Lihat sumber Carcharhiniformes

{{automatic taxobox
| name = Ground sharks
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Early Cretaceous|Present|ref=<ref>{{FishBase_order|order=Carcharhiniformes|year=2009|month=Januari}}</ref>}}
| image = Carcharhinus isodon.jpg
| image_caption = A [[finetooth shark]], ''Carcharhinus isodon''
| taxon = Carcharhiniformes
| authority = [[Leonard Compagno|Compagno]], 1977
}}
[[Berkas:Carcharhinus_acronotus_nefsc.jpg|jmpl|253x253px|Groundsharks, seperti ini blacknose hiu, memiliki [[Membran pengelip|membran nictitating]] yang dapat ditarik menyelubungi mata untuk melindunginya.]]

Dengan '''hiu tanah''', atau '''Carcharhiniformes''', merupakan ordo terbesar dari [[hiu]]. Dengan lebih dari 270 spesies, carcharhiniformes mencakup sejumlah jenis umum hiu, seperti [[Catshark|catsharks]], [[Swellshark|swellsharks]], dan [[Sandbar shark|hiu pasir]].

Anggota dari ordo ini dicirikan oleh adanya [[membran pengelip]] di atas mata, dua [[sirip punggung]], [[Anal fin|sirip anal]], dan lima celah [[insang]].

Keluarga dalam rangka Carcharhiniformes diharapkan akan direvisi; recent [[Asam deoksiribonukleat|DNA]] studi menunjukkan bahwa beberapa kelompok konvensional tidak monophyletic.

== Keluarga ==
Menurut FishBase, delapan keluarga tanah hiu adalah:<ref>[http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Fish Identification: Ground sharks] ''[//en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/FishBase FishBase]''. </ref>
* Carcharhinidae (hiu requiem)
* Hemigaleidae (hiu musang)
* Leptochariidae (barbeled houndshark)
* Proscylliidae (paus gin catsharks)
* Pseudotriakidae (catsharks palsu)
* Scyliorhinidae (catsharks)
* [[Hiu martil|Sphyrnidae]] (hiu martil)
* Triakidae (houndsharks)

{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 34px;"
! Famili
! Gambar
! Nama umum
! Genera
! Species
! Description
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Carcharhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Carcharhinidae</span>]]
| [[File:Tiger shark.jpg|140px]]
| align=center | [[Requiem sharks]]
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 62
| valign=top | Requiem sharks are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) such as the [[tiger shark]], the [[blue shark]], the [[bull shark]], and the [[milk shark]]. The usual carcharhiniform characteristics include round eyes and [[pectoral fin]]s that are completely behind five gill slits. Most species are [[viviparous]], the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as small as {{convert|69|cm|ft|abbr=on}} adult length in the [[Australian sharpnose shark]], up to {{convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} adult length in the [[tiger shark]].<ref>Compagno, L.J.V. [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=11 Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks] in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. [http://www.fishbase.org FishBase]. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (05/2010).</ref> Requiem sharks are responsible for a large proportion of [[shark attack|attacks on humans]].
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Hemigaleidae|<span style="color:white;">Hemigaleidae</span>]]
| [[File:Chaenogaleus macrostoma Day - cropped.png|140px]]
| align=center | [[Hemigaleidae|Weasel shark]]s
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 8
| valign=top | Weasel sharks are found from the eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the continental [[Indo-Pacific]] in shallow coastal waters to a depth of 100&nbsp;m (330&nbsp;ft).<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase family|family=Hemigaleidae|year=2011|month=February}}</ref> Most species are small, reaching no more than 1.4 m long (4.6&nbsp;ft), though the [[snaggletooth shark]] (''Hemipristis elongatus'') may reach 2.4&nbsp;m (7.9&nbsp;ft). They have horizontally oval [[eyes]], small [[spiracle]]s, and precaudal pits. Two [[dorsal fin]]s occur, with the base of the first placed well forward of the [[pelvic fin]]s. The [[caudal fin]] has a strong ventral lobe and undulations on the dorsal lobe margin. They feed on a variety of small [[bony fish]]es and [[invertebrate]]s; at least two species specialize on [[cephalopod]]s. They are not known to have attacked people.<ref name="compagno">Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) ''Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date''. [[Rome]]: [[Food and Agricultural Organization]]. {{ISBN|92-5-101384-5}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Leptochariidae|<span style="color:white;">Leptochariidae</span>]]
| [[File:Triaenodon smithii by muller and henle.png|140px]]
| align=center | [[Barbeled houndshark]]s
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1
| valign=top | The only species of barbeled houndshark is ''Leptocharias smithii''. It is a [[demersal]] species found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from [[Mauritania]] to [[Angola]], at depths of {{convert|10|-|75|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It favours muddy [[habitat]]s, particularly around [[river mouth]]s. The barbeled houndshark is characterized by a very slender body, nasal barbels, long furrows at the corners of the mouth, and [[sexually dimorphic]] teeth. Its maximum known length is {{convert|82|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Likely strong-swimming and opportunistic, the barbeled houndshark has been known to ingest [[bony fish]]es, [[invertebrate]]s, [[fish egg]]s, and even inedible objects. It is [[viviparous]], with females bearing litters of seven young; the developing [[embryo]]s are sustained by a unique globular [[placenta]]l structure. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] has assessed the barbeled houndshark as [[near threatened]], as heavy fishing pressure occurs throughout its range and it is used for meat and [[leather]].

|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Proscylliidae|<span style="color:white;">Proscylliidae</span>]]
| 
| align=center | [[Proscylliidae|Finback catshark]]s
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 7
| valign=top | 
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Pseudotriakidae|<span style="color:white;">Pseudotriakidae</span>]]
| [[File:Pseudotriakis acrales by jordan and snyder.jpg|140px]]
| align=center | [[Pseudotriakidae|False catshark]]s
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 4
| valign=top | False catsharks are a small [[family (biology)|family]] containing false catsharks and gollumsharks. It contains the only ground shark species to exhibit intrauterine [[oophagy]], in which developing [[fetus]]es are nourished by eggs produced by their mother.<ref name=Fishbase>{{FishBase family | family = Pseudotriakidae| month = December| year = 2012}}</ref>

|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Scyliorhinidae|<span style="color:white;">Scyliorhinidae</span>]]
| [[File:Catshark oedv.jpg|140px]]
| align=center | [[Catshark]]s
| align=center | 17
| align=center | >150
| valign=top | Catsharks are distinguished by their elongated, [[cat]]-like eyes and two small dorsal fins set far back. They usually have a patterned appearance, ranging from stripes to patches to spots. Most are fairly small, growing no longer than {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}}; a few, such as the [[nursehound]], can reach {{convert|1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length.  They are found in [[temperate]] and [[tropical]] seas worldwide, ranging from shallow [[intertidal]] waters to depths of {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more, depending on species.<ref>{{FishBase family|family=Scyliorhinidae|year=2009|month=January}}</ref> They feed on [[invertebrate]]s and smaller [[fish]].  Some species are [[aplacental viviparous]], but most lay eggs in tough egg cases with curly tendrils at each end, known as [[mermaid's purse]]s. The swell sharks of the genus ''[[Cephaloscyllium]]'' fill their stomachs with water or air when threatened, increasing their girth by a factor of two to three. Some catsharks are called [[Dogfish (disambiguation)|dogfish]].
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Sphyrnidae|<span style="color:white;">Sphyrnidae</span>]]
| [[File:Hammerhead shark, Cocos Island, Costa Rica.jpg|140px]]
| align=center | [[Hiu martil]]
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 8
| valign=top | Hammerhead sharks are named for the unusual and distinctive structure of their heads, which are flattened and laterally extended into a "hammer" shape called a [[cephalofoil]]. Many, not necessarily mutually exclusive, functions have been proposed for the cephalofoil, including sensory reception, manoeuvring, and prey manipulation. Hammerheads are found worldwide in warmer waters along coastlines and [[continental shelves]]. Unlike most sharks, hammerheads usually swim in schools during the day, becoming solitary hunters at night.
|-
! style="background:rgb(110,110,170)" | [[Triakidae|<span style="color:white;">Triakidae</span>]]
| [[File:Leopard shark in kelp.jpg|140px]]
| align=center | [[Houndshark]]s
| align=center | 9
| align=center | 40
| valign=top | Houndsharks are distinguished by large spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from {{convert|37|to|220|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the sea bed and in midwater.<ref>{{FishBase_family|family=Triakidae|year=2009|month=January}}</ref>
|}

== Timeline dari genera ==
<timeline>
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Period      = from:-199.6 till:15
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  id:CAR	  value:claret
  id:ANK 	 value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
  id:HER	  value:teal
  id:HAD	  value:green
  id:OMN	  value:blue
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  id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
  id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) 
  id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) 
  id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) 
  id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) 
  id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) 
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  id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)  
  id:quaternary   value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
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  id:holocene   value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)
 
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 bar:periodtop           
 from: -199.6    till: -175.6    color:earlyjurassic    text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]]
 from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]
 from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:[[Late Jurassic|Late]]
 from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:[[Early Cretaceous|Early]]
 from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]]
 from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:[[Paleocene|Paleo.]]
 from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene|Eo.]] 
 from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene|Oligo.]]            
 from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene|Mio.]]
 from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Pliocene|Pl.]]
 from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleistocene|Pl.]]
 from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:[[Holocene|H.]]

 bar:eratop       
 from: -199.6    till: -145.5    color:jurassic    text:[[Jurassic]]
 from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:[[Cretaceous]]
 from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]         
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

PlotData=
 align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

 color:latejurassic bar:NAM1  from:-152.57    till:-150.8 text:[[Macrourogaleus]]
 color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-103.7    till:0 text:[[Scyliorhinus]]
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-93.5    till:-89.3 text:[[Pterolamiops]]
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4  from:-93.5    till:-70.6 text:[[Paratriakis]]
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-84.27    till:-65.5 text:[[Pteroscyllium]]
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6  from:-83.5    till:-70.6 text:[[Archaeotriakis]]
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-83.5    till:-58.7 text:[[Palaeogaleus]] 
 color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-74.9    till:-68.9 text:[[Squatigaleus]]
 color:paleocene bar:NAM9  from:-65.5    till:-33.9 text:[[Abdounia]]
 color:paleocene bar:NAM10 from:-65.5    till:0 text:[[Triakis]]
 color:paleocene bar:NAM11  from:-58.7    till:-15.97 text:[[Physogaleus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM12  from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:[[Pachygaleus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:[[Premontreia]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-55.8    till:-37.2 text:[[Eogaleus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM15  from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Carcharhinus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM16 from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Galeocerdo]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM17  from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Hemipristis]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM18  from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Isogomphodon]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM19 from:-55.8    till:-0.0117 text:[[Megascyliorhinus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Mustelus]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8    till:0 text:[[Rhizoprionodon]]
 color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-48.6    till:0 text:[[Negaprion]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-23.03    till:0 text:[[Chaenogaleus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-23.03    till:0 text:[[Galeorhinus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM25  from:-23.03    till:0 text:[[Paragaleus]]
 color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-15.97    till:0 text:[[Sphyrna]]
 color:pliocene bar:NAM27 from:-5.332    till:0 text:[[Prionace]]

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 align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

 bar:period          
 from: -199.6    till: -175.6    color:earlyjurassic    text:[[Early Jurassic|Early]]
 from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:[[Middle Jurassic|Middle]]
 from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:[[Late Jurassic|Late]]
 from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:[[Early Cretaceous|Early]]
 from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:[[Late Cretaceous|Late]]
 from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:[[Paleocene|Paleo.]]
 from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene|Eo.]] 
 from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene|Oligo.]]            
 from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene|Mio.]]
 from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Pliocene|Pl.]]
 from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleistocene|Pl.]]
 from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:[[Holocene|H.]]

 bar:era     
 from: -199.6    till: -145.5    color:jurassic    text:[[Jurassic]]
 from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:[[Cretaceous]]
 from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]         
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]
</timeline>

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|33em}}

== Referensi lebih lanjut ==
* Froese, Rainer, dan Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) [http://www.fishbase.org/identification/familieslist.php?ordnum=8&areacode=&classnum=4&c_code= Identifikasi Ikan: Tanah hiu] di FishBase. Maret 2013 versi.
* {{Cite journal|last=Sepkoski|first=Jack|year=2002|title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera|url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class|dead-url=yes|journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology|volume=364|page=560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510170834/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=575&rank=class|archive-date=2012-05-10|access-date=2011-05-17}}

== Link eksternal ==
* [http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/carcharhiniformes.htm Ordo Carcharhiniformes]