Lihat sumber Tamil Sri Lanka

{{Sedang ditulis}}

Tamil Sri Lanka adalah anggota [[kelompok etnik]] [[Suku Tamil|Tamil]] yang tinggal di negara [[Sri Lanka]]. Meskipun orang Tamil Sri Lanka berbeda secara budaya dan bahasa, studi [[Genetika|genetik]] menunjukkan bahwa mereka berkaitan erat dengan kelompok etnis [[Suku Sinhala|Sinhala]] di pulau itu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-sinhala-tamil-cross-pollinated-siblings/|title=The Sinhala-Tamil Cross-Pollinated Siblings|date=2013-11-15|website=Colombo Telegraph|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Orang Tamil Sri Lanka kebanyakan beragama [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]] dan sebagian menganut [[Kekristenan|Kristen]]. Sastra Tamil Sri Lanka tentang berbagai topik termasuk agama dan sains berkembang pesat selama periode abad pertengahan di istana [[Kerajaan Jaffna|Kerajaan Jaff]]<nowiki/>na. Dialek Tamil Sri Lanka terkenal karena arkaisme{{Sfn|Bass|2012|p=52|ps="Although some Jaffna Tamils claim that their dialect is superior and closer to classical, pure Tamil, other Tamils ridicule it as archaic and old-fashioned."}} dan kata-kata yang tidak digunakan sehari-hari di negara bagian [[Tamil Nadu]] di [[India]].{{Sfn|Lehmann|1998|p=104|ps="Greater continuity may be observed between Old Tamil and modern Sri Lankan Tamil than between the old language and the modern mainland dialects spoken in India."}} <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tamil+Sri+Lanka&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRgI6bqYDnAhXTZCsKHZUYDi4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Sri%20Lanka&f=false|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0759-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=vHCdDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tamil+Sri+Lanka&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRgI6bqYDnAhXTZCsKHZUYDi4Q6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&q=Sri%20Lanka&f=false|title=The Sri Lankan Tamils: Ethnicity And Identity|last=Manogaran|first=Chelvadurai|last2=Pfaffenberger|first2=Bryan|date=2019-06-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-00-030600-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/tamils/|title=Tamils|website=Minority Rights Group|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ivFuK_asOzcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tamil+Sri+Lanka&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRgI6bqYDnAhXTZCsKHZUYDi4Q6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Tamil&f=false|title=Everyday Ethnicity in Sri Lanka: Up-country Tamil Identity Politics|last=Bass|first=Daniel|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52624-1|language=en}}</ref> 

== Identitas ==

== Migrasi ==
Sekelompok kecil orang dari selatan Tamil Nadu bermigrasi ke utara Sri Lanka pada abad ke-3 SM.{{Sfn|Manogaran|1994|p=1-2;Chapter 2|ps="Historians, archaeologist, and epigraphist have pieced together fragmentary evidence to present a picture of continuous migration of small numbers of people from the shores of southern Tamil Nadu to northern Sri Lanka from as early as the 3rd century B.C."}} Pendatang Tamil di masa itu telah [[Asimilasi (sosial)|berasimilasi]] dengan warga sekitar. Migrasi besar-besaran baru terjadi setelah invasi [[kerajaan Chola]] pada abad ke-11.{{Sfn|Manogaran|1994|p=2;Chapter 2|ps="The Chola invasions of the 11th century were followed by a period of (...). These invasions contributed to the large scale settlement of Tamils in the northern and eastern parts of the island."}} Para pendatang ini selanjutnya mendirikan sebuah kerajaan yang berpusat di [[Jaffna]] untuk mempertahankan identitas mereka.{{Sfn|Manogaran|1994|p=2b;Chapter 2|ps="The seat of this kingdom was in the Jaffna peninsula in northern Sri Lanka, (...). The establishment of a Tamil kingdom was critical to the emergence of the conscious among the inhabitants of the kingdom that the Sri Lankan Tamils were bound together by a common identity (...)"}} Suksesnya pendirian kerajaan ini memicu terjadinya migrasi besar-besaran hingga abad ke-18, sekaligus untuk menghindari invasi kerajaan Islam di India pada masa itu.{{Sfn|Manogaran|1994|p=2c;Chapter 2|ps="The establishment of a flourishing Tamil kingdom triggered off successive waves of immigrants from Tamil Nadu who were attracted by (...) free from the Islamic invasions (...). These waves of immigrants persisted well into the 18th century."}}

Selama kedatangan [[Portugal|Portugis]] ke Sri Lanka di abad ke-16, migrasi berbagai kelompok berbahasa Tamil terjadi akibat kegiatan perdagangan. Ratusan orang Bharatha, subetnik Tamil, beragama Kristen dibawa dari daratan India ke pantai barat Sri Lanka oleh Portugis untuk merebut kendali atas perdagangan mutiara.{{Sfn|Roberts|1989|p=253|ps="Paravara refers to the Bharatha people, (...). Those people were mostly from Tuticorin region in southern India and some across in Portuguese times. They are mostly Catholics."}} Kasta Chetties bermigrasi dari India Selatan di bawah kekuasaan Portugis, dan terus berlanjut selama pemerintahan [[Belanda]] di pulau itu. Orang Chetties di Sri Lanka Barat pindah agama menjadi [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik]] di bawah pemerintahan Portugis, sementara yang lain pindah ke [[Anglikanisme|Anglikan]] atau [[Protestanisme|Protestan]] di bawah pemerintahan Belanda dan pemerintahan Inggris.{{Sfn|Vijayalakshmi|2005|p=8|ps="Today, 75% of the Chetties are Roman Catholics while the rest are Anglicans."}}

Orang [[Suku Tamil|Tamil India]] yang dibawa ke Sri Lanka sebagai buruh kontrak selama abad ke-19 dan ke-20 untuk bekerja di perkebunan kopi, teh dan karet yang dimiliki oleh Inggris. Mereka berperan penting dalam pendirian perkebunan teh, karet, kopi dan kelapa dan merupakan bagian besar tenaga kerja sektor perkebunan. Orang India Tamil ini terpisah dari komunitas perdagangan orang Tamil India yang sudah lama terbentuk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1816/18160950.htm|title=In search of a new identity|last=Suryanarayan|first=V.|date=|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

== Agama ==

Mayoritas Tamil Sri Lanka menganut agama Hindu, sekitar delapan puluh persen beraliran [[Saiwa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/89600372/|title=Sri Lanka : a country study|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Sementara itu, 7 persen di antaranya menjadi [[Kekristenan|Kristen]], terutama Katolik, setelah penaklukan Portugis atas Kerajaan Jaffna.{{Sfn|Wilson|2000|p=1|ps="With Christian proselytisation via Portuguese Catholicism, Dutch Protestantism and British and American Protestant missionary endeavours, about 7 per cent of the Tamils became Christian converts."}} Kebanyakan orang Tamil yang mendiami [[Provinsi Barat, Sri Lanka|Provinsi Barat]] adalah Katolik, sementara yang dari [[Provinsi Utara, Sri Lanka|Provinsi Utara]] dan [[Provinsi Timur, Sri Lanka|Timur]] sebagian besar beragama Hindu.Sensus Sri Lanka 2012 mencatat masyarakat beragama [[Buddha]] mencapai 22,254, kurang 1% dari total populasi.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/105937/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL|title=22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL|last1=Perera|first1=Yohan|publisher=Daily Mirror|accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref>

Pemuka agama Hindu, khususnya Vellalar, mengikuti ideologi agama Shaiwa Siddhanta (aliran Shaiwa) dan juga mempraktikkan Hinduisme lokal, menjunjung tinggi kepercayaan mereka pada dewa-dewa desa setempat yang tidak ditemukan dalam kitab suci Hindu resmi. Tempat ibadah tergantung pada objek ibadah dan bagaimana ia ditempatkan. Ini bisa menjadi kuil Hindu yang tepat yang dikenal sebagai ''[[Tempat suci Hindu|Koyil]]'', dibangun sesuai dengan kitab suci. Namun, lebih sering, kuil ini tidak dibangun sesuai dengan kitab suci melainkan tempat sederhana yang ditempati dewa setempat. Di kuil ini diadakan ritual ''puja'' harian dan diikuti oleh penduduk setempat yang dipimpin oleh seorang pendeta, ''Kurukkal.''{{Sfn|Civattampi|1995|p=30|ps="In both these types of temples there would be a resident kurukkal or aiyar."}}

== Nasionalisme ==
Sejak awal pemerintahan Britania Raya di tahun 1796, Tamil Sri Lanka tidak berasimilasi dengan masyarakat sekitar dengan mempertahankan bahasa, budaya, dan kepercayaan mereka.{{Sfn|Wilson|2002|p=1b|ps="From the beginnings of British rule in 1796, the Tamils of Ceylon (the island bore this name till 1972, when it became 'Sri Lanka') remained a community apart, retaining their own distinct identity."}} Dengan adanya pemisahan komunitas berdasarkan suku oleh pemerintah Inggris, hal ini perlahan menjadi kesadaran nasional.{{Sfn|Wilson|2000|p=2|ps="It was not difficult consciously to mantain this national awareness as long as the island remained under neutral British rule. The British encouraged this separation of the different communities by nominating representatives to the Legislative Council system (...)"}}
<br />{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Tamil Sri Lanka|region11={{Flagu|Belanda}}|region8={{Flagu|Australia}}|pop8=~30,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm|title=History of the Tamil Diaspora|website=murugan.org|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|region9={{Flagu|Italia}}|pop9=~25,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm|title=History of the Tamil Diaspora|website=murugan.org|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|region10={{Flagu|Malaysia}}|pop10=~24,436 (1970)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tam|title=Tamil|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|pop11=~20,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm|title=History of the Tamil Diaspora|website=murugan.org|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|region7={{Flagu|Swiss}}|region12={{Flagu|Norwegia}}|pop12=~10,000 (2000)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm|title=History of the Tamil Diaspora|website=murugan.org|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|region13={{Flagu|Denmark}}|pop13=~9,000 (2003){{Sfn|Barnes|2002|p=110|ps="In Denmark we have around nine thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, more than eight thousand of whom are Hindus."}}|languages=Bahasa di Sri Lanka: [[Bahasa Tamil]] (dan dialek Sri Lanka)<br> Beberapa [[Bahasa Sinhala]] & [[Bahasa Inggris]]|religions={{Hlist|[[Hindu]], (kebanyakan aliran [[Saiwa]])|[[Kristen|Kekristenan]]|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/105937/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL|title=22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL|last1=Perera|first1=Yohan|publisher=Daily Mirror|accessdate=31 March 2016</ref>}}|related={{Hlist|[[Tamil India]]||[[suku Sinhala]]}}|pop7=~35,000 (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-tamils-look-to-preserve-their-culture/4804092|title=Swiss Tamils look to preserve their culture|last=swissinfo.ch|first=S. W. I.|last2=Corporation|first2=a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|native_name=இலங்கை தமிழர்<br />(ஈழத் தமிழர்)|region2={{Flagu|Kanada}}|native_name_lang=ta|flag=[https://www.google.com.au/search?q=sri+lanka&rlz=1C5CHFA_enAU797AU798&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqmPnxvpvcAhUQUN4KHTPLD08Q_AUICygC&biw=1366&bih=671#imgrc=XQuwAkOZtVIawM: Sri lankan flag please Click here to see]|flag_caption=|population='''~ 3 juta'''<br />(perkiraan; tidak termasuk [[Moor]] dan [[Tamil India]])|genealogy=|regions=|tablehdr=|region1={{Flagu|Sri Lanka}}|pop1=2,270,924 (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|title=Census of Population and Housing 2011|website=www.statistics.gov.lk|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|pop2=143,000 (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamilculture.ca/tamils-by-the-numbers/|title=Tamils by the Numbers|date=2012-11-05|website=TamilCulture.ca|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|pop6=~50,000 (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=25010|title=TamilNet|last=TamilNet|website=www.tamilnet.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><br />|region3={{Flagu| Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia}}|pop3=~120,000 (2006)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2006/03/060315_hrw_jayadevan.shtml|title=BBCSinhala.com|website=www.bbc.com|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>|region4={{Flagu|India}}|pop4=~100,000 (2005)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Acharya, A.|year=2014|title=Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka|url=|journal=Antropología Experimental|volume=0|issue=7|pages=|doi=|lay-url=https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/rae/article/view/2029}}</ref>|region5={{Flagu|Jerman}}|pop5=~60,000 (2008)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baumann|first=Martin|last2=Salentin|first2=Kurt|date=2006-10-01|title=Migrant Religiousness and Social Incorporation: Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka in Germany|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537900600925958|journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion|volume=21|issue=3|pages=297–323|doi=10.1080/13537900600925958|issn=1353-7903}}</ref><br />|region6={{Flagu|Prancis}}|footnotes=}}

== Referensi ==

<references />

== Daftar Pustaka ==
{{Refbegin}}
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{{Cite book|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|publisher=UBC Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7748-0759-3|location=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Wilson|2000}}|url-status=live}}

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{{Citebook|title=Everyday Ethnicity in Sri Lanka : Up-country Tamil Identity Politics|last=Bass|first=Daniel|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2012|isbn=978-1-136-22418-8|location=Hoboken|pages=|oclc=823386993|ref={{sfnref|Bass|2012}}|url-status=live}}

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{{Cite book|title=Cultural minorities of Sri Lanka : their growth, achievements, and relevance today|last=Vijayalakshmi|first=E.|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|year=2005|isbn=955-580-096-0|location=Colombo|pages=|oclc=60767182|ref={{sfnref|Vijayalakshmi|2005}}|url-status=live}}


[[Kategori:Suku bangsa di Sri Lanka]]
[[Kategori:Suku bangsa]]{{Cite book|title=Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics|last=Civattampi|first=Kārttikēcu|publisher=New Century Book House|year=1995|isbn=81-234-0395-X|location=Madras|pages=|oclc=33162843|ref={{sfnref|Civattampi|1995}}|url-status=live}}