Lihat sumber Yohanes dari Damaskus

{{Infobox Saint
|name=Santo Yohanes dari Damaskus
|birth_date=c. 676
|death_date={{death date|749|12|4|mf=y}}
|feast_day=[[4 December]]<br />[[27 March]] (General Roman Calendar, 1890-1969) 
|venerated_in=[[Gereja Katolik Roma]], [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur]], [[Gereja Lutheran]], [[Gereja Katolik Timur]]
|image=John Damascus (arabic icon).gif
|imagesize=200px
|caption=''John Damascene (ikon arabia)''
|birth_place=[[Damaskus]] 
|death_place=[[Mar Saba]], [[Yerusalem]]
|titles=[[Doktor Gereja]]
|beatified_date=
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|canonized_date=
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|attributes=
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|major_shrine=
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'''Santo Yohanes dari Damaskus'''([[Bahasa Arab]]: '''يوحنا الدمشقي''' Yuḥannā Al Demashqi; [[Bahasa Yunani]]: Ιωάννης Δαμασκήνος/Iôannês Damaskênos; [[Bahasa Latin]]: ''Iohannes Damascenus'' atau ''Johannes Damascenus'' juga dikenal sebagai ''John Damascene, Χρυσορρόας/Chrysorrhoas,'' "mengalir dengan emas"—yaitu, "Sang Pembicara yang Keemasan") (c. 676 – 4 Desember 4 749) adalah seorang biarawan dan imam [[Gereja Katolik]] yang berasal dari [[Syria]]. Ia lahir dan dibesarkan di kota [[Damaskus]] dan meninggal (kemungkinan terbesarnya) di biaranya Mar Saba, sebelah tenggara kota [[Yerusalem]].

Ia adalah seorang yang memiliki pengetahuan mendalam dalam banyak bidang. Bidang-bidang yang ia memiliki ketertarikan dan pernah memberikan kontribusi antara lain bidang hukum, teologi, filosofi dan musik. Ia adalah kepala administrasi penguasa Damaskus, menulis karya-karya yang menguraikan secara terperinci iman Kristiani, dan menggubah himne-himne yang masih digunakan secara umum di biara-biara Kristen Timur di seluruh dunia. Ia adalah seorang Doktor Gereja, seringkali dirujuk sebagai ''Doktor Pengangkatan Tubuh dan Jiwa'' atas dasar tulisan-tulisannya mengenai [[Maria Diangkat ke Surga]].<ref>
Christopher Rengers ''The 33 Doctors Of The Church'' Tan Books & Publishers, 200, ISBN 0-89555-440-2</ref>
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==Biography==
[[Berkas:John-of-Damascus 01.jpg|thumb|left|John of Damascus]] 
Practically all the information concerning the life of John of Damascus available to us today has come through the records of John, [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Patriarch of Jerusalem]]. Though these notes have served as the single source of biographical information, dating back to the 10th century, they have been noted by scholars as lacking detail from a historical point of view as well as a bloated writing style. The hagiographic novel ''[[Barlaam and Josaphat]]'' was traditionally attributed to John, but is in fact a work of the tenth century.<ref>R. Volk, ed., ''Historiae animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph'' (Berlin, 2006).</ref>

===Childhood===
John was brought up in [[Damascus]] in an [[Arab]] [[Arab Christians|Christian]]<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com.au/history/special/131christians/johndamascus.html Christian History - John of Damascus - 131 Christians Everyone Should Know]</ref> family living under [[Muslim]] rule. His father held a high hereditary public office with duties of chief financial officer for the [[caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik]], apparently as head of the tax department for [[Syria]].

When John reached the age of 23, his father sought out to find a [[Christian]] [[tutor]] who could provide the best education for his children. Records show that while spending some time in the marketplace, John's father encountered several captives, imprisoned as a result of a raid for prisoners of war that had taken place in the coasts of [[Italy]]. One of these, a [[Sicily|Sicilian]] monk by the name of Cosmas, turned out to be an [[wiktionary:erudite|erudite]] of great knowledge and wisdom. John's father arranged for the release of this man and appointed him tutor to his son. Under the instruction of Cosmas, John made great advances in music, [[astronomy]] and theology. According to his biographer, he soon equaled [[Diophantus]] in [[algebra]] and [[Euclid]] in [[geometry]].

===Succession to Chief Councilor===
In spite of his [[Christianity|Christian]] background, his family held an important hereditary public office in the court of the [[Muslim]] rulers of [[Damascus]], the [[Umayyad]]s. John of Damascus succeeded his father in his position upon his death: he was appointed ''protosymbullus'', or Chief Councilor of [[Damascus]]. 

It was during his term in office that [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|iconoclasm]], a movement seeking to prohibit the veneration of the icons, first appeared and gained acceptance in the [[Byzantine]] court. In 726, in disregard of the protests of [[Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople|St. Germanus]], [[List of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] issued his first edict against the [[veneration]] of images and their exhibition in public places. A talented writer in the secure surroundings of the caliph's court, John of Damascus initiated his defense against the emperor in three ''"Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying the Holy Images"'', the earliest of his works, which gained him a reputation. Not only did he attack the emperor, but the use of a simpler literary style brought the controversy to the common people, inciting revolt among those of [[Christianity|Christian]] faith. His writings later played an important role during the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] which met to settle the icon dispute.

Unable to punish the writer openly, Leo III managed to acquire a manuscript written and signed by John of Damascus, which he used to forge a letter from John to the [[Isauria| Isaurian]] emperor offering to betray into his hands the city of [[Damascus]]. Despite John's earnest advocation to his innocence, the [[caliph]] dismissed his plea, discharged him from his post, and ordered his right hand, which he used for writing, to be cut off by the wrist.

According to the 10th-century biography, his hand was miraculously restored after fervent prayer before an icon of [[the Virgin Mary]]. At this point the [[caliph]] is said to have been convinced of his innocence and inclined to reinstate him in his former office. However, John then retired to the [[monasticism|monastery]] of [[Mar Saba|Saint Sabas]] near [[Jerusalem]], where he continued to produce a series of commentaries, hymns and apologetic writings, including the ''"Octoechos"'' (the Church's service book of eight tones) and ''An Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith'', a summary of the dogmatic writings of the Early Church Fathers.

===Last Days===
John died in 749 as a revered Father of the Church, and is recognized as a [[saint]]. He is sometimes called the last of the [[Church Fathers]] by the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. In 1883 he was declared a [[Doctor of the Church]] by the [[Holy See]].

===Veneration===
When the name of Saint John of Damascus was inserted in the [[General Roman Calendar]] in 1890, it was assigned to [[27 March]]. This date always falls within [[Lent]], a period during which there are no obligatory [[Memorial (liturgy)|Memorials]]. The feast day was therefore moved in 1969 to the day of the saint's death, [[4 December]], the day on which his feast day is celebrated also in the [[Byzantine Rite]] calendar.<ref>Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 109 and 119; cf. [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=393924 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia]
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== Daftar karya ==
[[Berkas:St john damascus.gif|thumb|right|Ikon Yunani Yohanes dari Damaskus]]
=== Karya awal ===
* Tiga ''"Risalah Apologetik menentang mereka yang mencela Gambar-gambar Suci"''; Risalah-risalah ini adalah beberapa di antara penjelasan-penjelasan terperinci awalnya sebagai tanggapan atas maklumat Kaisar [[Byzantium]] Leo III yang melarang penyembahan atau pemajangan gambar-gambar suci.<ref> * ''"St. John Damascene on Holy Images, Followed by Three Sermons on the Assumption"'' – Eng. transl. by Mary H. Allies, London, 1899. </ref>

=== Ajaran dan Karya Dogmatis ===
* ''"Sumber Air Pengetahuan"'' or ''"Sumber Air Kebijaksanaan"'', dibagi menjadi tiga bagian:
*# ''"Bab-bab Filosofis"'' ''(Kephalaia philosophika)'' – Umumnya dinamai 'Dialectic', sebagian besar membahas masalah logika, tujuan utamanya adalah untuk menyiapkan para pembaca supaya bisa mengerti lebih baik lagi dari isi buku ini. 
*# ''"Mengenai Penyimpangan Terhadap Ajaran Gereja"'' ''(peri haireseon)'' – Bab terakhir bagian ini (Bab 101) membahas ''Penyimpangan Kaum Ishmael dari Ajaran Gereja''. Berbeda dengan bab-bab sebelumnya yang membahas mengenai penyimpangan terhadap ajaran gereja yang biasanya hanya beberapa baris panjangnya, bab ini memakan tempat beberapa halaman dalam karya tulisnya ini. Dokumen ini menjadi salah satu karya tulis polemik Kristiani pertama menentang [[Islam]], dan yang pertama ditulis oleh seorang yang beragama Ortodoks Yunani/''Melkite''. 
*# ''"Sebuah Penjelasan Terperinci yang Tepat mengenai Iman Ortodoks"'' ''(Ekdosis akribes tes orthodoxou pisteos)'' – Bagian ketiga buku ini dikenal sebagai bagian yang paling penting dari ''John de Damascene'', dan merupakan sebuah peninggalan Kristiani yang sangat berharga.
* ''"Paralel-paralel suci"''

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/special/131christians/johndamascus.html 131 Christians Everyone Should Know- John of Damascus]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08459b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'': St. John Damascene]
* [http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=393924 Britannica Concise Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=66 Catholic Online Saints]
* [http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc06/htm/iii.lvii.lxii.htm Details of his work]
* [http://www.geocities.com/hashanayobel/christwrit/otherfathers.htm Excerpt from John Damascene]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/johndamascus-images.html "Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images" at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook]
* [http://www.theandros.com/jdamasc.html A Philosophical Explanation of Hypostatical Union in John Damascene's Fount of Knowledge]
* [http://www.theandros.com/unbounded.html The Concept of Unbounded and Evil Matter in Plotinus and John Damascenus]
* {{gutenberg author| id=John+of+Damascus+Saint+circa | name=John of Damascus}}
* [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx "St. John of Damascus' Critique of Islam"] at the Orthodox Christian Information Center
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0675-0749-_Iohannes_Damascenus,_Sanctus.html Greek ''Opera Omnia'' by Migne, ''Patrologia Graeca'' with Alaytical Indexes]
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103473 Martyr John of Damascus] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]]

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[[Kategori:Santo dan Santa]]

[[ar:يوحنا الدمشقي]]
[[be:Іаан Дамаскін]]
[[be-x-old:Ян Дамаскін]]
[[bg:Йоан Дамаскин]]
[[br:Yann Damask]]
[[ca:Joan Damascè]]
[[cs:Jan z Damašku]]
[[de:Johannes von Damaskus]]
[[el:Ιωάννης ο Δαμασκηνός]]
[[en:John of Damascus]]
[[es:Juan Damasceno]]
[[et:Johannes Damaskusest]]
[[fi:Johannes Damaskolainen]]
[[fr:Jean Damascène]]
[[gl:Xoán Damasceno]]
[[he:יוחנן מדמשק]]
[[hu:Damaszkuszi Szent János]]
[[it:Giovanni Damasceno]]
[[ja:ダマスコのイオアン]]
[[ka:იოანე დამასკელი]]
[[la:Iohannes Damascenus]]
[[nl:Johannes Damascenus]]
[[no:Johannes av Damaskus]]
[[pl:Jan z Damaszku]]
[[pt:João Damasceno]]
[[ro:Ioan Damaschinul]]
[[ru:Иоанн Дамаскин]]
[[sh:Jovan Damaskin]]
[[sk:Ióannés Damaskénos]]
[[sl:Sveti Janez Damaščan]]
[[sq:Shna Gjoni i Damaskut]]
[[sr:Јован Дамаскин]]
[[sv:Johannes från Damaskus]]
[[sw:Yohane wa Dameski]]
[[te:యూహాన్నా అల్ దెమాష్కీ]]
[[uk:Іоанн Дамаскін]]
[[zh:大馬士革的聖約翰]]