Armada Spanyol: Perbedaan antara revisi

Armada Spanyol
	Bagian dari Perang Inggris-Spanyol (1585–1604) dan Perang Delapan Puluh Tahun
	; Armada Spanyol dan kapal-kapal Inggris pada Agustus 1588, oleh pelukis yang tidak diketahui
Tanggal	8 Agustus 1588
Lokasi	Eropa barat laut
Hasil	Kekalahan besar Spanyol
Pihak terlibat
Kerajaan Inggris; Republik Belanda	Mahkota Spanyol:; Kastilia; Portugal; Napoli;
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Lord Howard dari Effingham; Francis Drake; Justinus van Nassau	Adipati Medina Sidonia
Kekuatan
34 kapal perang; 163 kapal pedagang bersenjata; (30 dibagi 200 ton); 30 kapal ringan	22 galleon dari Mahkota Kastilia dan Portugal; 108 kapal pedagang bersenjata
Korban
Pertempuran Gravelines:; 50–100 tewas; 400 terluka; 8 kapal api dibakar; Penyakit:; 6.000–8.000 tewas	Pertempuran Gravelines:; Lebih dari 600 tewas; 800 terluka; 397 ditangkap; 5 kapal tenggelam atau ditangkap; Badai/Penyakit:; 51 kapal karam; 10 kapal ditenggelamkan; 20.000 tewas

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Revisi terkini sejak 11 Januari 2022 02.27

Armada Spanyol (bahasa Spanyol: Grande y Felicísima Armada atau Armada Invencible, secara harfiah berarti "Armada Besar dan Paling Beruntung" atau "Armada Tak Terkalahkan") adalah armada yang terdiri dari 130 kapal yang berlabuh dari A Coruña pada Agustus 1588 di bawah komando Adipati Medina Sidonia dengan maksud untuk mengangkut angkatan bersenjata dari Flandria untuk menyerang Inggris. Tujuannya adalah untuk menjatuhkan Ratu Elizabeth I dari Inggris dan dinasti Tudor yang beragama Protestan, yang diharapkan akan menghentikan campur tangan Inggris di Belanda Spanyol dan kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh serangan kapal-kapal pribadi Inggris dan Belanda.

Armada Spanyol memutuskan untuk tidak menyerang armada Inggris di Plymouth, kemudian gagal mendirikan pelabuhan sementara di Solent setelah satu kapal Spanyol direbut oleh Francis Drake di Selat Inggris, dan akhirnya melempar jangkar di tepi Calais.^[10] Sementara menunggu komunikasi dari angkatan bersenjata Adipati Parma, Armada Spanyol terpencar akibat serangan kapal api Inggris. Ketika Pertempuran Gravelines meletus, Armada Spanyol mengalami kerusakan dan terpaksa membatalkan pertemuannya dengan angkatan bersenjata Parma, yang diblokade di pelabuhan oleh kapal ringan Belanda. Armada Spanyol berhasil mengelompok kembali dan mundur ke utara akibat angin barat daya. Komandan memerintahkan agar Armada kembali ke Spanyol, namun Armada terganggu oleh badai besar di Atlantik utara dan banyak kapal yang karam di pesisir Skotlandia atau Irlandia. Dari 130 kapal, lebih dari sepertiga gagal kembali.^[11] Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Martin dan Parker, "Philip II mencoba menyerang Inggris, namun rencananya gagal, sebagian karena kesalahannya sendiri, dan sebagian karena keberhasilan upaya pertahanan Inggris dan sekutu Belandanya."^[12]

Ekspedisi ini merupakan pertempuran terbesar dalam Perang Inggris-Spanyol (1585–1604) yang tidak dideklarasikan. Pada tahun berikutnya, Inggris melancarkan kampanye militer serupa terhadap Spanyol, yang juga mengalami kegagalan.

Catatan kaki

^ ^a ^b Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, hlm. 40.
^ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, hlm.10, 13, 19, 26.
^ Lewis, Michael.The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, hlm. 184.
^ John Knox Laughton,State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, hlm. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.
^ Lewis, hlm. 182.
^ Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 69 (1), 108 DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.
^ Lewis hlm. 208
^ Lewis hlm. 208-9
^ Hanson hlm. 563
^ "The Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain, 660-1649", N A M Rodgers, Penguin, 2004, hlm. 263-269
^ John A. Wagner (2010). Voices of Shakespeare's England: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 91.
^ Colin Martin; Geoffrey Parker (1999 revised ed.). The Spanish Armada. Manchester University Press. hlm. 5.

Bibliografi

Corbett, Julian S. Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power (1898) online edition vol 1; also online edition vol 2
Cruikshank, Dan: Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack, Boxtree Ltd, 2002 ISBN 0-7522-2029-2
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588. (1988). 336 pp.
Froude, James Anthony. The Spanish Story of the Armada, and Other Essays (1899), by a leading historian of the 1890s full text online
Hanson, Neil. The Confident Hope Of A Miracle: The True History Of The Spanish Armada Random House, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4464-2322-6
Kilfeather T.P: Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada, Anvil Books Ltd, 1967
Knerr, Douglas. "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography." American Neptune 1989 49(1): 5–13. Issn: 0003-0155
Konstam, Angus. The Spanish Armada: The Great Enterprise against England 1588 (2009)
Lewis, Michael. The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968.
McDermott, James. England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel (2005) excerpt and text search
Martin, Colin, and Geoffrey Parker. The Spanish Armada (2nd ed. 2002), 320pp by leading scholars; uses archaeological studies of some of its wrecked ships excerpt and text search
Martin, Colin (with appendices by Wignall, Sydney: Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada (with appendices by Sydney Wignall), Viking, 1975
Mattingly, Garrett. The Armada (1959). the classic narrative excerpt and text search
Parker, Geoffrey. "Why the Armada Failed." History Today 1988 38(may): 26–33. Issn: 0018-2753. Summary by leadfing historian.
Pierson, Peter. Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia. (1989). 304 pp.
Rasor, Eugene L. The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. (1992). 277 pp.
Rodger, N. A. M. The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660–1649 vol 1 (1999) 691pp; excerpt and text search
Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon, eds. England, Spain, and the Gran Armada, 1585–1604 (1991) 308 pp.
Tenace, Edward (2003), "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony", English Historical Review, 118 (478): 855–882, doi:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855
Thompson, I. A. A. "The Appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada", The Historical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2. (1969), pp. 197–216. in JSTOR
Alcalá-Zamora, José N. (2004). La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible": fabulación y realidad). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia ISBN 978-84-95983-37-4

Studi populer

The Confident Hope of a Miracle. The True History of the Spanish Armada, by Neil Hanson, Knopf (2003), ISBN 1-4000-4294-1.
Holmes, Richard. The Oxford Campanion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-860696-3
From Merciless Invaders: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Alexander McKee, Souvenir Press, London, 1963. Second edition, Grafton Books, London, 1988.
The Spanish Armadas, Winston Graham, Dorset Press, New York, 1972.
Mariner's Mirror, Geoffrey Parker, 'The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England', 82 (1996): pp. 269–300.
The Spanish Armada, Michael Lewis (1960). First published Batsford, 1960 – republished Pan, 1966
Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588–1988 (1988) ISBN 0-575-03729-6
England and the Spanish Armada (1990) ISBN 0-7317-0127-5
The Enterprise of England (1988) ISBN 0-86299-476-4
The Return of the Armadas: the Later Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595–1603, RB Wernham ISBN 0-19-820443-4
The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story, David Howarth (1981) ISBN 0-00-211575-1
T.P.Kilfeather Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada (Anvil Books, 1967)
Winston Graham The Spanish Armadas (1972; reprint 2001) ISBN 0-14-139020-4
Historic Bourne etc., J.J. Davies (1909)

Pranala luar

Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history’s most confused and misunderstood battle. Wes Ulm, Harvard University Diarsipkan 2020-02-18 di Wayback Machine.
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Insight into the context, personalities, planning and consequences. Wes Ulm
English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland
Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada – a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library
The story of the Armada battles with pictures from the House of Lords tapestries
BBC-ZDF etc. TV coproduction Natural History of Europe
Discovery Civilization Battlefield Detectives – What Sank The Armada?

50°10′00″N 4°15′42″W / 50.16667°N 4.26167°W / 50.16667; -4.26167

Artikel bertopik perang ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[Martin_40-1] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, hlm. 40.

[2] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3, hlm.10, 13, 19, 26.

[3] Lewis, Michael.The Spanish Armada, New York: T.Y. Crowell Co., 1968, hlm. 184.

[4] John Knox Laughton,State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, hlm. 8–9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.

[Lewis_182-5] Lewis, hlm. 182.

[6] Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P.M. Jones (1985) The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature 69 (1), 108 DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.

[7] Lewis hlm. 208

[8] Lewis hlm. 208-9

[9] Hanson hlm. 563

[10] "The Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain, 660-1649", N A M Rodgers, Penguin, 2004, hlm. 263-269

[11] John A. Wagner (2010). Voices of Shakespeare's England: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 91.

[12] Colin Martin; Geoffrey Parker (1999 revised ed.). The Spanish Armada. Manchester University Press. hlm. 5.

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@@ Baris 71: / Baris 71: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
 {{commons|Spanish Armada}}
-* [http://wesulm.bravehost.com/history/sp_armada.htm Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history’s most confused and misunderstood battle. Wes Ulm, Harvard University]
+* [http://wesulm.bravehost.com/history/sp_armada.htm Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history’s most confused and misunderstood battle. Wes Ulm, Harvard University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218105719/http://wesulm.bravehost.com/history/sp_armada.htm |date=2020-02-18 }}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120517085050/http://www.historybuff.com/library/refspain.html The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Insight into the context, personalities, planning and consequences. Wes Ulm]
 * [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T108200/index.html English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland]