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'''Jemaat Sunnah untuk [[Dakwah]] dan [[Jihad]]'''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14136185 | work=BBC News | title=Nigeria policemen in court trial for Boko Haram killing | date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://en.rsf.org/predator-the-islamist-group-boko-haram,44536.html | work=Reporters Without Borders | title=Innermost thoughts of The Islamist group Boko Haram}}</ref> ({{lang-ar|جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد|links=no}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Jamāʻat Ahl as-Sunnah lid-daʻwa wal-Jihād}}'')—lebih dikenal dengan nama '''Boko Haram''' ({{IPA-ha|bōːkòː hàrâm|pron}}, yang dalam [[bahasa Hausa]] berarti "pendidikan Barat [[haram]]")<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/21270-boko-haram-is-battle-for-2015-says-chukwumerije.html|title=Boko Haram is battle for 2015, says Chukwumerije|author=Ogbonnaya Obinna|publisher=The Nation|date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0506/Boko-Haram-doesn-t-really-mean-Western-education-is-a-sin|title=Boko Haram doesn't really mean Western education is a sin|author=Dan Murphy|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=6 May 2014}}</ref>—adalah organisasi militan dan teroris [[Islam]] yang bermarkas di [[Nigeria]] timur laut,<ref name="CTC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-rise-of-boko-haram-in-nigeria|title=The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria|author=David Cook|date=26 September 2011|publisher=Combating Terrorism Centre|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> [[Kamerun]] utara, dan [[Niger]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/137706-boko-haram-members-flee-to-niger-as-nigerian-military-arrest-55-terrorists-in-yobe-borno.html |author=Nnenna Ibeh|title=Boko Haram members flee to Niger as Nigerian military arrest 55 terrorists in Yobe, Borno|accessdate=June 2013|date= June 5, 2013|publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="ESISC">{{cite web|url=http://www.esisc.org/publications/briefings/2600|title=Boko Haram and The risk of terrorism in northern Cameroon|author=André Burstin|date=1 March 2013|publisher=ESISC Research Associate|accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="TRIBUNE">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/11441-bama-attackers-were-nigeriens-cameroonians-residents-senate-acf-nscia-condemn|title=Bama attackers were Nigerians, Cameroonians|author=Chris Agbambu, James Bwala, Hassan Ibrahim and Leon Usigbe|date=9 May 2013|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="Pilot Africa">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilotafrica.com/2012/10/22/boko-haram-killed-cameroonian-mayor-newspaper-claims/|title=Boko Haram killed Cameroonian mayor|author= Chika Moses|date=22 October 2012|work=Pilot Africa|accessdate=2013-05-11}}</ref> Organisasi ini didirikan pada tahun 2002 oleh [[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)|Mohammed Yusuf]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.france24.com/en/20111226-boko-haram-threatening-nigeria-fault-lines-christmas-church-attack | work=France24 | title=Boko Haram: Rocking the Nigerian boat | date=27 December 2011}}</ref> dengan tujuan untuk mendirikan negara Islam "murni" berdasarkan [[hukum syariah]]<ref name=what/> dan menghentikan hal-hal yang dianggap sebagai "Westernisasi".<ref name="AJAN">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/12/20111224124241652788.html|title=Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes|author=|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=24 December 2011|accessdate=2011-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030036.html | title=Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram | work=allAfrica.com | date=2 February 2011 | accessdate=31 January 2012 | author=Olugbode, Michael|quote=The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno "in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country".}}</ref> Kelompok ini dikenal karena menyerang orang [[Kristen]] dan pemerintah,<ref name="AJAN" /> mengebom gereja, menyerang sekolah dan pos polisi,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17886143|title=Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university|accessdate=5 May 2012|date=30 April 2012|author=Mark Lobel|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18475853 |title=Nigeria: Dozens dead in church bombings and rioting | accessdate=22 June 2012|date=17 June 2012|author=|publisher=BBC}}</ref> menculik turis barat, dan juga membunuh anggota lembaga Islam.<ref name=Campbell/> Kekerasan yang terkait dengan Boko Haram telah mengakibatkan tewasnya 10.000 orang antara tahun 2002 hingga 2013.<ref name=AFP>{{cite news|title=Nigeria school attack claims 42 lives|agency=AFP|work=The Australian|date=6 July 2013|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/nigeria-school-attack-claims-42-lives/story-e6frg6so-1226675417375|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Newsday>{{cite news|title=School attack kills 30 in northeast Nigeria|agency=AP|date=6 June 2013|work=Newsday|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/world/school-attack-kills-30-in-northeast-nigeria-1.5636183|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know|author=John L. Allen Jr.|year=2013|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6i-VaE8aD6MC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Catholic%20Church%3A%20What%20Everyone%20Needs%20to%20Know&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q=Boko%20Haram&f=false|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=166–167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink|page=139|author=John Campbell|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4422-2157-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ho52_MLrT-IC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://theworldoutline.com/2013/05/nigerias-war-on-terrorism-combatting-boko-haram/ |date=May 21, 2013|publisher=World Outline Group|author=Massimo Pernice|title=Nigeria’s war on terrorism: Combatting Boko Haram}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://theworldoutline.com/2013/04/spitting-in-the-face-of-peace-boko-harams-continued-aims/ |date=April 18, 2013|title=Spitting in the face of peace: Boko Haram’s continued aims|author=Massimo Pernice|publisher=World Outline Group}}</ref>
'''Jemaat Sunnah untuk [[Dakwah]] dan [[Jihad]]'''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14136185 | work=BBC News | title=Nigeria policemen in court trial for Boko Haram killing | date=13 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://en.rsf.org/predator-the-islamist-group-boko-haram,44536.html | work=Reporters Without Borders | title=Innermost thoughts of The Islamist group Boko Haram}}</ref> ({{lang-ar|جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد|links=no}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Jamāʻat Ahl as-Sunnah lid-daʻwa wal-Jihād}}'')—lebih dikenal dengan nama '''Boko Haram''' ({{IPA-ha|bōːkòː hàrâm|pron}}, yang dalam [[bahasa Hausa]] berarti "pendidikan Barat [[haram]]")<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/21270-boko-haram-is-battle-for-2015-says-chukwumerije.html|title=Boko Haram is battle for 2015, says Chukwumerije|author=Ogbonnaya Obinna|publisher=The Nation|date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2014/0506/Boko-Haram-doesn-t-really-mean-Western-education-is-a-sin|title=Boko Haram doesn't really mean Western education is a sin|author=Dan Murphy|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=6 May 2014}}</ref>—adalah organisasi militan dan teroris [[Islam]] yang bermarkas di [[Nigeria]] timur laut,<ref name="CTC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-rise-of-boko-haram-in-nigeria|title=The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria|author=David Cook|date=26 September 2011|publisher=Combating Terrorism Centre|accessdate=2012-01-12}}</ref> [[Kamerun]] utara, dan [[Niger]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/137706-boko-haram-members-flee-to-niger-as-nigerian-military-arrest-55-terrorists-in-yobe-borno.html |author=Nnenna Ibeh|title=Boko Haram members flee to Niger as Nigerian military arrest 55 terrorists in Yobe, Borno|accessdate=June 2013|date= June 5, 2013|publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="ESISC">{{cite web|url=http://www.esisc.org/publications/briefings/2600|title=Boko Haram and The risk of terrorism in northern Cameroon|author=André Burstin|date=1 March 2013|publisher=ESISC Research Associate|accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="TRIBUNE">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/11441-bama-attackers-were-nigeriens-cameroonians-residents-senate-acf-nscia-condemn|title=Bama attackers were Nigerians, Cameroonians|author=Chris Agbambu, James Bwala, Hassan Ibrahim and Leon Usigbe|date=9 May 2013|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="Pilot Africa">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilotafrica.com/2012/10/22/boko-haram-killed-cameroonian-mayor-newspaper-claims/|title=Boko Haram killed Cameroonian mayor|author= Chika Moses|date=22 October 2012|work=Pilot Africa|accessdate=2013-05-11}}</ref> Organisasi ini didirikan pada tahun 2002 oleh [[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)|Mohammed Yusuf]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.france24.com/en/20111226-boko-haram-threatening-nigeria-fault-lines-christmas-church-attack | work=France24 | title=Boko Haram: Rocking the Nigerian boat | date=27 December 2011}}</ref> dengan tujuan untuk mendirikan negara Islam "murni" berdasarkan [[hukum syariah]]<ref name=what/> dan menghentikan hal-hal yang dianggap sebagai "Westernisasi".<ref name="AJAN">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/12/20111224124241652788.html|title=Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes|author=|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=24 December 2011|accessdate=2011-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030036.html | title=Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram | work=allAfrica.com | date=2 February 2011 | accessdate=31 January 2012 | author=Olugbode, Michael|quote=The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno "in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country".}}</ref> Kelompok ini dikenal karena menyerang orang [[Kristen]] dan pemerintah,<ref name="AJAN" /> mengebom gereja, menyerang sekolah dan pos polisi,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17886143|title=Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university|accessdate=5 May 2012|date=30 April 2012|author=Mark Lobel|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18475853 |title=Nigeria: Dozens dead in church bombings and rioting | accessdate=22 June 2012|date=17 June 2012|author=|publisher=BBC}}</ref> menculik turis barat, dan juga membunuh anggota lembaga Islam.<ref name=Campbell/> Kekerasan yang terkait dengan Boko Haram telah mengakibatkan tewasnya 10.000 orang antara tahun 2002 hingga 2013.<ref name=AFP>{{cite news|title=Nigeria school attack claims 42 lives|agency=AFP|work=The Australian|date=6 July 2013|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/nigeria-school-attack-claims-42-lives/story-e6frg6so-1226675417375|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Newsday>{{cite news|title=School attack kills 30 in northeast Nigeria|agency=AP|date=6 June 2013|work=Newsday|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/world/school-attack-kills-30-in-northeast-nigeria-1.5636183|accessdate=6 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know|author=John L. Allen Jr.|year=2013|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6i-VaE8aD6MC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Catholic%20Church%3A%20What%20Everyone%20Needs%20to%20Know&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q=Boko%20Haram&f=false|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=166–167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink|page=139|author=John Campbell|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4422-2157-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ho52_MLrT-IC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://theworldoutline.com/2013/05/nigerias-war-on-terrorism-combatting-boko-haram/ |date=May 21, 2013|publisher=World Outline Group|author=Massimo Pernice|title=Nigeria’s war on terrorism: Combatting Boko Haram}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://theworldoutline.com/2013/04/spitting-in-the-face-of-peace-boko-harams-continued-aims/ |date=April 18, 2013|title=Spitting in the face of peace: Boko Haram’s continued aims|author=Massimo Pernice|publisher=World Outline Group}}</ref>


Kelompok ini berpengaruh di negara bagian [[negara bagian Borno|Borno]], [[negara bagian Adamawa|Adamawa]], [[negara bagian Kaduna|Kaduna]], [[negara bagian Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[negara bagian Yobe|Yobe]], dan [[negara bagian Kano|Kano]]. Di wilayah tersebut, keadaan darurat telah dinyatakan. Boko Haram tidak memiliki struktur atau rantai komando yang jelas<ref name='economist20110903'>{{cite news | title = Terrorism in Nigeria: A dangerous new level | date = 3 September 2011 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/21528307 | work = The Economist | accessdate = 2011-09-07}}</ref> dan bersifat "menyebar"<ref name=Campbell>{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Should U.S. fear Boko Haram?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/01/opinion/campbell-boko-haram/index.html|work=October 1, 2013|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2 October 2013|date=1 October 2013}}</ref> dengan "struktur seperti sel" yang memfasilitasi keberadaan faksi-faksi.<ref name=what/> Kelompok ini dilaporkan memiliki tiga faksi<ref name="AJAN"/> dengan kelompok pecahan yang dijuluki [[Ansaru]]. Pemimpin utama Boko Haram saat ini adalah Abubakar Shekau.
Kelompok ini berpengaruh di negara bagian [[negara bagian Borno|Borno]], [[negara bagian Adamawa|Adamawa]], [[negara bagian Kaduna|Kaduna]], [[negara bagian Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[negara bagian Yobe|Yobe]], dan [[negara bagian Kano|Kano]]. Di wilayah-wilayah tersebut, keadaan darurat telah dinyatakan. Boko Haram tidak memiliki struktur atau rantai komando yang jelas<ref name='economist20110903'>{{cite news | title = Terrorism in Nigeria: A dangerous new level | date = 3 September 2011 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/21528307 | work = The Economist | accessdate = 2011-09-07}}</ref> dan bersifat "menyebar"<ref name=Campbell>{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Should U.S. fear Boko Haram?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/01/opinion/campbell-boko-haram/index.html|work=October 1, 2013|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2 October 2013|date=1 October 2013}}</ref> dengan "struktur seperti sel" yang memfasilitasi keberadaan faksi-faksi.<ref name=what/> Kelompok ini dilaporkan memiliki tiga faksi<ref name="AJAN"/> dengan kelompok pecahan yang dijuluki [[Ansaru]]. Pemimpin utama Boko Haram saat ini adalah Abubakar Shekau.


Keterkaitan kelompok ini dengan kelompok jihad lainnya di luar Nigeria masih diperdebatkan. Menurut seorang komandan militer Amerika Serikat, Boko Haram terkait dengan [[Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam]],<ref name="AfricaIslamistMilitants">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18592789 |title=Africa's Islamist militants 'co-ordinate efforts'|accessdate=26 June 2012|date=26 June 2012|author=Mark Doyle|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Groups co-ordinate">{{cite news|title=Militant groups in Africa seek to 'co-ordinate efforts'|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-27-al-qaeda-linked-militants-co-ordinate-efforts-in-threat-to-africas-security|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=26 June 2012}}</ref> tetapi tidak ditemukan bukti adanya dukungan internasional,<ref name="UCSC_Paul_Lubeck">{{cite web|url=http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/01/lubeck-analysis.html | title=UCSC's Paul Lubeck provides analysis on insurgency in Nigeria's north | author=Guy Lasnier | date=January 20, 2012 | accessdate=2013-10-06 | website=news.ucsc.edu}}</ref> dan serangan Boko Haram terhadap target-target internasional sejauh ini masih terbatas.<ref name=what>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Andrew|title=What is Boko Haram?|url=http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR308.pdf|work=June 2012|publisher=US Institute of Peace|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Pada 13 November 2013, pemerintah [[Amerika Serikat]] menggolongkan kelompok ini sebagai organisasi [[terorisme|teroris]].
Keterkaitan kelompok ini dengan kelompok jihad lainnya di luar Nigeria masih diperdebatkan. Menurut seorang komandan militer Amerika Serikat, Boko Haram terkait dengan [[Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam]],<ref name="AfricaIslamistMilitants">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18592789 |title=Africa's Islamist militants 'co-ordinate efforts'|accessdate=26 June 2012|date=26 June 2012|author=Mark Doyle|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Groups co-ordinate">{{cite news|title=Militant groups in Africa seek to 'co-ordinate efforts'|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-27-al-qaeda-linked-militants-co-ordinate-efforts-in-threat-to-africas-security|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=26 June 2012}}</ref> tetapi tidak ditemukan bukti adanya dukungan internasional,<ref name="UCSC_Paul_Lubeck">{{cite web|url=http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/01/lubeck-analysis.html | title=UCSC's Paul Lubeck provides analysis on insurgency in Nigeria's north | author=Guy Lasnier | date=January 20, 2012 | accessdate=2013-10-06 | website=news.ucsc.edu}}</ref> dan serangan Boko Haram terhadap target-target internasional sejauh ini masih terbatas.<ref name=what>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Andrew|title=What is Boko Haram?|url=http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR308.pdf|work=June 2012|publisher=US Institute of Peace|accessdate=2 October 2013}}</ref> Pada 13 November 2013, pemerintah [[Amerika Serikat]] menggolongkan kelompok ini sebagai organisasi [[terorisme|teroris]].

Revisi per 7 Mei 2014 17.27

Boko Haram
Jemaat Sunnah untuk Dakwah dan Jihad
جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد
PemimpinAbubakar Shekau[1]
Dan Hajia (POW)
Abba  †
Abatcha Flatari  †
Momodu Bama  †
Mohammed Yusuf †
Waktu operasi2002–sekarang
Wilayah operasiNigeria Utara, Kamerun Utara, Niger Selatan, Chad
IdeologiEkstremisme Islam
Fundamentalisme Islam
Wahabisme
Takfir
Sekutu Ansaru
Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam
LawanNigeria Nigeria
Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)
Kamerun Kamerun
Chad Chad
Niger Niger
Pertempuran dan perangPemberontakan Islamis di Nigeria
Kekerasan sektarian Nigeria 2009

Jemaat Sunnah untuk Dakwah dan Jihad[2][3] (bahasa Arab: جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Jamāʻat Ahl as-Sunnah lid-daʻwa wal-Jihād)—lebih dikenal dengan nama Boko Haram (diucapkan [bōːkòː hàrâm], yang dalam bahasa Hausa berarti "pendidikan Barat haram")[4][5]—adalah organisasi militan dan teroris Islam yang bermarkas di Nigeria timur laut,[6] Kamerun utara, dan Niger.[7][8][9][10] Organisasi ini didirikan pada tahun 2002 oleh Mohammed Yusuf[11] dengan tujuan untuk mendirikan negara Islam "murni" berdasarkan hukum syariah[12] dan menghentikan hal-hal yang dianggap sebagai "Westernisasi".[13][14] Kelompok ini dikenal karena menyerang orang Kristen dan pemerintah,[13] mengebom gereja, menyerang sekolah dan pos polisi,[15][16] menculik turis barat, dan juga membunuh anggota lembaga Islam.[17] Kekerasan yang terkait dengan Boko Haram telah mengakibatkan tewasnya 10.000 orang antara tahun 2002 hingga 2013.[18][19][20][21][22][23]

Kelompok ini berpengaruh di negara bagian Borno, Adamawa, Kaduna, Bauchi, Yobe, dan Kano. Di wilayah-wilayah tersebut, keadaan darurat telah dinyatakan. Boko Haram tidak memiliki struktur atau rantai komando yang jelas[24] dan bersifat "menyebar"[17] dengan "struktur seperti sel" yang memfasilitasi keberadaan faksi-faksi.[12] Kelompok ini dilaporkan memiliki tiga faksi[13] dengan kelompok pecahan yang dijuluki Ansaru. Pemimpin utama Boko Haram saat ini adalah Abubakar Shekau.

Keterkaitan kelompok ini dengan kelompok jihad lainnya di luar Nigeria masih diperdebatkan. Menurut seorang komandan militer Amerika Serikat, Boko Haram terkait dengan Al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam,[25][26] tetapi tidak ditemukan bukti adanya dukungan internasional,[27] dan serangan Boko Haram terhadap target-target internasional sejauh ini masih terbatas.[12] Pada 13 November 2013, pemerintah Amerika Serikat menggolongkan kelompok ini sebagai organisasi teroris.

Banyak anggota senior kelompok ini yang terinspirasi oleh Maitatsine.[28][29] Kelompok ini juga diyakini termotivasi oleh sengketa antar-etnis karena pendiri organisasi ini percaya bahwa sedang terjadi "pembersihan etnis" terhadap suku Hausa dan Fulani.[12] Amnesty International menuduh pemerintah Nigeria melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia setelah 950 orang yang diduga merupakan anggota Boko Haram meninggal di fasilitas penahanan Joint Task Force militer Nigeria pada awal pertengahan tahun 2013.[30] Konflik antara Boko Haram dengan pemerintah Nigeria telah membuat 90.000 orang terlantar.[31] Human Rights Watch menyatakan bahwa Boko Haram menggunakan tentara anak-anak, termasuk yang masih berumur 12 tahun.[32]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ "Profile of Nigeria's Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau". BBC News. 22 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2013. 
  2. ^ "Nigeria policemen in court trial for Boko Haram killing". BBC News. 13 July 2011. 
  3. ^ "Innermost thoughts of The Islamist group Boko Haram". Reporters Without Borders. 
  4. ^ Ogbonnaya Obinna (29 September 2011). "Boko Haram is battle for 2015, says Chukwumerije". The Nation. 
  5. ^ Dan Murphy (6 May 2014). "Boko Haram doesn't really mean Western education is a sin". Christian Science Monitor. 
  6. ^ David Cook (26 September 2011). "The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria". Combating Terrorism Centre. Diakses tanggal 2012-01-12. 
  7. ^ Nnenna Ibeh (June 5, 2013). "Boko Haram members flee to Niger as Nigerian military arrest 55 terrorists in Yobe, Borno". Premium Times. Diakses tanggal June 2013. 
  8. ^ André Burstin (1 March 2013). "Boko Haram and The risk of terrorism in northern Cameroon". ESISC Research Associate. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-09. 
  9. ^ Chris Agbambu, James Bwala, Hassan Ibrahim and Leon Usigbe (9 May 2013). "Bama attackers were Nigerians, Cameroonians". Nigerian Tribune. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-09. 
  10. ^ Chika Moses (22 October 2012). "Boko Haram killed Cameroonian mayor". Pilot Africa. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-11. 
  11. ^ "Boko Haram: Rocking the Nigerian boat". France24. 27 December 2011. 
  12. ^ a b c d Walker, Andrew. "What is Boko Haram?" (PDF). June 2012. US Institute of Peace. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  13. ^ a b c "Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes". Al Jazeera. 24 December 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-24. 
  14. ^ Olugbode, Michael (2 February 2011). "Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram". allAfrica.com. Diakses tanggal 31 January 2012. The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno "in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country". 
  15. ^ Mark Lobel (30 April 2012). "Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university". BBC. Diakses tanggal 5 May 2012. 
  16. ^ "Nigeria: Dozens dead in church bombings and rioting". BBC. 17 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 22 June 2012. 
  17. ^ a b Campbell, John (1 October 2013). "Should U.S. fear Boko Haram?". October 1, 2013. CNN. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013. 
  18. ^ "Nigeria school attack claims 42 lives". The Australian. AFP. 6 July 2013. Diakses tanggal 6 July 2013. 
  19. ^ "School attack kills 30 in northeast Nigeria". Newsday. AP. 6 June 2013. Diakses tanggal 6 July 2013. 
  20. ^ John L. Allen Jr. (2013). The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. hlm. 166–167. 
  21. ^ John Campbell (2013). Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. hlm. 139. ISBN 978-1-4422-2157-4. 
  22. ^ Massimo Pernice (May 21, 2013). "Nigeria's war on terrorism: Combatting Boko Haram". World Outline Group. 
  23. ^ Massimo Pernice (April 18, 2013). "Spitting in the face of peace: Boko Haram's continued aims". World Outline Group. 
  24. ^ "Terrorism in Nigeria: A dangerous new level". The Economist. 3 September 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-09-07. 
  25. ^ Mark Doyle (26 June 2012). "Africa's Islamist militants 'co-ordinate efforts'". BBC. Diakses tanggal 26 June 2012. 
  26. ^ "Militant groups in Africa seek to 'co-ordinate efforts'". Mail & Guardian. 26 June 2012. 
  27. ^ Guy Lasnier (January 20, 2012). "UCSC's Paul Lubeck provides analysis on insurgency in Nigeria's north". news.ucsc.edu. Diakses tanggal 2013-10-06. 
  28. ^ Managing Conflicts in Africa's Democratic Transitions - Akanmu G. Adebayo - 2012, hlm.176
  29. ^ West African Studies Conflict over Resources and Terrorism - OECD - 2013
  30. ^ "Nigeria: Deaths of hundreds of Boko Haram suspects in custody requires investigation | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-05. 
  31. ^ "Nigeria Boko Haram clashes: 'Thousands flee Damaturu'". BBC News. 28 December 2011. 
  32. ^ "Nigeria's Boko Haram 'uses child soldiers' - Africa". Al Jazeera English. Diakses tanggal 2014-05-05. 

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