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Arab rule lasted until 1099, when the Christian [[Crusade|Crusader]] [[Godfrey de Bouillon]] took Hebron in 1099 and renamed it "Castellion Saint Abraham". The Crusaders converted the mosque and the synagogue into a church and expelled Jews living there. Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 [[Maimonides]] was able to visit Hebron and wrote, "And on the first day of the week, the ninth day of the month of Marheshvan, I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the graves of my forefathers in the Cave of Makhpela. And on that very day, I stood in the cave and I prayed, praised be God for everything."
Arab rule lasted until 1099, when the Christian [[Crusade|Crusader]] [[Godfrey de Bouillon]] took Hebron in 1099 and renamed it "Castellion Saint Abraham". The Crusaders converted the mosque and the synagogue into a church and expelled Jews living there. Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 [[Maimonides]] was able to visit Hebron and wrote, "And on the first day of the week, the ninth day of the month of Marheshvan, I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the graves of my forefathers in the Cave of Makhpela. And on that very day, I stood in the cave and I prayed, praised be God for everything."


[[Image:Maimonides-2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Maimonides]] established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 9th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he merited to pray at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]]]]
[[Berkas:Maimonides-2.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Maimonides]] established a yearly holiday for himself and his sons, the 9th of [[Cheshvan]], commemorating the day he merited to pray at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]]]]
The Kurdish Muslim [[Saladin|Salaḥ ed-Dīn]] took Hebron in [[1187]], and changed the name of the city back to "Hebron". [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] subsequently took the city soon after.
The Kurdish Muslim [[Saladin|Salaḥ ed-Dīn]] took Hebron in [[1187]], and changed the name of the city back to "Hebron". [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]] subsequently took the city soon after.


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==== Post Oslo Accord ====
==== Post Oslo Accord ====
[[Image:Idf soldiers in hebron 2000.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Israeli Police and Army personnel in Hebron, November 2000]]
[[Berkas:Idf soldiers in hebron 2000.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Israeli Police and Army personnel in Hebron, November 2000]]


[[Image:Palestinian boys hebron 2000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Palestinian boys throw stones at [[Israel Defense Forces]] in Hebron, November 2000]]
[[Berkas:Palestinian boys hebron 2000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Palestinian boys throw stones at [[Israel Defense Forces]] in Hebron, November 2000]]


Since early [[1997]] the city has been divided into two sectors: H1 and H2. The H1 sector, home to around 120,000 Palestinians, came under the control of the [[Palestinian Authority]], in accordance with Hebron Protocol.<ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?OpenDocument UNISPAL. PLO/Palestine - Israel. Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron]
Since early [[1997]] the city has been divided into two sectors: H1 and H2. The H1 sector, home to around 120,000 Palestinians, came under the control of the [[Palestinian Authority]], in accordance with Hebron Protocol.<ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/c7d7b824004ff5c585256ae700543ebc?OpenDocument UNISPAL. PLO/Palestine - Israel. Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron]
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Post-1967 data does not include the Jewish community of [[Kiryat Arba]], which neighbors Hebron but is not technically part of it, and which has 6500 Jewish residents.
Post-1967 data does not include the Jewish community of [[Kiryat Arba]], which neighbors Hebron but is not technically part of it, and which has 6500 Jewish residents.
== Controversy: Jewish settlement after 1967 ==
== Controversy: Jewish settlement after 1967 ==
[[Image:HebronStar.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Star of David]] carved above entrance to a home in the old city of Hebron.<ref name=cpt1/> <ref name=cpt2/>]]
[[Berkas:HebronStar.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Star of David]] carved above entrance to a home in the old city of Hebron.<ref name=cpt1/> <ref name=cpt2/>]]


Following the [[Six-Day War]] of [[1967]], a group of Jews disguised as tourists, led by [[Rabbi]] [[Moshe Levinger]], took over the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave. They later moved to a nearby abandoned army camp and established the settlement of [[Kiryat Arba]]. In [[1979]], Levinger's wife led 30 Jewish women to take over the Daboya Hospital (Beit Hadassah) in central Hebron. Before long this received Israeli government approval and further Jewish enclaves in the city were established with army assistance. This process of expansion of the Jewish presence is continuing and there are now more than 20 Jewish settlements in and around the city.
Following the [[Six-Day War]] of [[1967]], a group of Jews disguised as tourists, led by [[Rabbi]] [[Moshe Levinger]], took over the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave. They later moved to a nearby abandoned army camp and established the settlement of [[Kiryat Arba]]. In [[1979]], Levinger's wife led 30 Jewish women to take over the Daboya Hospital (Beit Hadassah) in central Hebron. Before long this received Israeli government approval and further Jewish enclaves in the city were established with army assistance. This process of expansion of the Jewish presence is continuing and there are now more than 20 Jewish settlements in and around the city.

Revisi per 13 November 2008 21.31

Pasar yang paling sepi di kota lama.
Tentara-tentara Israel di Hebron, 2004

Hebron (bahasa Arab الخليلⓘ al-Ḫalīl atau al Khalīl bahasa Ibrani חֶבְרוֹןⓘ, Ibrani Standar Ḥevron, Ibrani Tiberias Ḥeḇrôn) adalah sebuah kota di wilayah Yudea selatan di Tepi Barat. Di kota ini tinggal sekitar 120.000 orang Palestina dan 600 orang pemukim Israel,[1] dengan sekitar 7.000 orang Yahudi tinggal di kota Kiryat Arba di dekatnya. Hebron terletak 930 m di atas permukaan laut.

Nama "Hebron" berasal dari nama bahasa Ibrani untuk kota ini, yang aslinya berasal dari kata חבר (habar 598), yang artinya "dipersatukan, digabungkan, dipertautkan." Nama "Hebron" dapat ditelusuri ke akarnya yang sama dengan "Heber."[2]

Dalam bahasa Arab, "إبراهيم الخليل" berarti "Ibrahim, sang sahabat," yang menunjukkan bahwa, menurut ajaran Islam, Allah memilih Ibrahim (Abraham) sebagai sahabat-Nya.[3]

Hebron terletak 30 km di selatan Yerusalem. Kota ini terkenal karena anggur, batu kapur, bengkel-bengkel keramik dan pabrik gelas tiup. Hebron juga merupakan lokasi pabrik produk susu yang besar, Al-Juneidi. Kota lama Hebron dicirikan oleh jalan-jalannya yang sempit dan berbelok-belok, rumah-rumah batu beratap datar, dan pasar-pasar (bazaar) lamanya. Di kota ini juga terdapat Universitas Hebron dan Universitas Politeknik Palestina.

Situs bersejarah paling terkenal di Hebron terletak di Makam para Leluhur atau Gua Makhpela (bahasa Ibrani: מערת המכפלה, atau Me'arat ha-Machpelah; bahasa Arab: الحرم الإبراهيمي, atau al-Haram al-Ibrahimi, "tempat suci Abraham"). Situs ini suci bagi ketiga agama Abrahamik: Yudaisme, Kristen, dan Islam. Menurut Kitab Kejadian, Abraham membeli gua itu dan tanah di sekelilingnya untuk mengebumikan istrinya Sarah. Orang Yahudi percaya bahwa Abraham, Sarah, Ishak, Ribkah, Yakub dan Lea dimakamkan di gua ini (leluhur yang lainnya, Rahel, dimakamkan di luar Betlehem). Karena alasan ini, orang Yahudi juga menyebut kota ini "Kota para Leluhur," dan merupakan salah satu dari empat kota paling suci dalam Yudaisme (bersama-sama dengan Yerusalem, Tiberias dan Tzfat). Gua itu sendiri adalah tempat tersuci kedua dalam Yudaisme. Sepanjang sejarah di sini telah dibangun gereja, sinagoga dan masjid (lihat "Sejarah," bawah). Aula Ishak kini menjadi Masjid Ibrahimi, sementara Aula Abraham dan Aula Yakub berfungsi sebagai sinagoga Yahudi.


Tokoh terkemuka yang berhubungan dengan Hebron

Lihat pula

Rujukan

  1. ^ "Two Israeli troops shot in Hebron" - BBC, 3 Juli 2005
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ Qur'an—4:125 وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ دِينًا مِّمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ وَجْهَهُ لله وَهُوَ مُحْسِنٌ واتَّبَعَ مِلَّةَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ حَنِيفًا وَاتَّخَذَ اللّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلاً

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