Lihat sumber Alkitab Versi Raja James

{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Bible translation infobox 
| translation_title=Versi Raja James 
| full_name=Versi Raja James 
| abbreviation=KJV
| complete_bible_published=1611
| textual_basis=Teks Masoret (PL), Textus Receptus (PB)
| translation_type=harafiah
| copyright=Tidak ada hak cipta di luar Britania Raya
| genesis_1:1-3=In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
| john_3:16=For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
|}}
'''Versi Raja James (KJV)''' adalah sebuah [[Alkitab]] [[terjemahan]] [[bahasa Inggris]], yang pekerjaannya diperintahkan oleh Raja [[James I dari Inggris]] untuk [[Gereja Anglikan|Gereja Inggris]]. Alkitab ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada [[1611]], dan mempunyai dampak yang sangat mendalam bukan hanya terhadap kebanyakan terjemahan bahasa Inggris yang dibuat sesudahnya, tetapi juga terhadap [[kesusastraan Inggris]] pada umumnya. Karya para pengarang terkenal seperti [[John Bunyan]], [[John Milton]], [[Herman Melville]], [[John Dryden]], dan [[William Wordsworth]] penuh dengan inspirasi yang tampaknya diperoleh dari Versi Raja James. Alkitab-alkitab modern bahasa Inggris seperti [[New American Standard Bible]] dan [[English Standard Version]] umumnya adalah revisi terhadap teks Alkitab ini. Versi Raja James juga sangat mempengaruhi Alkitab lainnya seperti [[New International Version]] yang tidak mengklaim dirinya sebagai revisi atas teks ini. 

<!--Though often referred to as the '''Authorised Version (AV)''', it was never officially sanctioned by the English monarchy or the clerical hierarchy of the Church of England.   The name ''Authorised Version'' was particularly used in the [[United Kingdom]], where the name ''King James Version'' was known only as "what the Americans call it" until the AV's recent decline in popularity in its homeland.  It has no worldwide copyright, but its reproduction is perpetually restricted in certain parts of the [[United Kingdom]] under the [[royal prerogative]]. The King James Version, despite its age, is largely comprehensible to the average reader today. It is considered to be an instrumental founding block of [[Early Modern English]], and remains one of the most widely-read literary works of all time.

== Background ==

{{EnglishTranslations}}

[[Berkas:King_James_I.jpg|left|frame|[[James I of England|King James I]]'s dissatisfaction with the [[Geneva Bible]]'s [[puritan|puritanism]] led to the creation of the King James Bible.]]

[[Protestantism]] derived from [[Martin Luther]] the idea that the Bible was the sole source of doctrine (see ''[[sola scriptura]]'') and as such should be translated into the local [[vernacular]]. The act of [[Bible translation]] into any vernacular was a political as well as a religious statement, and remained so whether the Bible translation was a private endeavour, or sponsored by a monarch and his government. The English translations made by [[John Wyclif]]'s followers, and later by [[William Tyndale]], were the opening salvos of the [[Protestant Reformation]] in [[England]] and [[Scotland]].

By the time the King James Version was written, there was already a tradition going back almost a hundred years of Bible translation into English (not counting the [[Old English Bible translations]] that had been made in the [[Early Middle Ages]], before the [[Roman Catholic Church]] started mandating the exclusive use of the Latin [[Vulgate]]). The King James Bible represents a revision of Tyndale's translation. When his [[New Testament]] appeared in [[1525]], Tyndale was a "Lutheran" to the extent that [[religious denomination|denominational]] labels had meaning in [[1525]], in other words, a supporter of [[Martin Luther|Luther]]'s movement to reform the whole Christian community.  Tyndale's translation was deliberately provocative in a number of ways; he rendered [[Greek language|Greek]] ''presbuteros'', traditionally translated as "[[priest]]", as "[[elder]]" — a literal translation that slighted the connection between the Catholic [[clergy]] and the former biblical texts; in a similar fashion he translated ''ekklesia'', traditionally "[[church]]", as "[[congregation]]"; these renditions were at the basis of a notorious controversy between Tyndale and Sir [[Thomas More]], who took the establishment's side. In the preface, the translators of the King James note: ''“we have on the one side avoided the scrupulosity of the Puritans, who leave the old Ecclesiastical words, and betake them to other, as when they put WASHING for BAPTISM, and CONGREGATION instead of CHURCH:”.'' Still, despite these controversial renderings, the merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the basis for most of the subsequent renditions into [[Early Modern English]], even though Tyndale himself was [[burning at the stake|burned at the stake]] for [[heresy]]. With these controversial translations lightly edited, Tyndale's New Testament and [[Pentateuch]] became the basis for the [[Great Bible]], the first "authorized version" issued by the Church of England in the reign of King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]].

When [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] took the throne, she sought to re-establish [[Roman Catholicism]] as the established church. Some English Protestant leaders, fleeing the "fires of [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]]" instituted by Queen Mary, established an English-speaking Protestant colony at [[Geneva]].  With the help of [[Theodore Beza]], successor to [[John Calvin]] as leader of the [[Reformed churches|Reformed church]] there, they created the [[Geneva Bible]]. This translation, which first appeared in [[1560]], was a revision of Tyndale's and the [[Great Bible]], which was furnished copiously with Protestant annotations and references. By the time [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] took the throne, the flaws of the [[Great Bible]] were apparent; those parts of it not translated by [[Tyndale]] were translated from the Latin [[Vulgate]] rather than the original languages. In [[1568]] the established church responded with the [[Bishops' Bible]], but their version failed to displace the Geneva version as the most popular English version.

== The Project ==

In May 1601 King [[James VI of Scotland]] attended the [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] at St. Columba's Church in [[Burntisland]], [[Fife]], and proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into [[English]]. Two years later he acceded to the throne of England.

The King James Version was first conceived at the [[Hampton Court]] conference, which the new king called in [[1604]] to settle various religious grievances. According to an eyewitness account, Dr [[John Rainolds]] "moved his majesty that there might be a new translation of the Bible, because those which were allowed in the reign of king Henry the Eight and Edward the Sixt were corrupt and not answerable to the truth of the original." 

Rainolds offered three examples of problems with existing translations: "First, [[Epistle to Galatians|Galatians]] iv. 25. The Greek word ''susoichei'' is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostles sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, [[Psalms|psalm]] cv. 28, ‘They were not obedient;’ the original being, ‘They were not disobedient.’ Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30, ‘Then stood up Phinees and prayed,’ the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] hath, ‘executed judgment.’"

[[King James I|King James]] proposed that a new translation be commissioned to settle the controversies; he hoped a new translation would replace the [[Geneva Bible]] and its offensive notes in the popular esteem. After the [[Bishop of London]] added a qualification that no marginal notes were to be added to Rainold’s new Bible, the king cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the notes offensive. King James gave the translators instructions, which were designed to discourage polemical notes, and to guarantee that the new version would conform to the [[ecclesiology]] of the [[Church of England]]. Eventually four different editions of the King James Version were produced in 1629, 1638, 1762, and 1769. It is the 1769 edition which is most commonly cited as the King James Version (KJV).

King James's instructions included requirements that:

<blockquote>
# The ordinary Bible, read in the church, commonly called the [[Bishops' Bible]], to be followed, and as little altered as the original will permit....{{br}}
# The old ecclesiastical words to be kept; as the word church, not to be translated congregation, &c.{{br}}
# When any word hath divers significations, that to be kept which has been most commonly used by the most eminent fathers, being agreeable to the propriety of the place, and the analogy of the faith....{{br}}
# No marginal notes at all to be affixed, but only for the explanation of the Hebrew or Greek words, which cannot, without some circumlocution, so briefly and fitly be expressed in the text.{{br}}
# Such quotations of places to be marginally set down, as shall serve for the fit references of one scripture to another....{{br}}
# These translations to be used when they agree better with the text than the [[Bishops' Bible]], viz. [[William Tyndale|Tyndale's]], [[Miles Coverdale|Coverdale's]], Matthew's, [[Great Bible|Whitchurch]], [[Geneva Bible|Geneva]].
</blockquote>

King James's instructions made it clear that he wanted the resulting translation to contain a minimum of controversial notes and apparati, and that he wanted the [[episcopal]] structure of the Established Church, and traditional beliefs about an [[ordination|ordained]] clergy to be reflected in the new translation. His order directed the translators to revise the Bishop's Bible, comparing other named English versions. It is for this reason that the flyleaves of most printings of the King James Bible observe that the text had been "translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised (by His Majesty's special command.)"  At least 80% of the King James New Testament is unaltered from Tyndale's translation.

The King James Version was translated by 54 scholars (although only 51 are known) working in six committees, two based in each of [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], and [[Westminster]]. They worked on certain parts separately; then the drafts produced by each committee were compared and revised for harmony with each other. The scholars were not paid for their translation work, but were required to support themselves as best they could. Many were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge.

=== Committees ===

:'''First Westminster Company''', translating from [[Genesis]] to [[Books of Kings|2 Kings]]:
::[[Lancelot Andrewes]], [[John Overall (Bishop)|John Overall]], [[Hadrian à Saravia]], Richard Clarke, John Laifield, Robert Tighe, Francis Burleigh, Geoffry King, Richard Thompson, William Bedwell

:'''First Cambridge Company''', translated from [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles]] to the [[Song of Solomon]]:
::Edward Lively, John Richardson, [[Lawrence Chaderton]], Francis Dillingham, Roger Andrews, Thomas Harrison, Robert Spaulding, Andrew Bing

:'''First Oxford Company''', translated [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] through [[Book of Malachi|Malachi]]
::John Harding, John Reynolds, Thomas Holland, Richard  Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough

:'''Second Oxford Company''', translated the [[Gospel]]s, [[Acts of the Apostles]], and the [[Book of Revelation]]:
::Thomas Ravis, [[George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury)|George Abbot]], Richard Eedes, Giles Tomson, [[Henry Savile]], John Peryn, Ralph Ravens, John Harmar

:'''Second Westminster Company''', translated the [[Epistle]]s:
::William Barlow, John Spencer, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson

:'''Second Cambridge Company''', translated the [[Apocrypha]]:
::John Duport, William Brainthwaite, Jeremiah Radcliffe, [[Samuel Ward (scholar)|Samuel Ward]], Andrew Downes, John Bois, John Ward, John Aglionby, Leonard Hutten, Thomas Bilson, [[Richard Bancroft]]

In January [[1609]] a General Committee of Review met at [[Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers|Stationers' Hall, London]] to review the completed manuscripts from the six companies. The committee included [[John Bois]], [[Andrew Downes]], [[John Harmer]], and others known only by their initials, including "AL" (who may be [[Arthur Lake, Bishop of Bath and Wells|Arthur Lake]]).

Some have claimed that the playwright [[William Shakespeare]] was involved in the translation, pointing to [[Psalms]] 46 as proof, where, counting 46 words from the beginning, one comes upon the word "shake", and counting 46 words backwards from the end, one comes upon the word "spear". Most scholars dismiss claims of Shakespeare's involvement in translating the King James Version, and in particular reject such purported evidence as this example. Notably, the Geneva Bible and several other earlier translations contained the same coincidence, despite several of them being published before or just shortly after Shakespeare's birth. [http://av1611.com/kjbp/ridiculous-kjv-bible-corrections/psalm-46-Shakespeare-in-KJV.html] 

The original printing of the King James Version was published by [[Robert Barker]] in 1611 and could be bought [[looseleaf]] for 10&nbsp;[[shilling|s]], or bound for 12&nbsp;s.

[[Berkas:kjv.png|thumb|250px|The [[frontispiece]] to the [[1611]] [[first edition]] of the King James Bible shows the Twelve [[Apostle]]s at the top. [[Moses]] and [[Aaron]] flank the central text. In the four corners sit [[Matthew the Evangelist|Matthew]], [[Mark the Evangelist|Mark]], [[Luke the Evangelist|Luke]], and [[John the Evangelist|John]], authors of the four [[gospel]]s, with their symbolic animals.]]{{br}}

== Literary attributes ==
===Translation===
Like the earlier English translations such as Tyndale's and the Geneva Bible, the King James Version was translated from Greek and Hebrew texts, bypassing the Latin [[Vulgate]]. The King James Version's [[Old Testament]] is based on the [[Masoretic Text]] while the [[New Testament]] is based on the [[Textus Receptus]] as published by [[Erasmus of Rotterdam|Erasmus]]. The King James Version is a fairly literal translation of these base sources; words implied but not actually in the original source are specially marked in most printings (either by being inside square brackets, or as italicized text).

Compared to modern translations, there are some differences which are based in part on more recently discovered manuscripts, e.g. the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] in 1947. Some conservative [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] Protestants believe that the newer versions of the [[Bible]] are based on corrupt manuscripts and that the King James Version is truer to the original languages. This preference is partially due to the fact that many modern versions often excise or marginalize certain verses deemed by modern scholarship as later additions to the original text and thus are seen by traditionalists as tampering with the text. (See [[King-James-Only Movement]].)

In the [[Old Testament]], there are also a large number of differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences, but on a different translation of [[Biblical Hebrew Language|Ancient Hebrew]] [[vocabulary]] or [[grammar]] by the translators. Hebrew scholarship by non-Jews was not as developed in the early 17th century as it is now, and it is unclear how well the translators grasped the language. The [[New Testament]] is largely unaffected by this as the grasp of [[Ancient Greek]] was already quite firm in the West by the time the translation was made. The difference is partially caused by the fact that while there is a very large and diverse body of extra-biblical material extant in [[Ancient Greek]], there is very little such material in [[Biblical Hebrew Language|Ancient Hebrew]], and probably not even this little was known to the translators at the time. Additionally, Hebrew scholarship in modern times has been much improved by information gleaned from [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] (Syrian) and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], two [[Semitic languages]] related to Ancient Hebrew, both of which have a continuous existence as living languages. Since these languages are still in use and have larger bodies of extant material than [[Biblical Hebrew Language|Ancient Hebrew]] (especially in the case of Arabic), many Hebrew words and Hebrew grammar phenomena can now be understood in a way not available at the time the King James Version was written.

===Style===
The King James Version has traditionally been appreciated for the quality of the prose and poetry in the translation. However, the [[English language]] has changed somewhat since the time of publication, and the translators of the Bible used a version of English that is viewed by some as somewhat anachronistic and [[archaism|archaic]] today. For example, the King James Version makes liberal use of old second person singular pronouns, such as "[[thou]]". In addition, some words used in the King James Version have changed meaning in the time after the translation was made.  For example, "thou" and "thee", which were then ''familiar'' second-person pronouns (compared to the ''formal'' "ye" and "you"), have instead become highly ''formal''.  As another example, "to let" is used in the translation in the sense of "to hinder" rather than the modern meaning "to allow to happen", and "even" (a word very often introduced by the translators and thus italicized) is mostly used in the sense of "namely" or "that is". Due to this, some modern readers may find the KJV more difficult to read than more recent translations (for the same reason that some find [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] more difficult to read than more recent authors), and this is one justification put forth by advocators of modern translations. On the other hand, KJV supporters believe that most differences are small enough for modern readers to overcome with time and occasional reference to modern translations for some of the more confusing passages.

One odd aspect of the King James Version's style was originally due to grammatical uncertainty. At the time [[William Tyndale]] made his Bible translation, there was uncertainty in [[Early Modern English]] as to whether the older [[pronoun]] ''his'' or the [[neologism]] ''its'' was the proper [[genitive case]] of the third person singular pronoun ''it''. [[William Tyndale|Tyndale]] dodged the difficulty by using phrases such as ''the blood thereof'' rather than choosing between ''his blood'' or ''its blood''. By the time the King James translators wrote, usage had settled on ''its'', but [[William Tyndale|Tyndale]]'s style was familiar and considered a part of an appropriately Biblical style, and they chose to retain the old wording.

One study cited by KJV supporters compared translations using the [[Flesch-Kincaid]] grade-level formula, finding that the King James Version is at an American fifth-grader's (11-year old student's) level of reading, while the [[New International Version]], the most popular modern translation, is rated at the eighth-grader's (14-year old student's) reading level. One example given of easier wording in the King James Version is in [[Epistle to the Ephesians|Ephesians]] 4, where the King James Version uses the word "joint", whilst the [[New International Version]] uses the phrase "supporting ligament". Some KJV supporters claim that this more complicated wording exists to prevent possible infringment on the KJV's Crown Copyright within the UK, but such copyright concerns are dubious, since both are very similar to the public domain works from which they were derived.

In addition, because the King James Version was "appointed to be read in churches", and aimed at a particularly lofty style, it tends to flatten stylistic differences in the source text and aims instead for a uniformly elevated and "biblical" sounding prose. Here is a comparison between the KJV and the [[Geneva Bible]]'s rendition of [[Genesis]] 38:27-30. First the [[Geneva Bible]]:

<blockquote>
Now, when the time was come that she should be deliuered, beholde, there were twinnes in her wombe. And when she was in trauell, the one put out his hand: and the midwife tooke and bound a red threde about his hand, saying, This is come out first. But when he plucked his hand backe againe, loe, his brother came out, and the midwife said, How hast thou broken the breach vpon thee? and his name was called Pharez. And afterward came out his brother that had the red threde about his hande, and his name was called Zarah.
</blockquote>

Here, by contrast, is the same passage in the [[1611]] King James:

<blockquote>
And it came to passe in the time of her trauaile, that beholde, twinnes were in her wombe. And it came to passe when she trauailed, that ''the one'' put out his hand, and the midwife tooke and bound vpon his hand a skarlet threed, saying, This came out first. And it came to passe as he drewe back his hand, that behold, his brother came out: and she said, How hast thou broken foorth? ''this'' breach ''bee'' vpon thee: Therefore his name was called Pharez. And afterward came out his brother that ''had'' the skarlet threed vpon his hand, and his name was called Zarah.
</blockquote>

Both passages owe a great deal to [[William Tyndale|Tyndale]]'s earlier rendition of this text. But the King James text repeats ''as it came to pass'' where [[Geneva Bible|Geneva]] has ''now'' or ''and when''. As a result, the Genevan text seems livelier than the King James text in this passage.

Some modern readers are startled by some of the words used by the King James translators, such as ''[[piss]]'' (1 [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]] [http://www.biblegateway.com/cgi-bin/bible?passage=1+Sam+25%3A22&x=20&y=11&NIV_version=yes&KJV_version=yes&language=english 25:22] and 34), ''[[teat]]s'' ([[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] [http://www.biblegateway.com/cgi-bin/bible?language=english&version=NIV%3BKJV%3B&passage=Ezekiel+23%3A3&x=0&y=0 23:3]), ''[[menstruation|menstruous woman]]'' ([[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] [http://www.biblegateway.com/cgi-bin/bible?passage=Lam+1%3A17&x=0&y=0&NIV_version=yes&KJV_version=yes&language=english 1:17]), or ''[[breast|paps]]'' ([[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] [http://www.biblegateway.com/cgi-bin/bible?passage=Rev+1%3A13&x=0&y=0&NIV_version=yes&KJV_version=yes&language=english 1:13]). This frankness accurately conveys the sense of the original languages without [[euphemism]], unlike some more recent renditions such as the [[New International Version]].

Here are some brief samples of text that demonstrate the King James Version's literary style:

<blockquote>
In the beginning was the Word,
and the Word was with God,
and the Word was God.
The same was in the beginning with God.

All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life; and the life was the light of men.
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
(''John 1:1-5'')
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that
whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
(''John 3:16'')
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
When Jesus came into the coasts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples,
saying, Whom do men say that I the Son of man am?
And they said, Some [say that thou art] [[John the Baptist]]:
some [[Elias]]; and others, [[Jeremiah|Jeremias]], or one of the [[prophet]]s.
He saith unto them, But whom say ye that I am?
And [[Simon Peter]] answered and said, Thou art the Christ, the Son of
the living God.
And Jesus answered and said unto them, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona:
for flesh and blood hath not revealed [it] unto thee, but my
Father which is in heaven.
And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock
I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
(''Matthew 16:13-18'')
</blockquote>

== Subsequent history ==

While the King James Version was meant to replace the [[Bishops' Bible]] as the official version for readings in the [[Church of England]], it apparently was never specifically mandated. It nevertheless began to replace earlier editions in the Church of England.

Its acceptance by the general public took longer. The [[Geneva Bible]] continued to be quite popular, and continued to be reprinted well into the period of the [[English Civil War]], in which soldiers of the [[New Model Army]] were issued Genevan New Testaments called "The Soldiers' Bible". One early printing of the King James Bible combines the King James translation text with the Genevan marginal notes. After the [[English Restoration]], however, the [[Geneva Bible]] was held to be politically suspect, and a reminder of the repudiated [[Puritan]] era. The King James Bible then became the only current version circulated among English speaking people as familiarity and stylistic merits won it the respect of the populace.

Current printings of the King James Bible differ from the original in several ways.

[[Berkas:Kjv-hebrews.png|thumb|250px|The opening of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] of the [[1611]] edition of the King James Bible shows the original [[typeface]]. Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages.]]

=== Difference in the contents ===
The original printing of the King James Version included the "[[Apocrypha]]", so named in the text. This section includes the "[[deuterocanonical books]]" accepted as canonical by [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], but no longer considered Scripture under the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]], the doctrinal confession of the Church of England. This section also includes other non-canonical texts from the [[Vulgate]]'s appendix. This includes the [[Prayer of Manasseh]]; the [[1 Esdras|First Book of Esdras]], accepted as canon by [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] but not by Roman Catholics or Protestants; and the [[apocalypse|apocalyptic]] [[2 Esdras|Second Book of Esdras]], accepted by no denomination as canon. These texts are printed separately, between the end of the Old Testament and the beginning of the New Testament. The Septuagint's emendations to the [[Book of Esther]] and the [[Book of Daniel]] ([[The Prayer of Azariah]], [[Bel and the Dragon]], [[Susanna (Book of Daniel)|Susanna]]) are included here, rather than added to the texts of those books. From approximately [[1769]], many editions have omitted this section, and the most common contemporary editions rarely include them.

The original printing also included a number of variant readings and alternative translations of some passages; most current printings omit these. (One American edition that does still print these notes is the Cornerstone UltraThin Reference Bible, published by Broadman and Holman.) The original printing also included some marginal references to indicate where one passage of Scripture quoted or directly related to another. Most current printings omit these.

=== Prefatory material ===
The original printing contained two prefatory texts; the first was a rather fulsome ''[http://www.ccel.org/bible/kjv/preface/epistle.htm Epistle Dedicatory]'' to "the most high and mighty Prince" King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while a few cheaper or smaller American printings fail to include it.

The second, and more interesting preface was called ''[http://www.ccel.org/bible/kjv/preface/pref1.htm The Translators to the Reader]'', a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes that their goal was not to make a bad translation good, but a good translation better, and says that "we do not deny, nay we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession... containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God". Few editions anywhere include this text.

The first printing contained a number of other [[apparatus]], including a table for the reading of the Psalms at [[matins]] and [[vespers]], and a [[calendar]], an [[almanac]], and a table of holy days and observances. Much of this material has become obsolete with the adoption of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by the UK and its colonies in [[1752]] and thus modern editions invariably omit it.

=== Typeface, spelling, and format ===
The original printing was made before [[English spelling]] was standardised. They wrote "v" invariably for lower-case initial "u" and "v", and "u" for "u" and "v" everywhere else. They used long "[[long s|ſ]]" for non-final "s". The letter "j" occurs only after "i" or as the final letter in a [[Roman numeral]]. [[Punctuation]] was used differently. The printers sometimes used ''ye'' for ''the'', (replacing the [[Middle English]] [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] with the continental ''y'') and wrote ''ã'' for ''an'' or ''am'' (in the style of scribe's [[shorthand]]) and so forth when space needed to be saved. Current printings remove most, but not all, of the variant spellings; the punctuation has also been changed, but still varies from current usage norms.

The first printing used a [[black letter]] [[typeface]] instead of a Roman typeface. This contrasted with the [[Geneva Bible]], which was the first English Bible printed in a Roman typeface. It also used Roman type instead of ''[[italics]]'' to indicate text that had been supplied by the translators, or thought needful for English [[grammar]] but which was not present in the Greek or Hebrew. The first printing used the device of using different type faces to show supplied words sparsely and inconsistently. This is perhaps the most significant difference between the original text and the current text.

Even the typeface made a political and a religious statement. Like the [[Great Bible]] and the [[Bishops' Bible]], the King James Bible was "appointed to be read in churches". It was a large [[folio]] volume meant for public use, not private devotion; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it.  The [[Geneva Bible]] was always printed in Roman type, usually of the [[Garamond]] family; it was meant to be [[user-friendly]] for personal and private use. A folio Roman typeface edition of the King James Bible followed in [[1614]].

=== The current text ===
Current printings of the King James Bible are typically based on an edition published at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] in [[1769]], edited by Benjamin Blayney, rather than on the 1611 text. The Oxford edition applied the device of supplying italics for absent words much more thoroughly, corrected a number of minor errors in punctuation, and made the spelling more consistent and updated (that is, to the standards of the [[18th century]]). However, in [[2005]], [[Cambridge University Press]] released its [[New Cambridge Paragraph Bible]], edited by David Norton, which modernizes the spelling much more thoroughly (that is, to present-day standards) and introduces quotation marks into the text.


[[Berkas:Frontpiece_Cambridge.gif|right|thumb|250px|The [[University of Cambridge]] is one of the very few organisations which directly hold the right to print the King James Bible, and continues to exercise this right even today; many King James Bibles such as this one hail from the [[printing press|printing presses]] of either [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] or [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], the only other [[university]] accorded this privilege.]]

== Copyright status ==

In most of the world the King James Bible can be freely reproduced as it is long out of copyright. This is not the case in the [[United Kingdom]] itself.

In the [[United Kingdom]], the rights to the Authorised Version are held by the [[British Monarchy|British Crown]]. The rights fall outside the scope of copyright as defined in [[statute law]]. Instead they fall under the purvue of the [[royal prerogative]] and as such they are perpetual in subsistence. Publishers are licensed to reproduce the Authorised Version under [[letters patent]]. In [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] the letters patent are held by the [[Queen's Printer]], and in [[Scotland]] by the [[Scottish Bible Board]]. The office of [[Queen's Printer]] has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for many years, with the earliest known reference coming in 1577. In [[England]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] the [[Queen's Printer]] is [[Cambridge University Press]]. CUP inherited the right of being [[Queen's Printer]] when they took over the firm of [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]] in the late 20th century. [[Eyre & Spottiswoode]] had been [[Queen's Printer]] since 1901.

Other letters patent of similar antiquity grant [[Cambridge University Press]] and [[Oxford University Press]] the right to produce the Authorised Version independently of the [[Queen's Printer]]. In Scotland the Authorised Version is published by [[HarperCollins|Collins]] under license from the Scottish Bible Board, but in recent years the publisher [[Canongate]] were allowed to produce a series of individual books of the Bible under the series title "The Pocket Canons".

The terms of the letters patent prohibit those other than the holders, or those authorised by the holders from printing, publishing or importing the Authorised Version into the [[United Kingdom]]. The protection that the Authorised Version, and also the [[Book of Common Prayer]], enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the [[United Kingdom]].

It is common misconception that the [[Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] holds letters patent for being Queen's Printer. [[Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office|The Controller of HMSO]] holds a separate set of letters patent which cover the office [[Queen's Printer]] of [[Acts of Parliament]]. The [[Scotland Act 1998]] defines the position of [[Queen's Printer]] for Scotland as also being held by the [[Queen's Printer]] of [[Acts of Parliament]]. The position of Government Printer for [[Northern Ireland]] is also held by the [[Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office|Controller of HMSO]].

==Literary influence==
The King James Version has proved to have been an influence on writers and poets, whether in their literary style, or matters of content such as the images they depicted, until the advent of [[modernism]]. Although influenced by the [[Bible]] in general, they likely could not have helped being influenced by the style of writing the King James Version used, prevalent as it was during their time. [[John Hayes Gardiner]] of [[Harvard University]] once stated that "in all study of English literature, if there be any one axiom which may be accepted without question, it is that the ultimate standard of English prose style is set by the King James version of the Bible". [[Compton's Encyclopedia]] once said that the King James Version "…has been a model of writing for generations of English-speaking people." [http://www.holybible.com/resources/famous_quotes.htm]

A general effect of the King James Version was to influence writers in their model of writing; beforehand, [[author]]s generally wrote as [[scholar]]s addressing an audience of other scholars, as few ordinary [[peasant]]s were [[literate]] at the time. The King James Version, as it was meant for dissemination among the ordinary man and to be read by [[preacher]]s to their [[congregation]]s, could not afford the luxury of using such a technique. The simpler, more direct style used by the translators of the King James Version so influenced authors that their prose began to address the reader as if he or she was an ordinary person instead of a scholar, thus helping create the idea of the general reader.

[[1800s|19th century]] preacher [[Charles Spurgeon]] once declared of author [[John Bunyan]], "Read anything of his, and you will see that it is almost like reading the Bible itself." Bunyan's [[allegory|allegorical]] novel, ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'', was a cornerstone of early [[Protestantism|Protestant]] literature; frequently, it would be the second piece of literature translated into the vernacular by [[missionary|missionaries]], the first being the King James Version itself — though it is noteworthy that ''The Pilgrim's Progress'' mostly quoted from the [[Geneva Bible]].  According to [[Thomas Macaulay]], "he knew no language but the English as it was spoken by the common people; he had studied no great model of composition, with the exception of our noble translation of the Bible. But of that his knowledge was such that he might have been called a living concordance".

[[John Milton]], author of the [[blank verse]] [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', was heavily influenced by the King James Version, beginning his day with a reading from that version of the Bible; in his later life, he would then spend an hour meditating in silence.  Milton, who cast two [[Psalms]] into [[metrical psalter|meter]] at the age of 15 while an undergraduate in [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], filled his works with images obviously taken from the Bible. The poem ''[[Lycidas]]'', for example, depicted the [[Saint Peter|Apostle Peter]] and the keys he was given by [[Jesus]] according to a literal reading of the Bible:

<blockquote>
Last came and last did go{{br}}
The pilot of the Galilean lake;{{br}}
Two massy keys he bore of metals twain,{{br}}
(The golden opes, the iron shuts amain).
</blockquote>

The allusions made to the Bible by [[John Dryden]] were inescapable for those who had studied it well; as an example, in the poem ''[[Mac Flecknoe]]'', he wrote:

<blockquote>
Sinking, he left his drugget robe behind,{{br}}
Borne upward by a subterranean wind,{{br}}
The mantle fell to the young prophet's part,{{br}}
With double portion of his father's art.
</blockquote>

Several more famous writers and poets have taken inspiration from the King James Version. [[William Wordsworth]]'s poems such as ''[[Intimations of Immortality]]'' and ''[[Ode to Duty]]'' contained obvious references to the Bible. Poet [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|George Byron]] even composed poems which required prior understanding of the Bible before one could fully comprehend them, such as ''[[Jephtha's Daughter]]'' and ''[[The Song of Saul Before his Last Battle]]''. [[John Keats]] described "the sad heart of Ruth, / when, sick for home, She stood in tears amid the alien corn."

[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], an [[United States|American]] poet, once wrote "There are times when the [[grasshopper]] is a burden, and thirsty with the heat of labor the spirit longs for the waters of Shiloah, that go softly", a clear reference to the King James Version, both in its content and in its style. [[Herman Melville]], too, could not avoid being influenced by the King James Version; his book ''[[Moby Dick]]'' is clearly related to the Bible, with characters going by names such as [[Ishmael]] and [[Ahab]]. [[Walt Whitman]] was deeply influenced by the King James Version, and especially by the [[Biblical poetry]] of the [[prophet]]s and psalms.  Whitman wrote in ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'':

<blockquote>
I sit and look out upon all the sorrows of the world, and upon all oppression and shame;{{br}}	 
I hear secret convulsive sobs from young men, at anguish with themselves, remorseful after deeds done;{{br}}
I see, in low life, the mother misused by her children, dying, neglected, gaunt, desperate...
</blockquote>

The language of [[Emily Dickinson]] was informed by the Bible. [[Mark Twain]] used the book of [[Genesis]] as the basis for ''From Adam's Diary'' and ''From Eve's Diary''. ''The Rise of Silas Lapham'' by [[William Dean Howells]] uses the image of [[Jacob]] wrestling with the angel as an important metaphor. Many poems by [[T.S. Eliot]] employ images drawn from the Bible. [[Ernest Hemingway]] titled his first novel ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'', after a quote from [[Ecclesiastes]], and [[Flannery O'Connor]] drew on the gospels for the title and theme of ''[[The Violent Bear it Away]]''. The title of [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s seminal [[science fiction]] novel ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'' is a direct quote from [[Exodus]] 2:22: "And she [Zippo'rah] bare him a son, and he called his name Gershom: for he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land." [[KJV]] <sup>[[Wikisource:Bible%2C_English%2C_King_James%2C_Exodus#Chapter_2|3]]</sup>

==See also==
*[[Pocket Canons]]
*[[King-James-Only Movement]]
*[[New King James Version]] -  Published in 1982, the aim of its translators was to update the vocabulary and grammar of the King James Version, while preserving the classic style and beauty of the 1611 version.
*[[21st Century King James Version]] - a version retaining most of the language of the 1611 King James, with minor vocabulary updates -->

== Pranala luar ==
{{wikisourcepar|King James Version of the Bible}}
*[http://uk.cambridge.org/bibles/ Cambridge University Press], one of the official distributors of the King James Bible.
*[http://www.ebible.org/bible/kjv/ King James Version Text, with Apocrypha]
*[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/10 King James Bible] - plain vanilla text from [[Project Gutenberg]]
*[http://www.mybiblescripture.com King James Bible] - Compare KJV verses side by side with Revised Standard Version (RSV) Bible.

== Referensi ==

* Bobrick, Benson (2001). ''The Making of The English Bible''. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-297-60772-3
* McGrath, Alister (2002). ''In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How it Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture''. Anchor/Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-72216-8 
* Daniel, David (2003). ''The Bible in English: Its History and Influence''. Yale. ISBN 0-300-09930-4.
* Nicolson, Adam (2003) ''God's Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible'' ISBN 0-06-018516-3
* Farstad, Arthur (2003). ''The New King James Version: In The Great Tradition''. Nelson Reference. ISBN 0-7852-5175-8.
* ''The Geneva Bible 1599'' (L. L. Brown, [[1991]]) ISBN 0-9629888-0-4
* ''The Holy Bible: 1611 Edition'' (Thos. Nelson, [[1993]]) ISBN 0-8407-0028-8.
** Meskipun terbitan Nelson kini habis, salinan yang sama saat ini diterbitkan oleh Hendrickson Publishers, ISBN 1-56563-160-9. Kedua Alkitab ini menerbitkan salinan serupa dengan huruf Roman yang persis sama dengan cetakan yang diterbitkan aslinya oleh [[Universitas Oxford]] pada [[1833]].
* McAfee, Cleland Boyd (1912). [http://www.bible-researcher.com/mcafee4.html Pengaruh Versi Raja James terhadap kesusastraan Inggris]. Diambil Nov. 22, 2004.
* Forbes, Dennis (1992). Did the Almighty intend His book to be copyrighted?, ''European Christian Bookstore Journal'', April 1992
* Spurgeon, Charles (1899). ''The Last Words of Christ on the Cross''.

{{Commons|Category:King James Bible|King James Bible}}

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