Lihat sumber Jump Jim Crow

{{Infobox song
| name          = Jump Jim Crow
| cover         = Jimcrow.jpg
| alt           = Cover to an early edition of "Jump Jim Crow" sheet music (c 1832)
| caption       = Sampul untuk partitur edisi awal oleh Thomas. D Rice, yang digambarkan tampil dengan wajah hitam di [[Bowery Theatre]], Manhattan, ilustrasi oleh [[Edward Williams Clay]], {{circa|1832}}
| type          = song
| written       = 1828
| published     = 1832
| writer        = [[Thomas D. Rice]]
| genre       =  Lagu minstrel, lagu folk, lagu dan lagu tari
}}

"'''Jump Jim Crow'''", yang sering dipendekkan menjadi "'''Jim Crow'''", adalah lagu dan tarian dari tahun 1828 yang dibawakan dengan [[wajah hitam]] oleh pemain [[Pertunjukan minstrel|minstrel]] berkulit putih, [[Thomas D. Rice|Thomas Dartmouth (T. D.) "Daddy" Rice]]. Lagu ini diduga terinspirasi dari [[Jim Crow (karakter)|Jim Crow]] (kadang-kadang disebut Jim Cuff atau Paman Joe), seorang [[Perbudakan di Amerika Serikat|Afrika-Amerika yang diperbudak]] dan memiliki keterbatasan mental, yang diklaim pernah tinggal di St. Louis, Cincinnati, atau Pittsburgh.<ref>{{Cite news  | title = An Old Actor's Memories; What Mt. Edmon S. Conner Recalls About His Career  | newspaper = The New York Times  | page = 10   | date = June 5, 1881 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/06/05/98559069.pdf |access-date=March 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=The Negro on the Stage |first=Michael| last=Hutton| journal=Harpers Magazine| pages=131–145| date=Jun–Dec 1889| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3cCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22jim%20cuff%22%20cincinnati&pg=PA131| access-date=March 10, 2010| publisher=Harper's Magazine Co.| volume=79}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=P3cCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22jim%20cuff%22%20cincinnati&pg=PA137 see pages 137-138]</ref> Lagu ini menjadi hit pada abad ke-19 dan Rice membawakannya di seluruh [[Amerika Serikat]] sebagai "Daddy Pops Jim Crow".

"Jump Jim Crow" merupakan langkah awal yang penting dalam tradisi [[musik populer]] di Amerika Serikat yang didasarkan pada "imitasi" rasis terhadap [[orang kulit hitam]]. Edisi partitur lagu pertama muncul pada awal tahun 1830-an, diterbitkan oleh E. Riley. Beberapa dekade kemudian, genre olok-olok meledak popularitasnya dengan munculnya [[pertunjukan minstrel]].

"Para [[abolisionisme|abolisionis]] di kedua sisi Atlantik memanfaatkan format baru ini, dengan menggunakan [[wajah hitam]] dari gabus yang dibakar, untuk mempromosikan berakhirnya [[perbudakan]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://exhibits.lib.usf.edu/exhibits/show/minstrelsy/jimcrow-to-jolson/abolition,|title=Exhibitions}}</ref>

Seperti yang dicetak aslinya, lagu ini berisi "syair mengambang", yang muncul dalam bentuk yang diubah dalam lagu-lagu folk populer lainnya. Bagian reff lagu ini berkaitan erat dengan lagu tradisional ''Uncle Joe / Hop High Ladies''; beberapa [[Studi cerita rakyat|ahli folklor]] menganggap "Jim Crow" dan "Uncle Joe" sebagai satu rangkaian lagu yang saling berkaitan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bluegrassmessengers.com/jim-crow--version-3-150-verses-american-memory.aspx | title=Alternative lyrics at Bluegrass Messengers | access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref>

Sebagai dampak dari ketenaran Rice, istilah Jim Crow telah menjadi istilah yang [[Peyorasi|merendahkan]] bagi orang [[Afrika-Amerika]] pada tahun 1838,<ref name="scjc7">{{cite book | last1=Woodward | first1=C.V. | last2=McFeely | first2=W.S. | title=The Strange Career of Jim Crow | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-19-514690-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5D3RCwAAQBAJ | access-date=7 March 2024 | page=7 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2024|reason=the source does not state that "Jim Crow" is "pejorative" or otherwise disparaging}} dan sejak saat itu, hukum [[segregasi ras]] dikenal sebagai [[hukum Jim Crow]].

==Lirik==
Seperti yang paling sering dikutip, lirik lagu tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:

{{Poem quote|
{{Not a typo|Come, listen all you gals and boys, Ise just from [[Tuckahoe (perkebunan)|Tuckyhoe]];
I'm goin' to sing a little song, My name's Jim Crow.

''CHORUS [setelah setiap bait]''
    Weel about and turn about and do jis so,
    Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.

I went down to the river, I didn't mean to stay;
But dere I see so many gals, I couldn't get away.

And arter I been dere awhile, I tought I push my boat;
But I tumbled in de river, and I find myself afloat.

I git upon a flat boat, I cotch de Uncle Sam;
Den I went to see de place [[Pertempuran New Orleans|where dey kill'd de Pakenham]].

And den I go to [[New Orleans|Orleans]], an, feel so full of flight;
Dey put me in de [[penjara|calaboose]], an, keep me dere all night.

When I got out I hit a man, his name I now forgot;
But dere was noting left of him 'cept a little grease spot.

And oder day I hit a man, de man was mighty fat
I hit so hard I nockt him in to an old cockt hat.

I whipt my weight in wildcats, I eat an alligator;
I drunk de [[Sungai Mississippi|Mississippy]] up! O! I'm de very creature.

I sit upon a hornet's nest, I dance upon my head;
I tie a [[Saputangan|wiper]] round my neck an, den I go to bed.

I kneel to de buzzard, an, I bow to the crow;
An eb'ry time I weel about I jump jis so.}}}}

===Bahasa Inggris Baku===
Versi lainnya, dikutip dalam bahasa Inggris baku non-dialek:<ref>This exact sequence of verses appeared in dialect version on the Halo LP record ''Songs of America (including Cowboy Favorites)'', album number 50102 (1957), as performed by National Singers.</ref>

{{Poem quote|
Come, listen, all you girls and boys, I'm just from Tuckahoe;
I'm going to sing a little song, My name's Jim Crow.

''CHORUS:''
    Wheel about, and turn about, and do just so;
    Every time I wheel about, I jump Jim Crow.

I went down to the river, I didn't mean to stay,
But there I saw so many girls, I couldn't get away.

I'm roaring on the fiddle, and down in old Virginia,
They say I play the scientific, like master [[Paganini]],

I cut so many monkey shines, I dance the galoppade;
And when I'm done, I rest my head, on shovel, hoe or spade.

I met Miss Dina Scrub one day, I give her such a buss [kiss];
And then she turn and slap my face, and make a mighty fuss.

The other girls they begin to fight, I told them wait a bit;
I'd have them all, just one by one, as I thought fit.

I whip the lion of the west, I eat the alligator;
I put more water in my mouth, then boil ten load of potatoe.

The way they bake the [[Johnnycake|hoe cake]], Virginia never tire.
They put the dough upon the foot and stick them in the fire.}}

==Varian==
Ketika ia mengembangkannya dari satu lagu menjadi sebuah pertunjukan minstrel, Rice secara rutin menulis syair tambahan untuk "Jump Jim Crow". Versi yang diterbitkan dari periode tersebut terdiri dari 66 bait; satu versi lagu yang masih ada, seperti yang diarsipkan oleh [[American Memory]], mencakup 150 bait.<ref>[http://www.bluegrassmessengers.com/jim-crow--version-3-150-verses-american-memory.aspx Alternative lyrics at Blugrassmessengers.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jim Crow complete in 150 verses|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/amss.as106700.0/?st=text|access-date=2022-02-06|website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Syair-syairnya terdiri dari [[doggerel]] yang sombong dalam versi aslinya hingga dukungan untuk Presiden [[Andrew Jackson]] (dikenal sebagai "Old Hickory"); lawannya dari [[Partai Whig]] dalam [[Pemilihan presiden Amerika Serikat tahun 1832|pemilu tahun 1832]] adalah [[Henry Clay]]:<ref>{{Harvnb|Strausbaugh|2006|pp=92–93}}</ref>

{{Poem quote|
Old hick'ry never mind de boys
But hold up your head;
For people never turn to clay
'Till arter dey be dead.<ref name=Strausbaugh-93>{{Harvnb|Strausbaugh|2006|p=93}}</ref>}}

Syair-syair lain dari Rice, yang juga ditulis pada tahun 1832, menunjukkan sentimen anti-perbudakan dan solidaritas lintas ras, sentimen yang jarang diekspresikan dalam nyanyian [[wajah hitam]] di kemudian hari:<ref name=Strausbaugh-93 />

{{Poem quote|
Should dey get to fighting,
Perhaps de blacks will rise,
For deir wish for freedom,
Is shining in deir eyes.

And if de blacks should get free,
I guess dey'll see some bigger,
An I shall consider it,
A bold stroke for de nigger.

I'm for freedom,
An for Union altogether,
Although I'm a black man,
De white is call'd my broder.<ref name=Strausbaugh-93 />}}

Lagu ini juga mengutuk Virginia sebagai tempat kelahiran [[George Washington]], dan tempat pendaratan para budak dari Guinea di Afrika.

{{Poem quote|
But bress dat Baltimore,
Wid a monument of stun,
Erected to de memory,
Ob great massa Washington.
Dan dare is de state,
Where de niggers lan from guinny,
De birth place ob dat great man,
Tree cheers for ol Virginny.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/amss.as106700.0|title = Jim Crow complete in 150 verses|website = [[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>}}

== Asal usul ==
Asal usul nama "Jim Crow" tidak jelas, tetapi mungkin berevolusi dari penggunaan kata "crow" yang [[Peyorasi|merendahkan]] untuk menyebut orang kulit hitam pada tahun 1730-an.<ref>I Hear America Talking by Stuart Berg Flexner, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976, page 39; possibly also Robert Hendrickson, The Dictionary of Eponyms: Names That Became Words (New York: Stein and Day, 1985), {{ISBN|0-8128-6238-4}}, possibly page 162 (see edit summary for explanation).</ref> Jim mungkin berasal dari "Jimmy", sebuah [[sebutan]] lama untuk crow, yang didasarkan pada pelesetan dari alat "crowbar" ([[linggis]]). Sebelum tahun 1900, linggis disebut "crow" dan linggis pendek disebut "jimmy" ("jemmy" dalam bahasa [[Bahasa Inggris Britania Raya|Inggris Britania]]), sebuah alat khas pencuri.<ref>Lockwood's dictionary of terms used in the practice of mechanical engineering by Joseph Gregory Horner (1892).</ref><ref name=nys>For example, in the New York statutes on burglary it reads: "... having in his possession any pick-lock, key, crow, jack, bit, jimmy, nippers, pick, betty or other implement of burglary ..."</ref><ref>John Ruskin in Flors Clavigera writes: "... this poor thief, with his crow-bar and jimmy" (1871).</ref> Konsep tradisional gagak (crow) menari mendahului pertunjukan Jump Jim Crow dan berawal dari praktik petani zaman dahulu yang merendam jagung dalam [[wiski]] dan membiarkannya untuk burung gagak. Burung-burung gagak memakan jagung dan menjadi sangat mabuk sehingga mereka tidak bisa terbang, tetapi berputar dan melompat tak berdaya ke tanah, di mana petani dapat membunuh mereka dengan pentungan.<ref>"Sometimes he made the crows drunk on corn soaked in whiskey, and as they reeled among the hillocks, knocked them on the head", [https://books.google.com/books?id=RWgEAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22A%20Legend%20of%20Crow%20Hill%22&pg=PA68 "A Legend of Crow Hill". The World at Home: A Miscellany of Entertaining Reading. Groombridge & Sons, London (1858)], page 68.</ref><ref>"Somebody baited a field-fall of crows, once, with beans soaked in brandy; whereby they got drunk.", [https://books.google.com/books?id=qTMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 "Talking of Birds". The Columbian Magazine, July 1844, p. 7] (p. 350 of PDF document).</ref><ref>"Soak a few quarts of dried corn in whiskey, and scatter it over the fields for the crows. After partaking one such meal and getting pretty thoroughly corned, they will never return to it again." The Old Farmers Almanac, 1864.</ref>

==Lihat pula==
* [[Uncle Tom]]
* [[Pertunjukan minstrel]] 

==Referensi==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040815081532/http://www.bluegrassmessengers.com/master/jimcrow5.html Lyrics and background] from the ''Bluegrass Messengers''
* In ''[[Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds]]'', [[Charles Mackay (author)|Charles Mackay]], pg 629–630, reported his dismay at hearing the song in London.
* ''Scandalize My Name: Black Imagery in American Popular Music'', by Sam Dennison (1982, New York)
* {{Cite book
| last=Strausbaugh
| first      = John
| date       = 8 June 2006
| title      = Black Like You: Blackface, Whiteface, Insult and Imitation in American Popular Culture
| publisher  = Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin
| isbn       = 978-1-58542-498-6 
| url-access = registration
| url        = https://archive.org/details/blacklikeyoublac00stra
}}

{{authority control}}

[[Kategori:Lagu tahun 1828]]
[[Kategori:Lagu anak-anak Amerika]]
[[Kategori:Stereotip orang Afrika-Amerika]]