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Revisi per 8 April 2023 15.49

Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).^[1] Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.^[2]^[3] Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hydronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,^[4] yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.^[5]^[6]

Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo (Dosidicus gigas),^[7] penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,^[8] dan pemutihan koral.

Reaksi kimia

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

CO₂ (aq) + H₂O (l)

H₂CO₃ (aq)

HCO₃⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq)

CO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2 H⁺ (aq)

Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.^[9] Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.^[10]^[11] Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.^[12]

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM),^[13] yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Caldeira, K. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. doi:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.
^ Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
^ Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
^ Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
^ Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification". Nature. 454 (7200): 96–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.454...96H. doi:10.1038/nature07051. PMID 18536730.
^ Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop
^ Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). "Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator". P.n.a.s. 105 (52): 20776–20780. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520776R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
^ Bibby, R. (2008). "Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis". Aquatic Biology. 2: 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.
^ Orr, James C. (2005). "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7059): 681–686. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..681O. doi:10.1038/nature04095. PMID 16193043. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
^ Cornelia Dean (January 30, 2009). "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says". New York Times.
^ Robert E. Service (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble". Science. 337 (6091): 146–148. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..146S. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146. PMID 22798578.
^ IAP (June 2009). "Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 , Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.
^ Zachos, J.C. (2005). "Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum". Science. 308 (5728): 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004. PMID 15947184.

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Good, P.; et al. (2010). "An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC AR4. A report by the AVOID consortium" (PDF). London, UK: Committee on Climate Change. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 . Report website.
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Bahan bacaan terkait

Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). Position analysis: CO₂ emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues. ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
Cicerone, R. (2004). "The Ocean in a High CO₂ World" (PDF). Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union. 85 (37): 351–353. Bibcode:2004EOSTr..85R.351C. doi:10.1029/2004EO370007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2007-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
Doney, S. C. (2006). "The Dangers of Ocean Acidification". Scientific American. 294 (3): 58–65. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 16502612. , (Article preview only).
Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
Harrould-Kolieb, E.; Savitz, J. (2008). "Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO₂?". Oceana. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-10-09. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.
Henderson, Caspar (2006-08-05). "Ocean acidification: the other CO₂ problem". NewScientist.com news service.
Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
Kim, Rakhyun E. (2012). "Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?" (PDF). Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 21 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/reel.12000.x.
Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research Diarsipkan 2011-07-20 di Wayback Machine., report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
Kolbert, E. (2006-11-20). "The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean". The New Yorker.
Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Sabine, C. L. (2004). "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO₂". Science. 305 (5682): 367–371. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..367S. doi:10.1126/science.1097403. PMID 15256665.
Stone, R. (2007). "A World Without Corals?". Science. 316 (5825): 678–681. doi:10.1126/science.316.5825.678. PMID 17478692.

Pranala luar

How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and Carl Safina
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, report by the Royal Society (UK)
AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level Diarsipkan 2017-05-13 di Wayback Machine., IPCC
State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification Diarsipkan 2011-07-15 di Wayback Machine., NOAA
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Diarsipkan 2011-08-14 di Wayback Machine. (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Ocean acidification introduction Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine., USGS
Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean Diarsipkan 2009-12-31 di Wayback Machine., report by CSIRO
The Ocean in a High CO₂ World, an international science symposium series
The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with CO₂ Emission, David Archer (scientist), a RealClimate discussion
Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news, Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific Diarsipkan 2007-06-07 di Wayback Machine., including recent presentations on ocean acidification, Pacific Science Association
Ocean Acidification Diarsipkan 2011-07-24 di Wayback Machine., a multimedia, interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory
Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science, Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge Diarsipkan 2010-06-14 di Wayback Machine. A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April 30, 2012
Ocean acidification virtual lab Diarsipkan 2013-10-07 di Wayback Machine.
Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science Diarsipkan 2013-12-03 di Wayback Machine., a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council (released April 2011)
Ocean Acidification Diarsipkan 2013-02-24 di Wayback Machine., a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change, July 22, 2010
Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry February 25, 2012 Science News
Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification. Diarsipkan 2013-10-10 di Wayback Machine. IMBER/SOLAS
Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team Diarsipkan 2013-10-10 di Wayback Machine.
Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
European Project of Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), a 4-year-long EU initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID), a German initiative funded by BMBF
Ocean Acidification Research Programme (UKOARP), a 5-year-long UK initiative funded by NERC, Defra and DECC
Research Program on Ocean Acidification Diarsipkan 2011-07-19 di Wayback Machine. at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", Kiel
Ocean Acidification Research Center Diarsipkan 2011-07-19 di Wayback Machine. at University of Alaska Fairbanks
Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007
The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010
Ocean Acidification Congressional Research Service
Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out: How Acidification Affects Marine Life, Scientific American
"The Darkening Sea, article in The New Yorker magazine, Nov. 20, 2006 (requires registration)
"Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals", Washington Post
"Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification", ABC News
"Ocean Acidification & Climate", by Clayton Sandell ABC News
A World Without Whales? by Philippe Cousteau, The Huffington Post
http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ Diarsipkan 2009-09-25 di Wayback Machine., Oceana
The Acid Ocean Diarsipkan 2011-06-04 di Wayback Machine., Stanford University
Sea Change (Parts One, Two, and Three), The Seattle Times
The Other CO₂ Problem, an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from Ridgeway School, Plymouth
Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification, by Natural Resources Defense Council
A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish Diarsipkan 2008-06-09 di Wayback Machine., an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell Diarsipkan 2011-01-14 di Wayback Machine., by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
CO2SYS Diarsipkan 2011-10-14 di Wayback Machine., a stand-alone executable (also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA)
seacarb Diarsipkan 2008-08-21 di Wayback Machine., a R package for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (also available here^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]})
CSYS, a Matlab script

[cald03-1] Caldeira, K. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. doi:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.

[millero95-2] Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.

[Feely04-3] Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.

[jacob05-4] Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.

[pmid18536730-5] Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification". Nature. 454 (7200): 96–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.454...96H. doi:10.1038/nature07051. PMID 18536730.

[scor-int-6] Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop

[Rosa-7] Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). "Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator". P.n.a.s. 105 (52): 20776–20780. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520776R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.

[Bibby-8] Bibby, R. (2008). "Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis". Aquatic Biology. 2: 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.

[orr05-9] Orr, James C. (2005). "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7059): 681–686. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..681O. doi:10.1038/nature04095. PMID 16193043. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-25. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01.

[10] Cornelia Dean (January 30, 2009). "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says". New York Times.

[11] Robert E. Service (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble". Science. 337 (6091): 146–148. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..146S. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146. PMID 22798578.

[iap_statement-12] IAP (June 2009). "Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2013-12-01 , Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.

[Zachos2005-13] Zachos, J.C. (2005). "Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum". Science. 308 (5728): 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004. PMID 15947184.

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@@ Baris 9: / Baris 9: @@
 : <big>{{CO2}} (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) {{eqm}} {{CO2}} (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l) {{eqm}} H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq) {{eqm}} HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq) {{eqm}} CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + 2 H<sup>+</sup> (aq)</big>
-Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr |first=James C. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100559/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-25 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7059 |pages=681–686 |doi=10.1038/nature04095 |pmid=16193043 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..681O |ref=harv |access-date=2013-12-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html|title=Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says|author=Cornelia Dean|publisher=New York Times|date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Robert E. Service |title= Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble |journal=Science|pages= 146–148 |volume= 337 |date= 13 July 2012|bibcode = 2012Sci...337..146S|doi= 10.1126/science.337.6091.146|pmid= 22798578|issue= 6091|ref= harv }}</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref name="iap statement">{{Cite web | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=June 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | ref=harv | postscript={{inconsistent citations}} | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2013-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073912/http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | dead-url=yes }}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>
+[[Reaksi kimia]] lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref name=orr05>{{Cite journal |last=Orr |first=James C. |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms |url=http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100559/http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf |archivedate=2008-06-25 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7059 |pages=681–686 |doi=10.1038/nature04095 |pmid=16193043 |bibcode=2005Natur.437..681O |ref=harv |access-date=2013-12-01 |dead-url=no }}</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html|title=Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says|author=Cornelia Dean|publisher=New York Times|date=January 30, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Robert E. Service |title= Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble |journal=Science|pages= 146–148 |volume= 337 |date= 13 July 2012|bibcode = 2012Sci...337..146S|doi= 10.1126/science.337.6091.146|pmid= 22798578|issue= 6091|ref= harv }}</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref name="iap statement">{{Cite web | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=June 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | ref=harv | postscript={{inconsistent citations}} | access-date=2013-12-01 | archive-date=2013-08-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073912/http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | dead-url=yes }}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>
 Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM),<ref name=Zachos2005>{{cite journal | author = Zachos, J.C. | coauthors = Röhl, U.; Schellenberg, S.A.; Sluijs, A.; Hodell, D.A.; Kelly, D.C.; Thomas, E.; Nicolo, M.; Raffi, I.; Lourens, L. J.; McCarren, H.; Kroon, D. | title = Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum | year = 2005 | journal = Science | volume = 308 | pages = 1611–1615 | doi = 10.1126/science.1109004 | issue = 5728 | pmid = 15947184 | ref = harv }}</ref> yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
@@ Baris 174: / Baris 174: @@
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55D8TGRsl4k&feature=related ''The Other {{chem|CO|2}} Problem''], an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from [[Ridgeway School, Plympton|Ridgeway School]], [[Plymouth]]
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cqCvcX7buo ''Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification''], by [[Natural Resources Defense Council]]
-* [http://aseachange.net/ ''A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609073108/http://www.aseachange.net/ |date=2008-06-09 }}, an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
+* [http://aseachange.net/ ''A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609073108/http://www.aseachange.net/ |date=2008-06-09 }}, an award-winning documentary and related [[blog]] about ocean acidification
 * [http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ ''Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114213319/http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/en/Multimedia/Videos/Ocean-Acidification-in-a-nutshell/ |date=2011-01-14 }}, by [[Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand]]
 * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-1fcNnJzaY&feature=youtu.be Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution] by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel