitat bagi ribuan spesies tumbuhan dan hewan, banyak di antaranya merupakan spesies endemik di wilayah tersebut. Danau ini juga menjadi daerah pemukiman suku Buryat, yang banyak memelihara kambing, unta, sapi, domba, dan kuda[12] di sisi timur danau,[13] di daerah ini suhu rata-rata bervariasi, dengan suhu terendah saat musim dingin mencapai −19 °C (−2 °F) dan suhu tertinggi 14 °C (57 °F) selama musim panas.[14]

Wilayah di sebelah timur Danau Baikal disebut sebagai Transbaikalia atau Transbaikal,[15] dan wilayah di sekitar danau itu sendiri kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai Baikalia. UNESCO menyatakan Danau Baikal sebagai salah satu Situs Warisan Dunia pada tahun 1996.[16]

Lihat pula

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation". Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-12-25. Diakses tanggal 9 July 2009. 
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