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Efek Baldwin: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
*''Baldwin, J. Mark'' A New Factor in Evolution. ''The American Naturalist'', Vol. '''30''', No. 354 (Jun., 1896), 441-451.<ref>http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Baldwin/Baldwin_1896_h.html</ref>
*''Baldwin, J. Mark'' A New Factor in Evolution. ''The American Naturalist'', Vol. '''30''', No. 354 (Jun., 1896), 441-451.
*''Osborn, Henry F.'' Ontogenic and Phylogenic Variation. ''Science'', New Series, Vol. '''4''', No. 100 (Nov. 27, 1896), 786-789.
*''Osborn, Henry F.'' Ontogenic and Phylogenic Variation. ''Science'', New Series, Vol. '''4''', No. 100 (Nov. 27, 1896), 786-789.
*''Baldwin, J. Mark'' Organic Selection. ''Science'', New Series, Vol. '''5''', No. 121 (Apr. 23, 1897), 634-636.<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/content/5/121/634.extract</ref>
*''Baldwin, J. Mark'' Organic Selection. ''Science'', New Series, Vol. '''5''', No. 121 (Apr. 23, 1897), 634-636.
*''Hall, Brian K.'' Organic Selection: Proximate Environmental Effects on the Evolution of Morphology and Behaviour. ''Biology and Philosophy'' '''16''': 215-237, 2001.
*''Hall, Brian K.'' Organic Selection: Proximate Environmental Effects on the Evolution of Morphology and Behaviour. ''Biology and Philosophy'' '''16''': 215-237, 2001.
*''Bateson, Patrick.'' The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution. ''Biology and Philosophy'' '''19''': 283-298, 2004.
*''Bateson, Patrick.'' The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution. ''Biology and Philosophy'' '''19''': 283-298, 2004.
*''Sterelny, Kim.'' 2004. The Baldwin Effect and Its Significance: A Review of Bruce Weber and David Depew (eds) Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered; MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 2003, pp x, 341. ''To appear in: Evolution and Development''.
*''Sterelny, Kim.'' 2004. The Baldwin Effect and Its Significance: A Review of Bruce Weber and David Depew (eds) Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered; MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 2003, pp x, 341. ''To appear in: Evolution and Development''.
*''Simpson, G Gaylord.'' 1953 The Baldwin effect; Evolution 7 110–117
*''Simpson, G Gaylord.'' 1953 The Baldwin effect; Evolution 7 110–117
*''Newman, Stuart A.'' 2002 Putting Genes in their place; Journal of Biosciences 27 97-104<ref>http://www.nymc.edu/sanewman/PDFs/Putting%20Genes%20in%20their%20Place.pdf</ref>
*''Newman, Stuart A.'' 2002 Putting Genes in their place; Journal of Biosciences 27 97-104


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==

Revisi per 25 Agustus 2012 22.08

Efek Baldwin, atau juga dikenal dengan nama evolusi Baldwin atau evolusi ontogenik, adalah teori proses evolusi yang diajukan pada tahun 1896 oleh psikolog Amerika Serikat James Mark Baldwin dalam papernya "A New Factor in Evolution". Paper tersebut mengusulkan mekanisme untuk seleksi pembelajaran suatu kemampuan. Keturunan yang lebih mampu mempelajari kemampuan baru akan dipilih oleh seleksi alam.

Misalkan ada sebuah spesies yang terancam oleh predator baru dan terdapat perilaku yang menyulitkan predator menangkap individu dari spesies tersebut. Individu yang lebih mampu mempelajari perilaku tersebut jelas akan lebih unggul. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kemampuan mempelajari perilaku tersebut akan meningkat melalui seleksi genetik, dan suatu saat akan menjadi insting.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  • Baldwin, J. Mark A New Factor in Evolution. The American Naturalist, Vol. 30, No. 354 (Jun., 1896), 441-451.
  • Osborn, Henry F. Ontogenic and Phylogenic Variation. Science, New Series, Vol. 4, No. 100 (Nov. 27, 1896), 786-789.
  • Baldwin, J. Mark Organic Selection. Science, New Series, Vol. 5, No. 121 (Apr. 23, 1897), 634-636.
  • Hall, Brian K. Organic Selection: Proximate Environmental Effects on the Evolution of Morphology and Behaviour. Biology and Philosophy 16: 215-237, 2001.
  • Bateson, Patrick. The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution. Biology and Philosophy 19: 283-298, 2004.
  • Sterelny, Kim. 2004. The Baldwin Effect and Its Significance: A Review of Bruce Weber and David Depew (eds) Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered; MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass 2003, pp x, 341. To appear in: Evolution and Development.
  • Simpson, G Gaylord. 1953 The Baldwin effect; Evolution 7 110–117
  • Newman, Stuart A. 2002 Putting Genes in their place; Journal of Biosciences 27 97-104

Pranala luar

Templat:Evolusi-stub