Lihat sumber Allium

{{taxobox
|color= lightgreen
| name = Allium
| image = Allium_sativum_Woodwill_1793.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Allium sativum''
<!--| authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]-->
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monokotiledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Alliaceae]]
| genus = ''Allium''
| type_species = ''[[Allium sativum]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}
[[File:Alliumspecies.jpg|thumb|Spesies ''Allium'', ''[[Allium flavum|A. flavum]]'' di sebelah kiri]]
'''''Allium''''' adalah [[genus]] [[bawang]] yang meliputi bermacam-macam [[tumbuhan bunga]] [[monocotyledonous]] dan di dalamnya termasuk [[bawang merah]], [[bawang putih]], [[bawang kucai]], [[bawang daun]], [[bawang bombai]], dan [[bawang prei]]. [[:en:Genus name|Nama genus]] ''Allium'' merupakan kata [[bahasa Latin|Latin]] untuk [[bawang putih]];<ref name="quattrocchi2000">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set)</ref> Linnaeus menggunakan kata ''allium'' untuk menamai genus ini. Sejumlah sumber merujuk kepada kata Yunani αλεω (''aleo''; "menghindari") karena alasan bau bawang putih.<ref name=Block2010>{{cite book | author=Eric Block | title=Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-85404-190-9}}</ref><!--  The almost universal eating and [[cooking]] of parts of the plants owes to the large variety of flavours and textures of the species. After cultivation from time immemorial about a dozen species are economically important as crops, or garden [[vegetable]]s, and an increasing number of species are important as ornamental plants.<ref name=Block2010/><ref name=Davies>{{cite book | author=Dilys Davies | title=Alliums: The Ornamental Onions | publisher=Timber Press | year=1992 | isbn= 0-88192-241-2}}</ref>-->
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The allocation of a plant to the ''Allium'' genus is [[Plant taxonomy|taxonomically]] difficult and [[species]] boundaries are unclear. Most authorities accept about 750 species.<ref name="hirschegger2010">Pablo Hirschegger, Jernej Jaške, Peter Trontelj, and Borut Bohanec. 2010. "Origins of ''Allium ampeloprasum'' horticultural groups and a molecular phylogeny of the section Allium (''Allium''; Alliaceae)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''54'''(2):488-497. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.030}}</ref> Estimates of the number of species have been as low as 260,<ref name="rahn1998"/> and as high as 979.<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Allium "Kew Checklist of Plants"]</ref> The [[type species]] for the genus is ''[[Garlic|Allium sativum]]''.<ref name="ingallium">''Allium'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: [[Regnum Vegetabile]] (see ''External links'' below).</ref>

''Allium'' species occur in [[temperate climate]]s of the [[northern hemisphere]], except for a few species occurring in Chile (such as ''[[Allium juncifolium|A. juncifolium]]''), Brazil (''[[Allium sellovianum|A. sellovianum]]''), and tropical Africa (''[[Allium spathaceum|A. spathaceum]]''). They vary in height between 5&nbsp;cm and 150&nbsp;cm. The [[flower]]s form an [[umbel]] at the top of a leafless stalk. The [[bulb]]s vary in size between species, from small (around 2–3&nbsp;mm in diameter) to rather large (8–10&nbsp;cm). Some species (such as Welsh onion ''[[Allium fistulosum|A. fistulosum]]'') develop thickened leaf-bases rather than forming bulbs as such.

Plants of the ''Allium'' genus produce chemical compounds (mostly derived from [[cysteine]] sulfoxides) that give them a characteristic (alliaceous) onion or garlic taste and odor.<ref name=Block2010/> Many are used as food plants, though not all members of the genus are equally flavorous. In most cases, both bulb and leaves are edible and the taste may be strong or weak, depending on the species and on ground [[sulfur]] (usually as sulfate) content.<ref name=Block2010/> In the rare occurrence of sulfur-free growth conditions, all ''Allium'' species lose their usual pungency altogether.

In the [[APG III system|APG III classification system]], ''Allium'' is placed in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Amaryllidaceae]], subfamily [[Allioideae]] (formerly the family Alliaceae).<ref>{{Citation |last=Chase |first=M.W. |last2=Reveal |first2=J.L. |last3=Fay |first3=M.F. |year=2009 |title=A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=132–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x|lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref>  In some of the older [[Systematics|classification systems]], ''Allium'' was placed in [[Liliaceae]].<ref name=Block2010/><ref name=Davies/><ref>James L. Brewster, "Onions and Other Alliums" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2008)</ref><ref>Haim D. Rabinowitch, Leslie Currah, "Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances" (Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002)</ref><ref>Penny Woodward, "Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums" (South Melbourne: Hyland House, 1996)</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown this [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Liliaceae is not [[monophyletic]].

''Allium'' is one of about fifty-seven genera of flowering plants with more than 500 species.<ref name="frodin2004">David G. Frodin. 2004. "History and concepts of big plant genera" ''Taxon'' '''53'''(3):753-776.</ref> It is by far the largest genus in the Amaryllidaceae, and also in the Alliaceae in [[Biological classification|classification]] [[List of systems of plant taxonomy|systems]] in which that family is recognized as separate.<ref name="rahn1998">Knud Rahn. 1998. "Alliaceae" pages 70-78. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8</ref>

==Description==
''Allium'' species are herbaceous perennials with flowers produced on [[Scape (botany)|scape]]s. They grow from solitary or clustered tunicate bulbs and many have an onion odor and taste. Plants are perennialized by bulbs that reform annually from the base of the old bulb, or are produced on the ends of [[rhizome]]s or, in a few species, at the ends of [[stolon]]s. A small number of species have [[tuber]]ous roots. The bulbs' outer coats are commonly brown or grey, with a smooth texture, and are fibrous, or with cellular reticulation. The inner coats of the bulbs are membranous.

Many alliums have basal leaves that commonly wither away from the tips downward before or while the plants flower, but some species have persistent foliage. Plants produce from one to 12 leaves, most species having linear, channeled or flat leaf blades. The leaf blades are straight or variously coiled, but some species have broad leaves, including ''A. victorialis'' and ''A. tricoccum''. The leaves are [[:wikt:Sessile|sessile]], and very rarely narrowed into a [[:wikt:Petiole|petiole]].

The flowers are erect or in some species pendent, having six petal-like [[tepal]]s produced in two whorls. The flowers have one [[Gynoecium|style]] and six epipetalous [[stamen]]s; the [[anther]]s and [[pollen]] can vary in color depending on the species. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovaries]] are superior, and three-lobed with three [[locule]]s.

[[File:Allium oreophilum ÖBG 2014-05-25 (04).jpg|thumb|upright|Capsule of ''[[Allium oreophilum]]''.]]
The fruits are capsules that open longitudinally along the capsule wall between the partitions of the locule.<ref name="efloras.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=101086 |title=Allium in Flora of China @ |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=101086 |title=Allium in Flora of North America @ |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> The seeds are black, and have a rounded shape.

The [[wikt:terete|terete]] or flattened flowering scapes are normally persistent. The inflorescences are [[umbel]]s, in which the outside flowers bloom first and flowering progresses to the inside. Some species produce [[bulbil]]s within the umbels, and in some species, such as ''[[Allium paradoxum]]'', the bulbils replace some or all the flowers. The umbels are subtended by noticeable spathe bracts, which are commonly fused and normally have around three veins.

Some bulbous alliums increase by forming little bulbs or "offsets" around the old one, as well as by [[seed]]. Several species can form many bulbils in the flowerhead; in the so-called "[[tree onion]]" or Egyptian onion (''A.'' ×&thinsp;''proliferum'') the bulbils are few, but large enough to be [[pickling|pickled]].

Many of the species of ''Allium'' have been used as food items throughout their ranges. There are several poisonous species that are somewhat similar in appearance (e.g. in North America, death camas, ''[[Toxicoscordion venenosum]]''), but none of these has the distinctive scent of onions or garlic.<ref>Peterson, R.P. 1982. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants: Eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.</ref><ref>Gibbons, E. 1962. Stalking the wild asparagus. David McKay, New York.</ref>-->
[[File:wild garlic allium ursinum arp.jpg|thumb|''[[Allium ursinum]]'' (''wild garlic''; "bawang putih liar") di daerah pepohonan di [[Bristol]], [[Inggris]].]]

==Taksonomi ==
[[Taksonomi]] [[genus]] ''Allium'' sukar dipahami, karena memuat pemerian salah yang berkembang luas. ''Allium spicatum'' oleh banyak penulis diperlakukan sebagai ''Milula spicata'', satu-satunya [[spesies]] dalam [[genus]] [[:en:Monotypic taxon|monospesifik]] ''Milula''. Pada tahun 2000, dibuktikan merupakan [[:en:Paraphyly|anggota]] genus ''Allium''.<ref name="friesen2000">Nikolai Friesen, Reinhard M. Fritsch, Sven Pollner and Frank R. Blattner. 2000. "Molecular and Morphological Evidence for an Origin of the Aberrant Genus ''Milula'' within Himalayan Species of ''Allium'' (Alliacae)". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''17'''(2):209-218. {{doi|10.1006/mpev.2000.0844}}</ref>
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=== Subdivision ===
Some phylogenetic constructions of the genus divide it into subgenera and or sections, some of which like ''Caloscordum'' Herb., ''Milula'' and ''Nectaroscordum'' were previously separate genera in [[Gilliesieae]].{{sfn|Li et al.|2010}}{{sfn|Sykorova|2006}} In 2006, a [[phylogeny]] of ''Allium'' was published based on the [[cell nucleus|nuclear]] [[Ribosome|ribosomal]] [[gene]] [[Internal transcribed spacer|ITS]]. The authors of this study divided ''Allium'' into 15 [[subgenera]] and 72 [[section (botany)|sections]].<ref name="friesen2006">[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228372845_Phylogeny_and_new_intrageneric_classification_of_Allium_%28Alliaceae%29_based_on_nuclear_ribosomal_DNA_ITS_sequences , Reinhard M. Fritsch, and Frank R. Blattner. 2006. "Phylogeny and new intrageneric classification of ''Allium'' (Alliaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences". ''Aliso'' '''22''' (''Monokotil: Comparative Biology and Evolution''):372-395.]</ref> They defined the subgenus ''Rhizirideum'' in a much narrower sense than in previous classifications.

Subsequent [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown the 2006 classification is a considerable improvement over previous classifications, but some of its subgenera and sections are probably not [[monophyletic]]. One of these studies focused on the subgenus ''Amerallium'', which is strongly [[Resampling (statistics)|supported]] as monophyletic.<ref name="nguyen2008">Nhu H. Nguyen, Heather E. Driscoll, and Chelsea D. Specht. 2008. "A molecular phylogeny of the wild onions (''Allium''; Alliaceae) with a focus on the western North American center of diversity". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''47'''(3):1157-1172. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.006}}</ref> Another study focused on ''[[Allium ampeloprasum]]'' and its relatives within the section ''Allium'' of subgenus ''Allium''.<ref name="hirschegger2010"/> [[Sample (material)|Sampling]] in this study was not sufficient to test the monophyly of section ''Allium''.
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===Spesies===
<!--{{main|List of Allium species}}-->

Spesies termasuk:
{{Div col|2}}
*''[[Allium acuminatum]]'' — tapertip onion, Hooker's onion
*''[[Allium allegheniense]]'' — Appalachian onion
*''[[Allium ampeloprasum]]'' (juga disebut ''Allium porrum'') — bawang prei liar (berdaun lebar)
**''A. ampeloprasum'' var. ''ampeloprasum'' — [[elephant garlic]]
**''A. ampeloprasum'' var. ''kurrat'' — [[kurrat]]
**''A. ampeloprasum'' var. ''porrum'' — [[bawang prei]]
*''[[Allium anceps]]'' — twinleaf onion
*''[[Allium angulosum]]'' — mouse garlic
*''[[Allium aflatunense]]'' — flowering onion
*''[[Allium atrorubens]]'' — dark red onion
*''[[Allium caeruleum]]'' — blue globe onion
*''[[Allium campanulatum]]'' — dusky onion
*''[[Allium canadense]]'' — Canadian garlic
*''[[Allium cepa]]'' — [[bawang bombai]]
*''[[Allium cernuum]]'' — nodding onion
*''[[Allium chinense]]'' — Chinese onion, Chinese scallion, Japanese scallion, Oriental onion
*''[[Welsh onion|Allium fistulosum]]'' — Welsh onion
* ''[[Allium galanthum]]''
*''[[Allium giganteum]]'' — giant onion
*''[[Allium hollandicum]]'' — flowering onion
*''[[Allium libani]]'' — Lebanese onion
*''[[Allium neapolitanum]]'' — white garlic
*''[[Allium nevii]]'' — Nevius' garlic
*''[[Allium nigrum]]'' — black garlic
*''[[Allium oleraceum]]'' — field garlic
*''[[Allium oschaninii]]'' — [[bawang merah]]
*''[[Allium paradoxum]]'' — few-flowered garlic
*''[[Allium ramosum]]'' — fragrant garlic
*''[[Allium sativum]]'' — [[bawang putih]]
*''[[Allium schoenoprasum]]'' — chives
*''[[Allium scorodoprasum]]'' — sand leek
*''[[Allium siculum]]'' — Mediterranean bells, Sicilian honey garlic
*''[[Allium sieberianum]]'' — Schult.f.
*''[[Allium stipitatum]]'' — Persian shallot
*''[[Allium textile]]'' — prairie onion
*''[[Allium tricoccum]]'' — wild leek, ramp
*''[[Allium triquetrum]]'' — three-cornered leek, triquetous garlic
*''[[Allium tuncelianum]]'' — Tunceli garlic, Ovacik garlic
*''[[Garlic chives|Allium tuberosum]]'' — Chinese chives
*''[[Allium ursinum]]'' — buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear's garlic
*''[[Allium vineale]]'' — crow garlic, wild garlic
{{Div col end}}
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==Distribution and habitat==
The majority of ''Allium'' species are native to the [[Northern Hemisphere]], mainly in Asia. A few species are native to Africa and Central and South America.<ref name="efloras.org"/> Species grow in various conditions from dry, well-drained mineral-based soils to moist, organic soils; most grow in sunny locations, but a number also grow in forests (e.g., ''A. ursinum''),<ref name=Block2010/> or even in swamps or water.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Ecology==
Various ''Allium'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of the [[leek moth]] and [[onion fly]]<ref name=Block2010/> as well as some [[Lepidoptera]] including [[cabbage moth]], [[Common Swift (moth)|common swift]] moth (recorded on garlic), [[garden dart]] moth, [[large yellow underwing]] moth, [[Nutmeg (moth)|nutmeg]] moth, [[setaceous Hebrew character]] moth, [[turnip moth]] and ''[[Schinia|Schinia rosea]]'', a moth that feeds exclusively on ''Allium'' species.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Cultivation==
Many ''Allium'' species have been harvested through human history, but only about a dozen are still economically important today as crops or garden [[vegetable]]s.<ref name=Block2010/><ref name="S&S">{{cite book|title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices |editor=Stanley Schuler |isbn=0-671-73489-X |author=Gualtiero Simonetti |year=1990 |publisher=Simon & Schuster, Inc}}</ref> These include [[onion]]s (''A. cepa''), [[French shallot]]s (''A. oschaninii''), [[Leek (vegetable)|leeks]] (''A. ampeloprasum''), [[scallions]] (various ''Allium'' species), and [[herb]]s such as [[garlic]] (''A. sativum'') and [[chives]] (''A. schoenoprasum''). Others are [[Horticulture|cultivated]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]].<ref name="rhs">Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).</ref>

===Ornamental===
[[File:Selection of cultivated Alliums.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Selection of cultivated alliums displayed at the [[BBC Gardeners' World]] show in June 2011.]]

Some ''Allium'' species, including ''[[Allium cristophii|A. cristophii]]'' and ''[[Allium giganteum|A. giganteum]]'', are used as [[herbaceous border|border]] plants for their ornamental flowers, and their "architectural" qualities.<ref name=Davies/><ref name="RHS A-Z">Brickell, Christopher (Editor-in-chief),''The Royal Horticultural Society A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants'', p.95, Dorling Kindersley, London, 1996, ISBN 0-7513-0303-8</ref> Several [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been bred, or selected, with rich purple flowers. ''A. hollandicum'' 'Purple Sensation' is one of the most popular and has been given an [[Award of Garden Merit]] (H4).<ref name=PlantFinder>''RHS Plant Finder 2009–2010'', p68, Dorling Kindersley, London, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4053-4176-9</ref> These ornamental onions produce spherical umbels on single stalks in spring and summer, in a wide variety of sizes and colours, ranging from white (''Allium'' 'Mont Blanc'), blue (''A. caeruleum''), to yellow (''A. flavum'') and purple (''A. giganteum''). By contrast, other species (such as invasive ''A. triquetrum'' and ''A. ursinum'') can become troublesome garden [[weed]]s.<ref name="RHS A-Z"/><ref name=Lloyd&Rice>Lloyd, Christopher & Rice, Graham, (1991) ''Garden Flowers From Seed'', p45, Viking, ISBN 0-670-82455-0</ref>

The hybrid cultivars 'Beau Regard',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5984 |title=RHS Plant Selector Allium 'Beau Regard' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> 'Gladiator',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=96 |title=RHS Plant Selector Allium 'Gladiator' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> and 'Globemaster'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=97 |title=RHS Plant Selector Allium 'Globemaster' AGM / RHS Gardening |publisher=Apps.rhs.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-12-11}}</ref> have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s Award of Garden Merit.
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==Toksisitas==
[[Anjing]] dan [[kucing]] sangat rentan terhadap keracunan setelah memakan spesies bawang tertentu.<ref name=Block2010/><ref>[http://veterinarymedicine.dvm360.com/vetmed/Medicine/Toxicology-Brief-iAlliumi-species-poisoning-in-dog/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/174478 Cope RB. Toxicology Brief: Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats. Vetinary Medicine 2005]</ref>

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Pustaka ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
=== Buku ===
* [http://books.google.ca/books?id=dE7a8SJ9Q7AC Haim D. Rabinowitch, Lesley Currah. ''Allium crop science: recent advances.''] CABI Publishing Series, 2002. ISBN 978-0-85199-510-6
* {{cite book | author=Block, E. | title=Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-85404-190-9}}
* {{cite book | author=Brewster, J. L. | title=Onions and Other Alliums | publisher=CABI Publishing | year=2008 | isbn= 978-1-84593-399-9}}
* {{cite book | author=Davies, D. | title=Alliums: The Ornamental Onions | publisher=Timber Press | year=1992 | isbn= 0-88192-241-2}}
* {{cite book | author=Rabinowitch, H. D., Currah, L. | title=Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances | publisher=CABI Publishing | year=2002 | isbn= 0-85199-510-1}}
* {{cite book | author=Woodward, P. | title=Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums | publisher=Hyland House | year=1996 | isbn= 1-86447-009-7}}

=== Artikel ===
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/vw2wdqw75gqkwty9/ J. G. Dubouzet, K. Shinoda and N. Murata. Phylogeny of ''Allium'' L. subgenus ''Rhizirideum'' (G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo according to dot blot hybridization with randomly amplified DNA probes ''TAG Theoretical and Applied 'Genetics''. Volume 95, Number 8, December, 1997]
* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/5q3m8w0ru1q6x11a/ N. Friesen, R. Fritsch and K. Bachmann. Hybrid origin of some ornamentals of ''Allium'' subgenus ''Melanocrommyum'' verified with GISH and RAPD. ''TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics''. Volume 95, Number 8, December, 1997]
* [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118721987/abstract A. Samoylov, N. Friesen, S. Pollner, P. Hanelt. Use of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms for the phylogenetic study of ''Allium'' subgenus ''Amerallium'' and subgenus ''Bromatorrhiza'' (Alliaceae) II. ''Feddes Repertorium'' Volume 110 Issue 1–2, Pages 103–109, 1999]
* Li, R. J., Z. Y. Shang, T. C. Cui, AND J. M. Xu. 1996. Studies on karyotypes and phylogenetic relationship of ''Allium'' sect. ''Caloscordum'' (Liliaceae) from China. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 288–295. [In Chinese.]
* {{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Q.-Q.|last2=Zhou|first2=S.-D.|last3=He|first3=X.-J.|last4=Yu|first4=Y.|last5=Zhang|first5=Y.-C.|last6=Wei|first6=X.-Q.|title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China|journal=Annals of Botany|date=21 October 2010|volume=106|issue=5|pages=709–733|doi=10.1093/aob/mcq177|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958792/|accessdate=8 January 2015|pmc=2958792|ref={{harvid|Li et al.|2010}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sykorova|first1=E.|last2=Fajkus|first2=J.|last3=Meznikova|first3=M.|last4=Lim|first4=K. Y.|last5=Neplechova|first5=K.|last6=Blattner|first6=F. R.|last7=Chase|first7=M. W.|last8=Leitch|first8=A. R.|title=Minisatellite telomeres occur in the family Alliaceae but are lost in Allium|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=1 June 2006|volume=93|issue=6|pages=814–823|doi=10.3732/ajb.93.6.814|url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/93/6/814.full|accessdate=8 January 2015|ref={{harvid|Sykorova|2006}}}}
* [http://sisn.pagepress.org/nhs/article/download/nhs.2011.85/36  Enrico Banfi, Gabriele Galasso & Adriano Soldano. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 2. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 152 (II): 85-106, Novembre 2011]  
* {{cite journal|last1=ZUBAIDA YOUSAF|last2=ZABTA KHAN SHINWARI|last3=RIZWANA ALEEM QURESHI|last4=MIR AJAB KHAN|last5=SYED SHAHINSHAH GILANI|title=CAN COMPLEXITY OF THE GENUS ''ALLIUM'' L., BE RESOLVED THROUGH SOME NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES?|journal=Pak. J. Bot.|date=2004|volume=36|issue=3|pages=487-501|url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/36(3)/PJB36(3)487.pdf|accessdate=28 January 2015}}

=== Lain-lain ===
* [http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Allium Pacific Bulb Society: Allium]
** [http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/RhizomatousAlliums Pacific Bulb Society: Rhizomatous Alliums]
{{refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
*{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do |title=WCSP |work= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families}} (enter "''Allium''" in search box).
* [http://www.botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Allium Allium] At:[http://www.botany.si.edu/ing Index Nominum Genericorum] At:[http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm?references References] At:[http://www.botany.si.edu/index.htm NMNH Department of Botany]
* [http://www.bloomsta.com Bloomsta.com Florist Community]

{{Commons category|Allium}}{{wikispecies}}

{{Allium}}

[[Kategori:Allium| ]]
[[Kategori:Amaryllidaceae]]