Daqin

Daqin (Hanzi: 大秦; Pinyin: Dàqín; Wade–Giles: Ta⁴-ch'in²; transliterasi alternatifnya meliputi Tachin, Tai-Ch'in) adalah nama Tionghoa kuno bagi Kekaisaran Romawi atau Timur Dekat, khususnya Siria, tergantung pada konteksnya.^[1] Kata tersebut artinya "Qin Besar", Qin (Hanzi: 秦; Pinyin: Qín; Wade–Giles: Ch'in²) merupakan nama dari dinasti pendiri Kekaisaran Tiongkok. Sejarawan John Foster menyebutnya sebagai "...Kekaisaran Romawi, atau lebih kepada bagian darinya yang diketahui Tiongkok, Siria."^[2] Dalam berbagai teks, ibu kotanya disebut sebagai Antiokhia dan Konstantinopel, dengan penjelasan yang tidak jelas dari kota Roma. Sorotan-sorotan dasarnya seperti hukum, adat istiadat, busana dan mata uang dijelaskan dalam sumber-sumber Tiongkok. Inkarnasi abad pertengahannya disebut dalam catatan-catatan sejarah pada zaman dinasti Tang (618-907 Masehi) dengan sebutan Fulin (Hanzi: 拂菻; Pinyin: Fú lǐn), yang Friedrich Hirth dan para sarjana lainnya identifikasikan sebagai Kekaisaran Bizantium.^[3] Daqin juga umumnya dikaitkan dengan umat Kristen Nestorian pemakai bahasa Suryani yang tinggal di Tiongkok pada zaman dinasti Tang.

Sumber-sumber Tiongkok menyebut beberapa kedutaan-kedutaan besar Romawi kuno yang datang ke Tiongkok, bermula pada tahun 166 Masehi dan berakhir pada abad ke-3. Kedutaan-kedutaan besar awal tersebut dikatakan datang melalui rute maritim melalui Laut Tiongkok Selatan di provinsi Jiaozhi, Tiongkok (sekarang utara Vietnam). Bukti arkeologi seperti koin-koin Romawi menunjukkan adanya kegiatan perdagangan Romawi di Asia Tenggara. Kedutaan-kedutaan besar pada masa berikutnya yang tercatat datang dari Kekaisaran Bizantium, yang berlangsung dari abad ke-7 sampai ke-11, melalui Jalur Sutra, bersama dengan orang-orang Eropa di Tiongkok pada Abad Pertengahan lainnya. Yunani Bizantium tercatat mendatangi Kublai Khan (1260-1294), penguasa Mongol dari dinasti Yuan di Khanbaliq (Beijing), sementara Kaisar Hongwu (memerintah pada 1368-1398), pendiri dinasti Ming, mengirim surat kepada penguasa Kekaisaran Bizantium.

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kutipan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Jenkins, Philip (2008). The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died. New York: Harper Collins. hlm. 64–68. ISBN 978-0-06-147280-0.
^ Foster, p. 3.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama halsall 2000

Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]

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Bacaan tambahan[sunting | sunting sumber]

Leslie, D. D., Gardiner, K. H. J.: "The Roman Empire in Chinese Sources", Studi Orientali, Vol. 15. Rome: Department of Oriental Studies, University of Rome, 1996
Pulleyblank, Edwin G.: "The Roman Empire as Known to Han China", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 119, No. 1 (1999), pp. 71–79

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Accounts of Daqin in the Chinese history of the Later Han Hou Hanshu
Roman silver plate with figure of Dionysus, discovered at Beitan, Jingyuan, Gansu Province, China in 1988, Madison Digital Image Database, James Madison University^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[lhc-1] Jenkins, Philip (2008). The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died. New York: Harper Collins. hlm. 64–68. ISBN 978-0-06-147280-0.

[2] Foster, p. 3.

[halsall_2000-3] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama halsall 2000

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