Lihat sumber Kota Daud

{{hatnote|Artikel ini mengenai suatu lingkungan di Yerusalem. Untuk kota kelahiran Daud, lihat [[Bethlehem]].}}
[[Image:City of David.jpg|thumb|250px|Kota Daud, [[Holyland Model of Jerusalem]]]]
[[File:Siloam81.jpg|thumb|250px|Seorang turis di dalam [[Terowongan Hizkia]] pada tahun 2010]]
'''Kota Daud''' ({{lang-en|City of David}}; ({{lang-he|עיר דוד}}, ''Ir David''; {{lang-ar|مدينة داوود}}) adalah nama yang diberikan oleh orang Israel untuk daerah pemukiman tertua di [[Yerusalem]] dan situs arkeologi utama di kota itu.<ref>[[Rashid Khalidi]], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA15 ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of a Modern National Consciousness,''] Columbia University Press, 1997 p.15:(in the Arab neighbourhood of Silwan)'Israeli settlers ..are attempting to impose exclusive use of the name “City of David”, thereby giviing their current claims the patina, prestige, and legitimacy of a connection some 3,0000 years old. In this they are aided by various maps, tourist guides, and road signs produced by the Israeli government, the Jerusalem municipality, and the Israeli tourist authorities, which use the archaic name "City of David" wherever possible in place of Silwan (ironically, this Arabic name is derived from the biblical Siloam, site of the pool of the same name)'.</ref>  Merupakan suatu tebing sempit yang memanjang ke arah selatan dari [[Al-Haram asy-Syarif]] (tempat berdirinya [[Bait Suci (Yerusalem)|Bait Suci]] dahulu. Sekarang terletak di wilayah "Silwan" yang sebagian besar dihuni oleh orang [[Palestina]] di bagian [[Yerusalem Timur]].<ref>Aviad Glickman, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4167597,00.html 'Silwan man who stoned Jewish vehicle gets 4 years,'] ("Orang Silwan yang melempari kendaraan Yahudi dengan batu dihukum 4 tahun") pada "Ynet" 27 Desember 2011.</ref><ref>United Nations, [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=251auz8OBAwC&pg=PA98 ''Report of the Human Rights Council: Twelfth Session (14 September - 2 October 2009,''] UN 2010 p.98 (j).</ref> Pada [[Zaman Perunggu]] merupakan sebuah kota bertembok, dan menurut tradisi, adalah tempat di mana raja [[Daud]] mendirikan istananya dan membangun ibukotanya. Kota Daud memiliki keuntungan pertahanan dari posisinya yang dikelilingi oleh lembah Tyropoeon di sebelah barat, sekarang sudah banyak ditimbun; lembah Hinom di sebelah selatan, dan lembah [[Kidron]] di sebelah timur.

Dalam zaman purba sebelum ditempati orang Israel, daerah ini terpisah dari [[Al-Haram asy-Syarif]] oleh suatu tempat yang disebut ''[[Ofel]]'', yaitu suatu wilayah tak berpenghuni yang kemudian menjadi pusah pemerintahan orang Israel.<ref name=Mazar2009>Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, p. 21.</ref> Selama pemerintahan raja [[Hizkia]], tembok-tembok kota ini dikembangkan ke arah barat, menutupi daerah yang sebelumnya tidak terlindung tembok, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai daerah [[Kota Lama Yerusalem]], sebelah barat [[Al-Haram asy-Syarif]].
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Though largely a Palestinian township, with some Jewish settlements in the area, ongoing archeological digs by the private [[Elad]] group are excavating under many Muslim homes, reportedly causing damage<ref>[[IMEMC]][http://www.imemc.org/article/52666 'Residents of Silwan protest against the Israeli excavations under their homes,'] 9 February 2008</ref> Israeli planning authorities have approved plans to raze Palestinian homes to make the area into an archaeological park.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx%3FID%3D293646 'Erekat: Israel destroying talks by razing Silwan homes,'] at [[Maan News]], 21 June 2010.</ref>
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== Arkeologi ==
[[File:KDP IMG 4885.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Bagian dari "Struktur Batu Besar" (''Large Stone Structure'') yang diidentifikasi oleh para arkeolog sebagai bekas-bekas istana raja Daud.]]
Nahal Kidron, yang memisahkan [[Ofel]] dari Kota Tua sekarang, terletak tersembunyi di bawah puing-puing selama berabad-abad. Eksplorasi arkeologi daerah ini dimulai pada abad ke-19. Yang digali termasuk beberapa situs terkenal, antara lain [[Terowongan Hizkia]] (sistem pengadaan air), di mana ditemukan [[Inskripsi Siloam]], [[Warren's shaft]] (struktur yang lebih tua, diduga merupakan sistem pengadaan air yang lebih kuno), dan [[Kolam Siloam]] (sekarang yang ada berasal dari zaman [[Bizantin]], dan yang baru diketemukan berasal dari periode [[Bait Suci Herodes]]). Semua sistem pengadaan air ini bersumber dari mata air Gihon yang terletak di lereng sebelah timur [[Ofel]], dan umumnya dianggap sebagai alasan dibangunnya Kota ini di lokasi tersebut.<ref name=Mazar2009/>

Lokasi mata air [[Gihon]] dan [[Kolam Siloam]] telah dimasukkan ke dalam suatu Taman Arkeologi yang terbuka untuk umum. Pengunjung dapat berjalan melalui Terowongan Hizkia, di mana air masih mengalir sejak zaman purba.<ref>Archaeology and the City of David, Rick Sherrod, Good News: A Magazine of Understanding, [http://www.gnmagazine.org/issues/gn05/cityofdavid.htm]</ref>
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The earliest excavations were undertaken by [[Charles Warren]] in 1867; there have been numerous excavations since and several digs are currently underway. Complete lists of the Ottoman Era digs [http://www.archpark.org.il/excavations1a.shtml], British Mandate era digs [http://www.archpark.org.il/excavations1b.shtml], Jordanian era digs [http://www.archpark.org.il/excavations1c.shtml] and of the early Israeli era digs [http://www.archpark.org.il/excavations1d.shtml] are available at the website of the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]].

===Chalcolithic (4500&ndash;3500 BCE)===
[[Chalcolithic]] remains include bits of pottery found in clefts in the bedrock by Macalister and Duncan.<ref name="Macalister, R.A 1926">Macalister, R.A. and Duncan, J.G., Excavations on the hill of Ophel, Jerusalem, 1923-1925; being the joint expedition of the Palestine Exploration Fund and the 'Daily Telegraph', London, 1926.</ref> The expedition also discovered a number of artifices cut into the bedrock. These included places where the rock had been smoothed and others where it had been cut to form flow channels. There were also several groups of small basins, sometimes called cupmarks, cut into the bedrock. These are assumed to have been used for some form of agricultural processing. Macalister and Duncan speculated that they were used in olive oil processing.<ref name="Macalister, R.A 1926"/>
[[Edwin C. M. van den Brink]], who notes that similar carved basins have been found at [[Beit Shemesh]] and near [[Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut]] speculates that they may have been created by repeated grinding and crushing activity, such as the grinding of grain or the crushing of olives.<ref>Edwin C. M. van den Brink, "A New Fossil Directer of the Chalcolithic Landscape in the Shephelah and the Samarian and Judaean Hill Countries: Stationary Grinding Facilities in Bedrock", IEJ 58.1 (2008), pp.1-23.</ref> Eilat Mazar speculates that they were used to collect rainwater.<ref name=Mazar2009/>

===Early Bronze Age (3500&ndash;2350 BCE)===
Pieces of pottery.

===Middle Bronze Age (2000&ndash;1550 BCE)===
[[Middle Bronze Age]] Jerusalem is mentioned several times in Egyptian texts from the 19th-18th centuries BCE.<ref name="Mazar, Eilat 2007, p. 23">Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, p. 23.</ref> It is mentioned in this era in the biblical story of [[Melchizedek]].(Genesis 14:18-20) In this period the city is sufficiently large and powerful to construct a "massive" stone wall to defend its water supply, the [[Gihon Spring]], by protecting the vulnerable passage from the top of the hill to the spring tower below.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/09/04/israel.wall.discovered/index.html 'Massive' ancient wall uncovered in Jerusalem]</ref>

===Late Bronze Age (1550&ndash;1200 BCE)===
Pottery and bronze arrowheads dating form this period have been found.<ref name=Mazar2009/>

In 2010, a fragment of a [[clay tablet]] dating from the 14th century BCE was uncovered, making it the oldest written document yet uncovered in Jerusalem. It is dated by the writing it bears, in an ancient [[Akkadian]] [[cuneiform]] script. The text was deciphered by graduate student Takayoshi Oshima working under professor [[Wayne Horowitz]]. According to Horowitz, the quality of the writing indicates that this was a royal inscription, apparently a letter from the king of Jerusalem to the pharaoh in Egypt.<ref name=Hartman>[http://www.jidaily.com/uOZ/e]"Oldest written document ever found in J'lem," Hartman, July 12, 2010, Jerusalem Post.</ref> Professor [[Christopher Rollston]] points out that there is no mention of any personal names or titles and no place names in the document. He notes that the quality of the script is good but that this does not show that it is "international royal correspondence." He also suggests that caution should be taken before positing a definite date as it is not a stratified find, having been discovered after excavation in a 'wet sieving' process.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rollston|first=Christopher|title=Rollston’s Reflections on the Fragmentary Cuneiform Tablet from the Ophel: A Critique of the Proposed Historical Context|url=http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=90|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

===Iron Age I (1200&ndash;980/70 BCE)===
[[File:JW IMG 4893.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Jebusite city wall.]]
[[Jebusite]] city. A city wall dating to no later than the twelfth century BCE has been uncovered, and neither its existence nor the existence of a fortified city at that date is in dispute. On one side of the controversy are those who maintain the plausibility or validity of the biblical account of a conquest by troops under [[King David]] who, as described in the Bible, captured the city not only by breaching the walls,<ref>I Kings 11:27 and I Chronicles 11:8</ref> but also by climbing upwards through the ancient water system at the [[Gihon Spring]].<ref>II Samuel 5:8</ref> The supposition is that the Israelites continued to use the intact Jebusite walls and extended the city northward, under king Solomon, to include the Temple Mount.<ref>I Kings 9:15</ref>

===Iron Age IIa (1000–900 BCE)===
[[Image:Ir-david03.jpg|thumb|200px|Stepped Stone Structure (Millo).]]
[[File:Hezekiahs tunnel.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Sign at the center of [[Hezekiah's Tunnel]]]]

The period of the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, corresponding to the biblical Kings [[David]] and [[Solomon]], has been the subject of an intense scholarly dispute, as well as of ongoing archaeological investigations.<ref>{{cite web |title=The world of archeology is rocked by evidence of King David's palace unearthed in Jerusalem |url=http://www.aish.com/jw/j/48961251.html |date= 2009-06-29 |author= Rachel Ginsberg |publisher=Aish.com |accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref>

The 2005 discovery by archaeologist [[Eilat Mazar]] of a [[Large Stone Structure]], which she dated to the tenth century BCE, would be evidence of buildings in Jerusalem of a size appropriate to the capital of a centralized kingdom at that time. Others, most notably [[Israel Finkelstein]] of [[Tel Aviv University]], argue that the structure could, for the most part, be from the much later [[Hasmonean]] period.<ref name="Finkelstein2007">[[Israel Finkelstein]], [[Ze'ev Herzog]], [[Lily Singer-Avitz]] and [[David Ussishkin]] (2007), [http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/TA34-2_King_David.pdf Has King David's Palace in Jerusalem Been Found?], ''Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University'', '''34'''(2), 142-164</ref> However, new evidence continues to emerge from the dig. Mazar's date is supported by 10th century imported luxury goods found within the large Stone Structure, including two Phoenician-style ivory inlays once attached to iron objects, comparable objects found in a Phoenician tomb at [[Achziv]] suggest that they may have decorated a sword handle.<ref>Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, pp. 52-3.</ref> A quantity of luxury round, carinated bowls with red slip and hand burnishing support both the tenth century date and a sophisticated, urban lifestyle.<ref name="Mazar, Eilat 2007, p. 52">Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, p. 52.</ref> A bone has been radiocarbon dated by Elisabetta Boaretto at the Weizmann Institute, showing a probability date between 1050 and 780 BCE.<ref name="Mazar, Eilat 2007, p. 52"/> A large section of a "delicate and elegant" Black-on-red jug, also found in the structure, is of a kind dated to the second half of the tenth century BCE.<ref>Color photo in Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, p. 53.</ref><ref>Herzog, H. and Sinver-Avitz, L., Redefining the Center: The Emergence of State in Judah, Tel Aviv, 31/2, 2004, pp. 209-44.</ref>

In 2010 [[Eilat Mazar|Mazar]] announced the discovery of what Mazar believed to be a [[Ancient city walls around the City of David|10th-century BCE city wall]]. According to Mazar, ""It's the most significant construction we have from First Temple days in Israel," and "It means that at that time, the 10th century, in Jerusalem there was a regime capable of carrying out such construction." The 10th century BCE is the period the Bible describes as the reign of King Solomon. Aren Maeir, an archeology professor at Bar Ilan University, said he has yet to see evidence that the fortifications are as old as Mazar claims.<ref>Jerusalem city wall dates back to King Solomon, Jerusalem Post, Fe. 23, 2010, [http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=169388]</ref>

====Necropolis====
[[File:Tomb of Pharao's Daughter.JPG|thumb|left|Remnants of the [[Monolith of Silwan|Tomb of Pharaoh's daughter]]]]
The [[Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel|elaborate rock-cut tombs]] of the Israelite period, dating from the 9th to the 7th centuries BCE are found on the ridge on the far side of the [[Kidron Valley]] in and under the Arab village of [[Silwan]].<ref name=Ussishkin70>The Necropolis from the Time of the Kingdom of Judah at Silwan, Jerusalem, David Ussishkin, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 33, No. 2 (May, 1970), pp. 33-46,</ref> These are large, elaborate tombs of finely-cut stone,such as could only have been built by the highest-ranking members of a wealthy society. According to [[David Ussishkin]], "here ministers, nobles and notables of the kingdom of Judah were buried."<ref name=Ussishkin70/>

The architecture of the tombs and the manner of burial is different "from anything known from contemporary Palestine. Elements such as entrances located high above the surface, gabled ceilings, straight ceilings with a cornice,13 trough-shaped resting-places with pillows, above-ground tombs, and inscriptions engraved on the facade appear only here."<ref name=Ussishkin70/> However, the stone benches were carved with headrests in a style borrowed from Egyptian [[Hathor]] wig.<ref>Joffe, Alexander, The Rise of Secondary States in the Iron Age Levant, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002, pp. 425-467.</ref> Ussishkin believes that the architectural similarity to building styles of the Phoenician cities validates the biblical description of Phoenician influence on the Israelite kingdoms, but speculates that some or all of the tombs may have been built by Phoenician aristocrats living in Jerusalem.<ref name=Ussishkin70/>

Although only three partial inscriptions survive, the paleography makes the dating certain <ref name=Ussishkin70/> and they suffice for most archaeologists to identify one tomb with the Biblical [[Shebna]], steward and treasurer of King [[Hezekiah]].<ref name=Rahmani2>"Ancient Jerusalem's Funerary Customs and Tombs: Part Two, L. Y. Rahmani, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 229-235.</ref>

===Iron Age IIIb (8th century &ndash; 586 BCE)===
This is the period that corresponds to the biblical Kings [[Hezekiah]] through [[Josiah]] and the destruction of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]].

King Hezekiah secured the city's water supply against siege by digging the [[Hezekiah Tunnel]] through bedrock and covering over all signs of the [[Gihon Spring]] and the fortifications that had surrounded it in earlier periods. He built the [[Pool of Siloam]] as a water reservoir. Hezekiah then surrounded the new reservoir and the city's burgeoning western suburbs with a new [[Broad Wall (Jerusalem)|city wall]].<ref>Jerusalem: an archaeological biography, [[Hershel Shanks]],Random House, 1995, p. 80.</ref><ref>Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: The finds from areas A, W and X-2 : final report
Volume 2 of Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969-1982, Nahman Avigad, Hillel Geva, Israel Exploration Society, 2000.</ref>

===Babylonian and Persian periods (586&ndash;322 BCE)===
Two [[Bulla (seal)|bullae]] in the neo-Babylonian style, one showing a priest standing beside an altar to the gods [[Marduk]] and [[Nabu]].<ref>Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, pp. 77-8.</ref> A polished, black, stone [[Scaraboid seal]] showing a "Babylonian cultic scene" of two bearded men standing on each side of an altar dedicated to the Babylonian moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]]. The scaraboid is understood to have been produced in Babylonia, with space left below that altar for a personal name. In that space are Hebrew letters that [[Peter van der Veen]] has read as the name ''Shelomit''.<ref>Mazar, Eilat, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David, Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005-2007, Shoham, Jerusalem and New York, 2009, pp. 78-9.</ref>

===Hasmonean and Herodian periods (167 BCE &ndash; 70 CE)===
Major archaeological finds include the [[Pool of Siloam]], the [[Jerusalem pilgrim road]], the palace of Queen [[Helena of Adiabene]] and the [[Jerusalem Water Channel]]. Active Roman-era excavations are also underway at the [[Givati Parking Lot dig]] site.<ref name=JPoststaff>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=186462 "2,000 year-old cameo found in Jerusalem,"] Aug. 30, 2010, Jerusalem Post.</ref>

===New Testament references for the City of David being Bethlehem===
Jesus birth in Bethlehem also called City of David

Luke 2:4
"Of course, Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, unto the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David,"

Luke 2:11
"For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord."

===Byzantine and early Islamic Periods (324&ndash;1099 CE)===
Byzantine era mansion called the ''House of Eusebius.''<ref name="Daily Telegraph' 1926">Macalister, R.A. and Duncan, J.G., Excavations on the hill of Ophel, Jerusalem, 1923-1925
being the joint expedition of the Palestine Exploration Fund and the 'Daily Telegraph', London, 1926.</ref>

==Modern period==
[[Image:JPF-Ophel - City of David.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Ir David and the [[Mount of Olives]]]]
Mid-19th century photographs taken by Scotsman [[James Graham (photographer)]] (1853–57) show the ridge of Ir David as being devoid of housing. It is terraced and planted, apparently, with olive trees.<ref>Photos available in "Picturing Jerusalem, James Graham and Michael Diness, photographers", ed. Nissan N. Perez, Israel Museum, 2007. p. 31 and others.</ref>

Modern settlement began in 1873-1874, when the [[Meyuchas]] family, a Jewish rabbinical and merchant family that had lived in Jerusalem since their expulsion from Spain, moved a short distance outside the city walls to a house on the ridge.<ref>Yemin Moshe: The Story of a Jerusalem Neighborhood, Eliezer David Jaffe, Praeger, 1988, p. 51</ref> During the latter stages of the [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate era]] the nearby Arab village of [[Silwan]] expanded up the ridge as well. After the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], the whole area fell on the eastern side of the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] under [[Jordan]]ian control. [[Arab]] families continued to live on the ridge and to build houses there after 1967. From 1968 to 1977 the [[Israel Exploration Society]] started the first excavations at the Ophel, lead by [[Benjamin Mazar]] and [[Eilat Mazar]].<ref>Excavations on the South of the Twemple mount. The Ophel od Biblical Jerusalem'', Qedem. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , No. 29, 1989 ISSN 0333-5844</ref>

===Kontroversi ===
{{main|King's Garden}}
The right to control both the archaeological and the residential aspects of the City of David is hotly contested by Israelis and Palestinians.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/26/jerusalem-city-of-david-palestinians-archaeology Ahdaf Soueif writes on Ir David's settling of Silwan in the Guardian]</ref> There is a proposal to turn most of the area into an archaeological park,<ref>http://www.archpark.org.il/about_gen.shtml</ref> and to restore a part of the [[Kidron Valley]] currently inhabited by Palestinians as a park to be called the [[Garden of the King]].<ref name=Selig>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx? id=168833] Gan Hamelech residents wary of Barkat’s redevelopment plan, Abe Selig, Feb. 16, 2010, Jerusalem Post.</ref>
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== Lihat pula ==
*[[Silwan]]
*[[Bait Suci Salomo]]
*[[Ancient city walls around the City of David]]
*[[Tel Motza temple]]

==Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|City of David}}
*[http://www.cityofdavid.org City of David]
*[http://www.alt-arch.org From Shiloah to Silwan project]
*[http://www.ir-amim.org.il/Eng/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Silwanreporteng.pdf Shady Dealings in Silwan: An Ir Amim Report]
*[http://www.bib-arch.org/e-features/king-davids-palace.asp Did I Find King David's Palace?] Biblical Archaeology Review
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/26/jerusalem-city-of-david-palestinians-archaeology The Dig Dividing Jerusalem: Ahdaf Soueif writes on Silwan in the Guardian]

{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kota Daud}}
[[Category:City of David]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible mountains]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Siloam]]
[[Category:Daud]]
[[Category:Tmpat di Alkitab]]