Sengketa Siprus
Sengketa Siprus atau Isu Siprus adalah isu yang masih berlangsung dikarenakan invasi militer dan pendudukan Turki sejak 1974 terhadap sepertiga bagian utara pulau tersebut, suatu situasi yang digambarkan dan disesalkan dalam beberapa laporan dan resolusi PBB.[1][2][3] Meskipun Republik Siprus diakui sebagai satu-satunya negara yang sah dan berdaulat atas keseluruhan pulau, bagian utara secara de facto berada di bawah pemerintahan Republik Turki Siprus Utara yang dideklarasikan sendiri; dan dilindungi oleh Angkatan Bersenjata Turki.[4] Saat ini hanya Turki yang mengakui Republik Turki Siprus Utara, sementara terdapat pengakuan luas bahwa kehadiran militer yang sedang berlangsung merupakan pendudukan wilayah-wilayah yang menjadi milik Republik Siprus. Menurut Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa, Republik Turki Siprus Utara harus dianggap sebagai sebuah negara boneka di bawah penguasaan efektif Turki.[5][6]
Awalnya, dengan pencaplokan pulau oleh Imperium Britania dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah, "sengketa Siprus" digambarkan sebagai konflik antara rakyat Siprus dan Kerajaan Britania mengenai tuntutan rakyat Siprus untuk penentuan nasib sendiri. Namun, konflik tersebut akhirnya berubah, di bawah pemerintahan Britania, dari sebuah sengketa kolonial menjadi sengketa etnis antara orang Turki dan penduduk pulau orang Yunani.[7] Komplikasi internasional dari sengketa ini membentang jauh melampaui batas-batas pulau Siprus itu sendiri dan melibatkan kekuatan penjamin berdasarkan Perjanjian Zürich dan London (Turki, Yunani, dan Britania Raya), Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, dan Uni Eropa, bersama dengan (tidak resmi) Amerika Serikat.[8]
Kudeta Siprus 1974 memicu Turki untuk menyerbu,[9] dan menduduki bagian utara dari Republik Siprus yang diakui secara internasional. Pada tahun 1983, komunitas orang Siprus keturunan Turki secara sepihak mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dengan membentuk Republik Turki Siprus Utara (TRNC), sebuah entitas berdaulat yang tidak memiliki pengakuan internasional kecuali Turki,[10][11] di mana dengannya TRNC menikmati hubungan diplomatik penuh, melanggar Resolusi 550 yang disetujui pada 11 Mei 1984 oleh Dewan Keamanan PBB.
Sebagai hasil dari kedua komunitas dan negara penjamin yang berkomitmen untuk menemukan solusi damai atas sengketa tersebut, Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa mempertahankan suatu zona penyangga ("Garis Hijau") untuk menghindari ketegangan dan permusuhan lanjutan antarkomunitas. Zona ini memisahkan wilayah selatan Republik Siprus (terutama dihuni oleh orang Siprus keturunan Yunani), dengan wilayah utara (di mana orang-orang Siprus keturunan Turki bersama dengan para pemukim Turki merupakan mayoritas saat ini). Beberapa tahun terakhir telah terlihat menghangatnya hubungan antara orang Siprus keturunan Yunani dan Turki, dengan perundingan reunifikasi yang diperbarui mulai secara resmi pada awal 2014.[12][13]
Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ The first UN Security Council resolution on the Turkish invasion (no 353), issued the same day the invasion begun, July 20, 1974.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly resolution 3212 (1974) titled “Question of Cyprus”, later endorsed by the UN Security Council resolution 365 (1974).
- ^ The Annual Report of the Security Council 1974-1975 (see: “The Situation in Cyprus”, p. 2-25), covering roughly the year following the Turkish invasion in summer 1974.
- ^ "Cyprus's Military Balance: Greek and Turkish Forces in Comparison - Balkanalysis". www.balkanalysis.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-01-13. Diakses tanggal 2017-01-11.
- ^ Milano, Enrico (2006). Unlawful Territorial Situations in International Law: Reconciling Effectiveness, Legality And Legitimacy. hlm. 146.
- ^ Terry.D., Gill (2016). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2015. hlm. 58.
- ^ Anthony Eden, "Memoirs, Full Circle, Cassell, London 1960
- ^ "FACTBOX: Key issues in Cyprus dispute". Reuters. 10 November 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2009.
- ^ https://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1974/scres74.htm
- ^ U.N. Security Council resolution 541 (1983) that deplores the declaration of “independence” by the Turkish-Cypriot authorities as secessionist and declares it legally invalid.
- ^ U.N. Security Council resolution 550 (1984) condemning the “TRNC” recognition by Turkey.
- ^ Cyprus Mail 11 Feb 2014 Joint Declaration
- ^ Xypolia, Ilia. "Are the Cyprus reunification talks doomed to fail again?". The Conversation (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 5 July 2017.
Sumber-sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]
Publikasi dan sumber-sumber resmi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- The House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus.
- Letter by the President of the Republic, Mr Tassos Papadopoulos, to the U.N. Secretary-General, Mr Kofi Annan, dated June 7, which circulated as an official document of the U.N. Security Council Diarsipkan 2008-09-28 di Wayback Machine.
- Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974 Diarsipkan 2008-09-28 di Wayback Machine.
- Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)
- The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office, Aspects of the Cyprus Problem Diarsipkan 2019-05-20 di Wayback Machine.
- European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94) Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
Sumber-sumber lainnya[sunting | sunting sumber]
- "Getting to Yes: Suggestions for the Embellishment of the Annan Plan for Cyprus (PDF)" Diarsipkan 2005-10-22 di Wayback Machine. Policy Paper, Southeast European Studies at Oxford, St Antony's College, Oxford University, February 2004
- "Economic Aspects of the Annan Plan for the Solution of the Cyprus Problem (PDF)" Diarsipkan 2005-10-22 di Wayback Machine. Wolfson College, Oxford University, February 2004
- "Options for Peace: Mapping the Possibilities for a Comprehensive Settlement in Cyprus (PDF)" Diarsipkan 2006-02-18 di Wayback Machine. Alexandros Lordos, May 2005
- "From U Thant to Kofi Annan: UN Peacemaking in Cyprus, 1964–2004 (PDF)" Diarsipkan 2005-10-22 di Wayback Machine. James Ker-Lindsay, Occasional Paper 5/05, Southeast European Studies at Oxford, St Antony's College, Oxford University, October 2005
- "EU and the Cyprus Conflict: Review of the Literature (PDF)" Olga Demetriou, Working Paper Series in EU Border Conflicts, Number 5, January 2004
- "The Property Regime in a Cyprus Settlement: A Reassessment of the Solution Proposed under the Annan Plan, Given the Performance of the Property Markets in Cyprus, 2003–2006 (PDF)" Diarsipkan 2007-02-08 di Wayback Machine. Stelios Platis, Stelios Orphanides and Fiona Mullen, PRIO Report 2/2006, PRIO Cyprus Centre, November 2006
Bacaan lanjutan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Anastasiou, Harry (2008). The Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and the Quest for Peace in Cyprus: The Impasse of Ethnonationalism. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3196-0.
- Dodd, Clement (1998). The Cyprus Imbroglio. The Eothen Press. ISBN 0-906719-21-6.
- Dodd, Clement (ed.) (1999). Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives. The Eothen Press. ISBN 0-906719-23-2.
- Dodd, Clement (2010). The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24211-1.
- Brewin, Christopher (2000). European Union and Cyprus. Eothen Press. ISBN 0-906719-24-0.
- The European Parliament Policy Department External Policies (2008) The Influence of Turkish Military Forces on Political Agenda-Setting in Turkey, Analysed on The Basis of the Cyprus Question Diarsipkan 2009-08-29 di Wayback Machine.
- Gibbons, Harry Scott (1997). The Genocide Files. Charles Bravos Publishers. ISBN 0-9514464-2-8.
- Hannay, David (2005). Cyprus: The Search for a Solution. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-665-7.
- Hitchens, Christopher (1997). Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger. Verso. ISBN 1-85984-189-9.
- Ker-Lindsay, James (2005). EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-9690-3.
- Ker-Lindsay, James (2011). The Cyprus Problem: What everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-975715-1.
- Philippou, Lambros (2011). The Dialectic of the Cypriot Reason. Entipis, Nicosia.
- Laouris, Yiannis (2011). Masks of Demons. Createspace, Amazon. ISBN 978-1-4610-8320-7.
- Michael, Michalis S (2009). Resolving the Cyprus Conflict: Negotiating History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62002-5.
- Mirbagheri, Farid (1989). Cyprus and International Peacemaking. Hurst. ISBN 1-85065-354-2.
- Nicolet, Claude (2001). United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974. Bibliopolis. ISBN 3-933925-20-7.
- Oberling, Pierre (1982). The Road to Bellapais. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-000-7.
- O'Malley, Brendan and Ian Craig (1999). The Cyprus Conspiracy. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-737-5.
- Palley, Claire (2005). An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004. Hart Publishing. ISBN 1-84113-578-X.
- Papadakis, Yiannis (2005). Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-428-X.
- Plumer, Aytug (2003). Cyprus, 1963–64: The Fateful Years. Cyrep (Lefkosa). ISBN 975-6912-18-9.
- Richmond, Oliver (1998). Mediating in Cyprus. Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4431-5.
- Richmond, Oliver and James Ker-Lindsay (eds.) (2001). The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-91271-3.
- Tocci, Nathalie (2004). EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-4310-7.
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
Cyprus Dispute.
- Timeline – Cyprus (BBC)
- UN resolutions list on the Cyprus issue Diarsipkan 2007-06-05 di Wayback Machine.
- Recent U.N. document: The question of human rights in Cyprus Diarsipkan 2006-01-09 di Wayback Machine.
- Aspects of the Cyprus Problem from The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office Diarsipkan 2019-05-20 di Wayback Machine.
- A detailed Cyprus Problem site from The TFSC and Turkey
- Kissinger’s Secret Phone Calls Concerning Cyprus English translation of Eleftherotypia article Diarsipkan 2011-06-05 di Wayback Machine.
- EU task-force on the Turkish Cypriot community
- Cyprus and Turkey’s EU Process Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. A Summary of the Problem from Turkish Perspective
- Lobby for Cyprus Diarsipkan 2019-12-27 di Wayback Machine.
- The Displaced Greek Communities of Cyprus Diarsipkan 2011-07-25 di Wayback Machine.
- Greek Cypriots begin removing Nicosia barrier
- Greek Cypriots tear down Nicosia's dividing wall
Documentaries
- Echoes Across the Divide (2008) is an Australian documentary film about an attempt to bridge the Green Line with a bicommunal music project performed from the rooftops of Old Nicosia.