Lihat sumber Scientology

{{italic title}}
{{About|sistem kepercayaan dan praktik|organisasi|Church of Scientology|kegunaan lain|Scientology (disambiguasi)}}
{{Infobox Organization
| image =  Scientology Symbol Logo.png
| size = 120px
| caption = Lambang Scientology terdiri dari huruf S (Scientology) dan [[kepercayaan dan praktik Scientology#segitiga ARC dan KRC|segitiga ARC dan KRC]] (dua konsep penting dalam Scientology)<ref>{{harvnb|Cusack|2009|p=400}}</ref>
| name = Scientology
| formation = Mei 1952<ref name="Lewis 2017">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first1=J. |title=Handbook of Scientology |volume=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=James R. |editor2-last=Hellesoy |editor2-first=Kjersti |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=9789004330542 }}</ref>
| type = <!--ref>Scientology is recognized as a religion in countries such as the United States, Spain, Australia, and elsewhere, but the Germany, France, and some others, consider it a profit-making enterprise. Lewis lists it in ''The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions''</ref><ref name="lewisufo" /-->
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Gold Base]]<br />[[Riverside County, California]]<ref>{{cite news | last =[[Associated Press]] | title =Rural studio is Scientology headquarters | work =[[San Jose Mercury News]] | page =6B | date =August 13, 1991 }}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Ketua]] [[Religious Technology Center]]
| leader_name = [[David Miscavige]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = [http://www.scientology.org/ www.scientology.org]
| remarks = Gedung utama: Church of Scientology International, Los Angeles, California, A.S.
}}

{{ScientologySeries}}

'''''Scientology''''' ({{IPA-en|/ˌsaɪənˈtɑːlədʒi/|}}, {{IPA-id|saientoloji}}) adalah sekumpulan ajaran dan teknik terkait yang dikembangkan oleh pengarang [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]], [[L. Ron Hubbard]] selama sekitar 30 tahun, dimulai pada [[1952]] sebagai suatu [[filosofi]] pertolongan diri-sendiri, perkembangan dari sistem pertolongan diri-sendirinya yang lebih awal, [[Dianetika]]. Ajaran ini mengklaim menawarkan suatu [[metodologi]] yang [[ilmu eksakta|eksak]] (pasti) untuk menolong manusia mencapai kesadaran [[keberadaan]] rohaninya melintasi [[reinkarnasi|beberapa masa hidupnya]] dan, pada saat yang bersamaan, untuk menjadi lebih efektif di dunia fisik. Nama "Scientology" juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada [[Gereja Scientology]] yang [[kontroversi Scientology|kontroversial]], organisasi terbesar yang mempromosikan praktik Scientology. Gereja ini sendiri adalah bagian dari jaringan korporasi terkait yang mengklaim pemilikan dan wewenang tunggal untuk menyebarkan Dianetika dan Scientology.

Scientology menyatakan bahwa tujuannya adalah "merehabilitasi" [[thetan]] (kira-kira setara dengan [[jiwa]]) untuk memperoleh kembali keadaannya semula berupa "[[Kemampuan adikodrati dalam doktrin Scientology|kebebasan total]]." Para jurubicara gereja ini dan praktisinya memberikan kesaksian bahwa ajaran-ajaran Hubbard (yang disebut "Teknologi" atau "Tek" dalam [[terminologi Scientology]]) telah menyelamatkan mereka dari begitu banyak masalah dan memampukan mereka untuk lebih menyadari potensi tertinggi mereka dalam bisnis maupun kehidupan pribadi mereka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scientology.org/html/en_US/results/index.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2010-01-14 |archive-date=2008-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204032447/http://www.scientology.org/html/en_US/results/index.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://on-line.scientology.org/</ref> Namun, para pengamat luar - termasuk wartawan, anggota parlemen, lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan nasional dari sejumlah negara - telah mencapai kesimpulan tentang Scientology yang sangat bertentangan dengan penggambaran diri Gereja ini. Di antaranya termasuk tuduhan-tuduhan bahwa Gereja ini adalah sebuah usaha komersial tidak jujur, yang mengganggu para kritikusnya dan secara brutal mengeksploitir anggota-anggotanya.<ref name="The Church's War">{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Leiby|author = Richard Leiby|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/06/AR2005070601351.html|title = Scientology Fiction: The Church's War Against Its Critics — and Truth|work = [[The Washington Post]]|page = C1|date = [[24 Desember 1994]]|accessdate=21 Juni 2006}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Goodin | first=Dan | year=3 Juni 1999| url = http://news.com.com/2100-1023-226676.html | title=Scientology subpoenas Worldnet | publisher=CNET News.com | accessdate=4 Mei 2006|archiveurl=http://archive.is/O93s|archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref>

Meskipun beberapa pakar dan banyak pemerintahan dunia <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.humanrights-germany.org/issues/eng/relapa96/bonafide.htm |title=Scientology is a Bona Fide Religion Serving Exclusively Religious and Charitable Purposes |access-date=2006-11-09 |archive-date=2008-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305162933/http://www.humanrights-germany.org/issues/eng/relapa96/bonafide.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> menerima Scientology sebagai sebuah agama yang ''bonafid'',<ref>{{Cite paper | author=Hexham, Irving | title=The Religious Status of Scientology: Is Scientology a Religion? | publisher=Universitas Calgary | date=1978, rev. 1997 | url = http://www.ucalgary.ca/~nurelweb/papers/irving/scient.html | accessdate=13 Juni 2006}}</ref><ref name="marburg">{{Cite paper | author= Kent, Stephen | title= Scientology -- Is this a Religion? | publisher=Marburg Journal of Religion | date=July 1999 | url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent.html | accessdate=26 Agustus 2006}} Sosiolog Kent, meskipun mengakui bahwa sejumlah rekannya mengakui Scientology sebagai agama, berargumen bahwa "Daripada berdebat tentang apakah Scientology harus diberi label agama atau tidak, saya merasa lebih baik memandangnya sebagai sebuah perusahaan transnasional dengan banyak sisi, dan hanya ''satu'' unsurnya saja yang bersifat keagamaan." (huruf miring dalam tulisan asli.) </ref> Scientology juga telah digambarkan sebagai [[pseudo agama]], sebuah [[ajaran sesat]]<ref>{{Cite paper | author=Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin  | title=Scientology: Religion or racket? | publisher=Marburg Journal of Religion | date=September 2003 | format=PDF | url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2003/breit2003.pdf | accessdate=14 Juni 2006}} </ref> atau sebuah [[perusahaan transnasional]].<ref name="marburg" />

= History =

=== L. Ron Hubbard ===
Artikel utama: L. Ron Hubbard

Informasi lebih lanjut: Kehidupan awal L. Ron Hubbard dan Karier militer L. Ron Hubbard

Dua pria berseragam angkatan laut

L. Ron Hubbard dan Thomas S. Moulton di Portland, Oregon, pada tahun 1943

L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986) adalah anak tunggal dari Harry Ross Hubbard, seorang perwira Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat, dan istrinya, Ledora Waterbury. Hubbard menghabiskan tiga semester di Universitas George Washington (di Washington, D.C.), tetapi ditempatkan dalam masa percobaan pada September 1931. Dia gagal kembali untuk semester musim gugur 1932.[53]

Selama Perang Dunia II pada Juli 1941, Hubbard ditugaskan sebagai Letnan (kelas junior) di Cadangan Angkatan Laut AS. Pada tanggal 18 Mei 1943, subchaser-nya meninggalkan Portland. Malam itu, Hubbard memerintahkan krunya untuk menembakkan 35 peluru kedalaman dan sejumlah peluru senjata ke tempat yang dia yakini sebagai kapal selam Jepang.[54] Kapalnya mengalami kerusakan ringan dan tiga awak terluka. Setelah kehabisan muatan kedalaman dan dengan adanya kapal selam yang masih belum dikonfirmasi oleh kapal lain, kapal Hubbard diperintahkan kembali ke pelabuhan. Sebuah laporan angkatan laut menyimpulkan bahwa "tidak ada kapal selam di daerah itu." Satu dekade kemudian, Hubbard mengklaim dalam kuliah Scientology-nya bahwa dia telah menenggelamkan kapal selam Jepang.[55]

Pada 28 Juni 1943, Hubbard memerintahkan krunya untuk menembaki Kepulauan Coronado. Hubbard tampaknya tidak menyadari bahwa pulau-pulau itu milik Meksiko yang bersekutu dengan AS, atau bahwa ia telah membawa kapalnya ke perairan teritorial Meksiko.[56] Dia ditegur dan dicopot dari komando pada 7 Juli.[56] Setelah ditugaskan kembali ke fasilitas angkatan laut di Monterey, California, Hubbard menjadi depresi dan jatuh sakit. Melaporkan sakit perut pada April 1945, ia menghabiskan sisa perang sebagai pasien di Rumah Sakit Angkatan Laut Oak Knoll di Oakland, California. Menurut ajarannya kemudian, selama ini Hubbard membuat "terobosan" ilmiah dengan menggunakan "eksperimen endokrin".[58]

Pada tanggal 15 Oktober 1947, Hubbard menulis surat kepada Administrasi Veteran secara resmi meminta perawatan psikiatri, dan mengatakan bahwa dia tidak mampu membayarnya sendiri.[15] Dalam beberapa tahun, Hubbard akan mengutuk psikiatri sebagai kejahatan, dan ini akan tumbuh menjadi tema utama dalam Scientology.

== Lihat pula ==

{{Col-begin|width=}}

{{Col-1-of-2}}

* [[Bibliografi Scientology]]
* [[Filmografi Scientology]]
* [[Rujukan Scientology dalam budaya populer]] &nbsp;
* [[Lambang Scientology]]

{{Col-2-of-2}}

* [[Scientology versus Internet]]
* [[Homoseksualitas dan Scientology]]
* [[Daftar kelompok yang dianggap sesat]]
* [[Operasi Clambake]]

{{Col-end}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Catatan ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* Behar, Richard (1991). [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865,00.html Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865,00.html |date=2012-05-24 }}, ''Time'' magazine.
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* {{cite journal |last=Bromley |first=David G. |authorlink=David G. Bromley|title=Making Sense of Scientology |year=2009 |ref=harv }} In {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi/page/n97 83]–101 |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal | last = Cowan | first = Douglas E. | author-link = Douglas E. Cowan | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G. | author2-link = David G. Bromley |title = The Church of Scientology | year = 2006 | ref = harv }} In {{cite book | last = Gallagher | first = Eugene V. | last2 = Ashcraft | first2 = W. Michael (eds.) | title = Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America | place = Westport CT | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 2006 | volume = 5 | pages = 169–196 | isbn  = 978-0-275-98712-1 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Cowan | first = Douglas E. | author-link = Douglas E. Cowan | last2 = Bromley | first2 = David G. | author2-link = David G. Bromley | title = Cults and New Religions: A Brief History | place = Malden, MA / Oxford, UK / Carlton, Victoria, Australia | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn  = 978-1-4051-6127-5 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Cusack |first=Carole M. |title=Celebrity, the Popular Media, and Scientology: Making Familiar the Unfamiliar|year=2009 |ref=harv }} In {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091/page/n403 389]–409 |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cusack |first1=Carole M. |authorlink= |last2=Digance |first2=Justine |title=Pastoral Care and September 11: Scientology's Nontraditional Religious Contribution|year=2009 |ref=harv }} In {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091/page/n449 435]–437 |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Flowers |first=Ronald B. |title=Religion in Strange Times: The 1960s and 1970s |url=https://archive.org/details/religioninstrang0000flow |publisher=Mercer University Press |location=Macon, GA |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-86554-127-6 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web|author=Frenschkowski, Marco|title=L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology: An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature|year=1999|url=http://www.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/frenschkowski.html|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050902015002/http://www.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/frenschkowski.html|archivedate=September 2, 2005}}
* {{cite book | last = Gallagher | first = Eugene V. | last2 = Ashcraft | first2 = W. Michael (eds.) | title = Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America | place = Westport CT | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 2006 | isbn  = 978-0-275-98712-1 | volume =  | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book|author=Garrison, Omar V.|title=The Hidden Story of Scientology|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenstoryofsci00garr|isbn=978-0-8065-0440-7|publisher=Citadel Press|year=1974|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hunt|first=Stephen J.|title=Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7546-3410-2|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Stephen A. |authorlink=Stephen A. Kent |year=1996 |title=Scientology's Relationship With Eastern Religious Traditions |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary Religion]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=21–36 |url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~skent/Linkedfiles/Scientology's%20Relationship%20With%20Eastern%20Religious%20Traditions%20.htm |accessdate=January 13, 2009 |doi=10.1080/13537909608580753 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902204426/http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~skent/Linkedfiles/Scientology%27s%20Relationship%20With%20Eastern%20Religious%20Traditions%20.htm |archivedate=September 2, 2012 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Kent |first=Stephen A. |authorlink=Stephen A. Kent |year=2001 |title=The French and German versus American Debate over 'New Religions', Scientology, and Human Rights |journal=Marburg Journal of Religion |volume=6 |issue=1 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/kent2.html#1 |accessdate=March 28, 2009 |doi= |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Lewis | first = James R. | author-link = James R. Lewis (scholar) | last2 = Hammer | first2 = Olav | author2-link = Olav Hammer | title = The Invention of Sacred Tradition | place = Cambridge, UK | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2007  | isbn  = 978-0-521-86479-4 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |authorlink=J. Gordon Melton |title=The Church of Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/churchofscientol00meltrich |publisher=Signature Press |year=2000 |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-56085-139-4 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Neusner|editor1-first=Jacob|editor1link=Jacob Neusner|year=2003|title=World Religions in America|url=https://archive.org/details/worldreligionsin0000unse_j3t5|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22475-2|ref=harv|chapter=Chapter 14: The Church of Scientology: A Very New American Religion|last1=DeChant|first1=Dell|last2=Jorgenson|first2=Danny L.}}
* {{cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Susan J. |authorlink=Susan J. Palmer |title=The Church of Scientology in France: Legal and Activist Counterattacks in the "War on ''Sectes''"|year=2009 |ref=harv }} In {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091/page/n309 295]–322 |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Reitman |first=Janet |title=Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/insidescientolog0000reit_r2z9 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing |year=2011 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-618-88302-8 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Richardson |first=James T. |authorlink=James T. Richardson |title=Scientology in Court: A Look at Some Major Cases from Various Nations|year=2009 |ref=harv }} In {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091/page/n297 283]–294 |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |title=The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion |publisher=Princeton Press |year=2011 |location= |isbn=978-0-691-14608-9 |title-link=The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion }}
* {{cite book|last=Willms|first=Gerald|title=Scientology: Kulturbeobachtungen jenseits der Devianz|publisher=transcript Verlag|location=Bielefeld, Germany|year=2005|isbn=978-3-89942-330-3|ref=harv|language=de}}
* {{cite journal |last=Willms |first=Gerald |title=Scientology: "Modern Religion" or "Religion of Modernity"?|year=2009 |ref=harv }} In {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=James R. |authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar) |title=Scientology |url=https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scientology00lewi_091/page/n259 245]–265 |isbn=978-0-19-533149-3 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last = Zellner | first = William W. | last2 = Petrowsky | first2 = Marc | title = Sects, Cults, and Spiritual Communities: a Sociological Analysis | place = Westport CT | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 1998 | isbn  = 978-0-275-96335-4 | ref = harv }}
{{Refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|Scientology|b=no|d=Q131036}}
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* [https://www.scientology.org/ Church of Scientology homepage]
* {{Dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Scientology/Church_of_Scientology/News_and_Media/}}
* [http://www.cesnur.org/testi/se_scientology.htm Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR List of Scientology articles)]
* [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/kent/religion.html Scientology -- Is This a Religion? by Stephen A. Kent]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131110083319/http://neuereligion.de/ENG/melton/page01.htm A Short Study of the Scientology Religion by J. Gordon Melton]
* [http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/pdfs/1999/articles/frenschkowski1999.pdf An Annotated Bibliographical Survey of Primary and Secondary Literature on L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology]
<!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================-->

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{{L. Ron Hubbard}}
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