Orkestra Merah (spionase): Perbedaan antara revisi
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* {{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Menucha Chana |title=The Socialite Heroine Of The French Resistance |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/the-socialite-heroine-of-the-french-resistance/2017/07/27/ |year=2017|accessdate=28 December 2018 |agency=The Jewish Press |date=27 July 2017|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Menucha Chana |title=The Socialite Heroine Of The French Resistance |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/interviews-and-profiles/the-socialite-heroine-of-the-french-resistance/2017/07/27/ |year=2017|accessdate=28 December 2018 |agency=The Jewish Press |date=27 July 2017|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern |url=https://www.zeit.de/2007/51/A-Rote-Kapelle |accessdate=8 January 2019 |number=51 |newspaper=Die Zeit |year=2007|date=13 December 2007 |location=Berlin|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite news |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern |url=https://www.zeit.de/2007/51/A-Rote-Kapelle |accessdate=8 January 2019 |number=51 |newspaper=Die Zeit |year=2007|date=13 December 2007 |location=Berlin|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite web |last1=Tittenhofer |first1=Mark A. |title=The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |website=CIA Library |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence|year=2011|date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=4 January 2019|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite web |last1=Tittenhofer |first1=Mark A. |title=The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |website=CIA Library |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence |year=2011 |date=4 August 2011 |accessdate=4 January 2019 |ref=harv |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731125348/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol13no3/html/v13i3a05p_0001.htm |dead-url=yes }} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Peter|title=History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=212hoVrF3B4C&pg=PA842|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=1996|date=8 October 1996|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Peter|title=History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=212hoVrF3B4C&pg=PA842|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=1996|date=8 October 1996|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-1531-4|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Brysac|first1=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler : Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWkZOB35KQcC&pg=PA495|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=2000|date=12 October 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-531353-6|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|last1=Brysac|first1=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler : Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWkZOB35KQcC&pg=PA495|accessdate=28 December 2018|year=2000|date=12 October 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-531353-6|ref=harv}} |
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Revisi per 27 Desember 2021 22.53
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Orkestra Merah (bahasa Jerman: Die Rote Kapelle) atau disebut Kapel Merah di Jerman, adalah nama yang diberikan oleh Gestapo kepada gerakan perlawanan buruh anti-Nazi semasa Perang Dunia II. Kelompok ini beranggotakan Harro Schulze-Boysen, Arvid Harnack dan teman-temannya di Berlin, serta sejumlah kelompok yang bergiat secara independen dari kelompok intelijen ini, yang bergiat dari Paris dan Brussels, mengatasnamakan Leopold Trepper dari Direktorat Utama Keamanan Negara Soviet (GRU).[1] Tidak seperti desas-desus yang beredar, Orkestra Merah tidak diarahkan oleh komunis Soviet atau berada di bawah kepemimpinan tunggal, tetapi jaringan kelompok dan individu yang kerap beroperasi secara independen. Hingga saat ini, terdapat sekitar 400 anggota Orkestra Merah yang diketahui.[2] Kegiatan kelompok ini meliputi mencetak dan menyebarkan selebaran ilegal dengan harapan dapat memicu pembangkangan massal, membantu Yahudi dan oposisi melarikan diri dari rezim Nazi, mendokumentasikan kejahatan rezim Nazi dan meneruskan laporan intelijen militer kepada Sekutu. Sampai saat ini, persepsi umum mengenai "Orkestra Merah" ditandai oleh transfigurasi pada tahun-tahun pascaperang dan Perang Dingin.[3]
Lihat juga
Referensi
Kutipan
Bibliografi
- Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513269-4.
- Bourgeois, Guillaume (2015). La Véritable Histoire de l’Orchestre rouge. Le Grand Jeu. Nouveau Monde.
- Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945 (pdf). Washington DC: University Publications of America. ISBN 978-0-89093-203-2.
- Nelson, Anne (2009). Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6000-9.
- Trepper, Leopold (1977). The Great Game. McGraw–Hill. ISBN 0-07-065146-9.
- Tuchel, Johannes (1988). "Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle")" [Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle")]. Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte. Theologie und Politik (dalam bahasa German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG). 1 (2): 267–292. JSTOR 43750615.
- Coppi Jr., Hans (July 1996). Dietrich Bracher, Karl; Schwarz, Hans-Peter; Möller, Horst, ed. "Die Rote Kapelle" [The Red Chapel in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943] (PDF). Quarterly Books for Contemporary History (dalam bahasa German). Munich: Institute of Contemporary History. 44 (3): 431–548. ISSN 0042-5702. Diakses tanggal 9 December 2018.
- Benz, Wolfgang; Pehle, Walther (May 2001). Lexikon des deutschen Widerstandes [Encyclopedia of German Resistance (The Time of National Socialism)]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verl. ISBN 978-3596150830.
- "Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" | DW | 26.04.2013". Deutsche Welle (dalam bahasa Jerman). 2013. Diakses tanggal 8 January 2019.
- Scheel, Heinrich (1985). "Die Rote Kapelle and the 20 July 1944". Zeitschrift für Geschichte.
- Richelson, Jeffrey (1995). A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-511390-7.
- Jeffery T. Richelson (17 July 1997). A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988058-4. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2019.
- Roloff, Stefan; Vigl, Mario (2002). Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs (dalam bahasa German). Munic: Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg Verlag. ISBN 9783550075438.
- Petrescu, Corina L. (2010). Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-845-8. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2018.
- Boehm, Eric H. (6 November 2015). WE SURVIVED - The Stories Of Fourteen Of The Hidden And The Hunted Of Nazi Germany [Illustrated Edition]. Lucknow Books. ISBN 978-1-78625-576-1. Diakses tanggal 27 December 2018.
- Nelson, Anne (7 April 2009). Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitle r. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-58836-799-0. Diakses tanggal 15 June 2019.
- Levin, Menucha Chana (27 July 2017). "The Socialite Heroine Of The French Resistance". The Jewish Press. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2018.
- Tuchel, Johannes (13 December 2007). "Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern". Die Zeit (51). Berlin. Diakses tanggal 8 January 2019.
- Tittenhofer, Mark A. (4 August 2011). "The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth". CIA Library. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-07-31. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2019.
- Hoffmann, Peter (8 October 1996). History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-1531-4. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2018.
- Brysac, Shareen Blair (12 October 2000). Resisting Hitler : Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-531353-6. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2018.
- Brysac, Shareen Blair (23 May 2002). Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992388-5. Diakses tanggal 26 December 2018.
- "Wenzel, Johann". Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur (dalam bahasa German). Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin. May 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2019.
- Klussmann, Uwe (29 September 2009). "Spying in World War II Stalin's husband in the Gestapo". SPIEGELnet GmbH. Der Spiegel. Diakses tanggal 31 December 2018.
- "ZWEITER WELTKRIEG / SPIONAGEZehn kleine Negerlein" (pdf). Berlin: SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH. Der Spiegel. 16 January 1967. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2019.
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Rote Kapelle.
- The German Resistance Memorial Center
- Plötzensee Memorial Centre Diarsipkan 2019-08-31 di Wayback Machine.
- BFCentral Diarsipkan 2008-07-23 di Wayback Machine.
- on Sophia Poznanska
- Book review of Red Orchestra by Anne Nelson. Random House website. Retrieved April 7, 2010
- L'orchestre rouge di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
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