Traktat Ghent: Perbedaan antara revisi

Traktat Ghent
	Penandatanganan Traktat Ghent. Wakil Britania utama Baron Gambier berjabat tangan dengan pemimpin Amerika John Quincy Adams. Wakil Menteri Luar Negeri Britania untuk Perang dan Koloni, Henry Goulburn, membawa sebuah map merah.
Jenis	Traktat perdamaian bilateral
Ditandatangani	24 Desember 1814
Lokasi	Ghent, Belanda Bersatu
Penanda tangan; asal	Britania Raya Amerika Serikat

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Revisi terkini sejak 4 Februari 2022 13.22

Traktat Ghent (8 Stat. 218) adalah traktat perdamaian yang mengakhiri Perang tahun 1812 antara Amerika Serikat dan Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia. Kedua belah pihak menandatanganinya pada 24 Desember 1814, di kota Ghent, Belanda Bersatu. Traktat ini memulihkan hubungan antara kedua negara menjadi status quo ante bellum, memulihkan perbatasan kedua negara ke garis sebelum perang dimulai pada Juni 1812.^{[note 1]}^[1] Traktat ini disetujui oleh parlemen Britania Raya dan disahkan menjadi undang-undang oleh Pangeran Regent (kelak Raja George IV) pada 30 Desember 1814. Butuh satu bulan berita mengenai traktat perdamaian ini untuk mencapai Amerika Serikat, dan sementara itu pasukan Amerika di bawah Andrew Jackson memenangkan Pertempuran New Orleans pada 8 Januari 1815. Traktat Ghent tidak sepenuhnya berlaku sampai diratifikasi oleh Senat AS dengan suara bulat pada 17 Februari 1815. Traktat ini memulai dua abad dan lebih dari hubungan damai antara AS dan Britania, meskipun ada saat-saat menegangkan seperti Insiden Trent tahun 1861.

Catatan

^ Amerika Serikat memperoleh beberapa wilayah (daerah Mobile) dari Imperium Spanyol, namun tidak disebutkan dalam Traktat ini.

Referensi

^ Gene A. Smith, "'Our Flag was display'd within their Works': The Treaty of Ghent and the Conquest of Mobile." Alabama Review 52 (1999): 3-20.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Adams, Henry. History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison (1890; Library of America edition, 1986) 2: 1185–1219
Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1949). John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. New York: A. A. Knopf. hlm. 196–220. OCLC 424693. ; Pulitzer Prize.
Burt, Alfred Leroy (1940). The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812. The Relations of Canada and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. OCLC 752759076 – via Questia Online Library. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
Engelman, Fred L. The Peace of Christmas Eve (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), popular narrative
Hickey, Donald R. (2012) [1988]. "Ch. 11: The Treaty of Ghent" (PDF). The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (edisi ke-Bicentennial). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. hlm. 281–98. ISBN 9780252093739 – via Project MUSE. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
Mahan, A.T. (October 1905). "The negotiations at Ghent in 1814". The American Historical Review. 11 (1): 68–87. doi:10.2307/1832365. JSTOR 1832365.
Perkins, Bradford. Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812·1823 (1964) excerpt; online review
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991) pp 94–122.
- a version of this chapter appears (in English) in Remini, R. V. "The Treaty of Ghent. The American perspective." Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent 44.1 (1990). online
Updyke, Frank A. The diplomacy of the War of 1812 (1915) online free
Ward, Adolphus William; Gooch, George Peabody, ed. (1922). "Ch. 5: The American War and the Treaty of Ghent, 1814". The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919: Volume I: 1783–1815. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 489666642.

Sumber-sumber utama

"Letters relating to the Negotiations at Ghent, 1812–1814". The American Historical Review. 20 (1): 108–29. 1914. doi:10.1086/540632. JSTOR 1836119.

Pranala luar

"Treaty of Ghent". www.loc.gov (digital reference guide). Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History. Library of Congress. 10 April 2014
"A Guide to the War of 1812". www.loc.gov (digital reference guide). Web Guides. Compiled by Kenneth Drexler. Library of Congress. 25 June 2014
"War of 1812 Timeline of Major Events". pbs.org. PBS. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-11-05. Diakses tanggal 2018-10-15
Chowder, Ken (10 October 2011), produced by WNED-TV and Florentine Films/Hott Productions Inc., "The Treaty of Ghent", The War of 1812 (television program), PBS Hapus pranala luar di parameter |work= (bantuan)
"Association Treaty of Ghent". www.treatyofghent.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-20. Diakses tanggal 2018-10-15 (a registered nonprofit organization)

Templat:John Quincy Adams

[1] Amerika Serikat memperoleh beberapa wilayah (daerah Mobile) dari Imperium Spanyol, namun tidak disebutkan dalam Traktat ini.

[2] Gene A. Smith, "'Our Flag was display'd within their Works': The Treaty of Ghent and the Conquest of Mobile." Alabama Review 52 (1999): 3-20.

[note 1]

[1]

@@ Baris 2: / Baris 2: @@
 | name                 = Traktat Ghent
 | long_name            =
-| image                = Signing of Treaty of Ghent (1812).jpg
+| image                = Signing of Treaty of Ghent (1814).jpg
 | image_alt            =
-| caption              = Signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The leading British delegate [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Baron Gambier]] is shaking hands with the American leader  [[John Quincy Adams]]. The British Undersecretary of State for War and the Colonies, [[Henry Goulburn]], is carrying a red folder.
+| caption              = Penandatanganan Traktat Ghent. Wakil Britania utama [[James Gambier, Baron Gambier ke-1|Baron Gambier]] berjabat tangan dengan pemimpin Amerika [[John Quincy Adams]]. Wakil Menteri Luar Negeri Britania untuk Perang dan Koloni, [[Henry Goulburn]], membawa sebuah map merah.
-| type                 = Bilateral peace treaty
+| type                 = Traktat perdamaian bilateral
 | context              =
 | date_drafted         =
 | date_signed          = {{Start date|df=yes|1814|12|24}}
-| location_signed      = [[Ghent]], [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|United Netherlands]]
+| location_signed      = [[Ghent]], [[Kepangeranan Berdaulat Belanda Bersatu|Belanda Bersatu]]
 | date_sealed          =
 | date_effective       =
@@ Baris 17: / Baris 17: @@
 | mediators            =
 | negotiators          =
-| original_signatories = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]<hr/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1795-1818).svg}} [[United States]]
+| original_signatories = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia|Britania Raya]]<hr/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States (1795-1818).svg}} [[Amerika Serikat]]
 | signatories          =
 | parties              =
@@ Baris 29: / Baris 29: @@
 | footnotes            =
 }}
-'''Traktat Ghent''' ({{USStat|8|218}}) adalah traktat perdamaian yang mengakhiri [[Perang tahun 1812]] antara [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia]]. Both sides signed it on December 24, 1814, in the city of [[Ghent]], [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|United Netherlands]]. The treaty restored relations between the two nations to ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'', restoring the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812.{{refn| group= "note"|The United States gained some territory (the [[Mobile, AL|Mobile]] area) from the [[Spanish Empire]], but that was not mentioned in the Treaty.}}<ref>Gene A. Smith, "'Our Flag was display'd within their Works': The Treaty of Ghent and the Conquest of Mobile." ''[[Alabama Review]]'' 52 (1999): 3-20.</ref>
+'''Traktat Ghent''' ({{USStat|8|218}}) adalah traktat perdamaian yang mengakhiri [[Perang tahun 1812]] antara [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia]]. Kedua belah pihak menandatanganinya pada 24 Desember 1814, di kota [[Ghent]], [[Kepangeranan Berdaulat Belanda Bersatu|Belanda Bersatu]]. Traktat ini memulihkan hubungan antara kedua negara menjadi ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'', memulihkan perbatasan kedua negara ke garis sebelum perang dimulai pada Juni 1812.{{refn| group= "note"|Amerika Serikat memperoleh beberapa wilayah (daerah [[Mobile, AL|Mobile]]) dari [[Imperium Spanyol]], namun tidak disebutkan dalam Traktat ini.}}<ref>Gene A. Smith, "'Our Flag was display'd within their Works': The Treaty of Ghent and the Conquest of Mobile." ''[[Alabama Review]]'' 52 (1999): 3-20.</ref> Traktat ini disetujui oleh parlemen Britania Raya dan disahkan menjadi undang-undang oleh Pangeran Regent (kelak [[George IV dari Britania Raya|Raja George IV]]) pada 30 Desember 1814. Butuh satu bulan berita mengenai traktat perdamaian ini untuk mencapai Amerika Serikat, dan sementara itu pasukan Amerika di bawah [[Andrew Jackson]] memenangkan [[Pertempuran New Orleans]] pada 8 Januari 1815. Traktat Ghent tidak sepenuhnya berlaku sampai diratifikasi oleh Senat AS dengan suara bulat pada 17 Februari 1815. Traktat ini memulai dua abad dan lebih dari hubungan damai antara AS dan Britania, meskipun ada saat-saat menegangkan seperti [[Insiden Trent]] tahun 1861.
 == Catatan ==
@@ Baris 35: / Baris 35: @@
 == Referensi ==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
 * Adams, Henry. ''History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison'' (1890; Library of America edition, 1986) 2: 1185–1219
-* {{cite book |first= Samuel Flagg |last= Bemis |authorlink= Samuel Flagg Bemis |title= John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy |year= 1949 |location= New York |publisher= [[Alfred A. Knopf|A. A. Knopf]] |pages= 196–220 |oclc= 424693 |ref= {{SfnRef|Bemis|1949}}}}; Pulitzer Prize.
+* {{cite book |first= Samuel Flagg |last= Bemis |authorlink= Samuel Flagg Bemis |title= John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy |url= https://archive.org/details/johnquincyadamsf0000bemi |year= 1949 |location= New York |publisher= [[Alfred A. Knopf|A. A. Knopf]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/johnquincyadamsf0000bemi/page/196 196]–220 |oclc= 424693 |ref= {{SfnRef|Bemis|1949}}}}; Pulitzer Prize.
-*{{cite book |last= Burt |first= Alfred Leroy |title= The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 |year= 1940  |url= https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=750041 |via= [[Questia Online Library]] |subscription= yes |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |location= New Haven, CT |oclc= 752759076 |series= The Relations of Canada and the United States}}
+* {{cite book |last= Burt |first= Alfred Leroy |title= The United States, Great Britain and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 |year= 1940  |url= https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=750041 |via= [[Questia Online Library]] |subscription= yes |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |location= New Haven, CT |oclc= 752759076 |series= The Relations of Canada and the United States}}
 * Engelman, Fred L. ''The Peace of Christmas Eve'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), popular narrative
-*{{cite book |last= Hickey |first= Donald R. |title= The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict |year= 2012 |origyear= 1988 |publisher= [[University of Illinois Press]] |location= Urbana |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780252093739/ |via= [[Project MUSE]] |subscription= yes |pages= 281–98 |chapter= Ch. 11: The Treaty of Ghent |chapter-url= http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780252093739/9780252093739-19.pdf |isbn= 9780252093739 |edition= Bicentennial}}
+* {{cite book |last= Hickey |first= Donald R. |title= The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict |year= 2012 |origyear= 1988 |publisher= [[University of Illinois Press]] |location= Urbana |url= http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780252093739/ |via= [[Project MUSE]] |subscription= yes |pages= 281–98 |chapter= Ch. 11: The Treaty of Ghent |chapter-url= http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780252093739/9780252093739-19.pdf |isbn= 9780252093739 |edition= Bicentennial}}
 * {{cite journal |first= A.T. |last= Mahan |title= The negotiations at Ghent in 1814 |journal= [[The American Historical Review]] |date= October 1905 |volume= 11 |issue=1 |pages= 68–87 |doi= 10.2307/1832365 |jstor= 1832365}}{{open access}}
 * Perkins, Bradford. ''Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812·1823'' (1964) [https://books.google.com/books/about/Castlereagh_and_Adams.html?id=F352AAAAMAAJ excerpt]; [https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/9129/11971 online review]
 * Remini, Robert V. ''Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union'' (1991) pp 94–122.
 ** a version of this chapter appears (in English) in Remini, R. V. "The Treaty of Ghent. The American perspective." ''Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent'' 44.1 (1990). [http://ojs.ugent.be/index.php/hmgog/article/viewFile/274/265 online]
-*  Updyke, Frank A. ''The diplomacy of the War of 1812'' (1915) [https://archive.org/details/diplomacyofwarof00updyuoft online free]
+* Updyke, Frank A. ''The diplomacy of the War of 1812'' (1915) [https://archive.org/details/diplomacyofwarof00updyuoft online free]
-*{{cite book |editor-last1= Ward |editor-first= Adolphus William |editorlink1= Adolphus William Ward |editor-last2= Gooch  |editor-first2= George Peabody |editorlink2= George Peabody Gooch |title= The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919: Volume I: 1783–1815 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lFnAAAAMAAJ |chapter= Ch. 5: The American War and the Treaty of Ghent, 1814 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lFnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA522 |year= 1922 |oclc= 489666642 }}
+* {{cite book |editor-last1= Ward |editor-first= Adolphus William |editorlink1= Adolphus William Ward |editor-last2= Gooch  |editor-first2= George Peabody |editorlink2= George Peabody Gooch |title= The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919: Volume I: 1783–1815 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lFnAAAAMAAJ |chapter= Ch. 5: The American War and the Treaty of Ghent, 1814 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-lFnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA522 |year= 1922 |oclc= 489666642 }}
 === Sumber-sumber utama ===
-*{{cite journal |title= Letters relating to the Negotiations at Ghent, 1812–1814 |journal= [[The American Historical Review]] |year= 1914 |volume= 20 |issue= 1 |pages= 108–29 |jstor= 1836119 |doi=10.1086/540632}}{{open access}}
+* {{cite journal |title= Letters relating to the Negotiations at Ghent, 1812–1814 |journal= [[The American Historical Review]] |year= 1914 |volume= 20 |issue= 1 |pages= 108–29 |jstor= 1836119 |doi=10.1086/540632}}{{open access}}
 == Pranala luar ==
 {{wikisource}}
 {{commonscat}}
-*{{cite web |url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Ghent.html |title= Treaty of Ghent |website= www.loc.gov |publisher= [[Library of Congress]] |series= Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History |date= 10 April 2014 |postscript= none |type= digital reference guide}}
+* {{cite web |url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Ghent.html |title= Treaty of Ghent |website= www.loc.gov |publisher= [[Library of Congress]] |series= Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History |date= 10 April 2014 |postscript= none |type= digital reference guide}}
-*{{cite web |others= Compiled by Kenneth Drexler |title= A Guide to the War of 1812 |series= Web Guides |publisher= [[Library of Congress]] |url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ |type= digital reference guide |date= 25 June 2014 |website= www.loc.gov |postscript= none}}
+* {{cite web |others= Compiled by Kenneth Drexler |title= A Guide to the War of 1812 |series= Web Guides |publisher= [[Library of Congress]] |url= https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/1812/ |type= digital reference guide |date= 25 June 2014 |website= www.loc.gov |postscript= none}}
-*{{cite web |title= War of 1812 Timeline of Major Events |url= https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/timeline/ |website= pbs.org |publisher= [[PBS]] |postscript= none |year= 2011}}
+* {{cite web |title= War of 1812 Timeline of Major Events |url= https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/timeline/ |website= pbs.org |publisher= [[PBS]] |postscript= none |year= 2011 |access-date= 2018-10-15 |archive-date= 2020-11-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231922/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/timeline/ |dead-url= yes }}
-*{{citation |last= Chowder |first= Ken |work= [http://video.pbs.org/program/war-1812/ The War of 1812] |url= http://video.pbs.org/video/2088252811/ |title= The Treaty of Ghent |publisher= [[PBS]] |date= 10 October 2011 |type= television program |postscript= none |others= produced by [[WNED-TV]] and Florentine Films/Hott Productions Inc.}}
+* {{citation |last= Chowder |first= Ken |work= [http://video.pbs.org/program/war-1812/ The War of 1812] |url= http://video.pbs.org/video/2088252811/ |title= The Treaty of Ghent |publisher= [[PBS]] |date= 10 October 2011 |type= television program |postscript= none |others= produced by [[WNED-TV]] and Florentine Films/Hott Productions Inc.}}
-*{{cite web |url= http://www.treatyofghent.org/ |title= Association Treaty of Ghent |website= www.treatyofghent.org |postscript= none}} (a registered [[nonprofit organization]])
+* {{cite web |url= http://www.treatyofghent.org/ |title= Association Treaty of Ghent |website= www.treatyofghent.org |postscript= none |access-date= 2018-10-15 |archive-date= 2013-07-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130720225929/http://treatyofghent.org/ |dead-url= yes }} (a registered [[nonprofit organization]])
 {{John Quincy Adams|state=collapsed}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Ghent}}
-[[Category:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom]]
+[[Kategori:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom]]
-[[Category:War of 1812]]
+[[Kategori:War of 1812]]
-[[Category:Peace treaties of the United States]]
+[[Kategori:Peace treaties of the United States]]
-[[Category:1814 treaties]]
+[[Kategori:1814 treaties]]
-[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1815]]
+[[Kategori:Treaties entered into force in 1815]]
-[[Category:United Kingdom–United States treaties]]
+[[Kategori:United Kingdom–United States treaties]]
-[[Category:1814 in the Netherlands]]
+[[Kategori:1814 in the Netherlands]]
-[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]
+[[Kategori:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]
-[[Category:December 1814 events]]
+[[Kategori:December 1814 events]]
-[[Category:19th century in Ghent]]
+[[Kategori:19th century in Ghent]]