Lihat sumber Kesenjangan ekonomi

{{About||kesenjangan ekonomi antarnegara|kesenjangan internasional}}
{{See also|Kesenjangan sosial|Apartheid sosial}}
[[Berkas:Gini Coefficient World CIA Report.svg|jmpl|300px|Perbedaan kesetaraan pendapatan nasional di seluruh dunia menurut [[koefisien Gini]] nasional. Koefisien Fini adalah angka antara 0 dan 1; 0 berarti kesetaraan sempurna (pendapatan semua orang sama dan 1 berarti kesenjangan absolut (satu orang menguasai seluruh pendapatan, sisanya berpendapatan nol).]]

'''Kesenjangan ekonomi''', biasa dikenal dengan istilah '''kesenjangan pendapatan''', '''kesenjangan kekayaan''', dan '''jurang antara kaya dan miskin''', mengacu pada persebaran ukuran ekonomi di antara individu dalam kelompok, kelompok dalam populasi, atau antar negara. Para ekonom umumnya mengakui tiga ukuran kesenjangan ekonomi: kekayaan, [[pendapatan]], dan [[konsumsi]].<ref name="hydra"/> Persoalan kesenjangan ekonomi mencakup [[kesetaraan ekonomi]], [[kesetaraan pengeluaran]], dan [[kesetaraan kesempatan]].<ref name=WaPoLifespan>{{cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Michael A.|title=Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/research-ties-economic-inequality-to-gap-in-life-expectancy/2013/03/10/c7a323c4-7094-11e2-8b8d-e0b59a1b8e2a_story.html|accessdate=March 23, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=March 10, 2013}}</ref>

Sejumlah penelitian menyebut bahwa kesenjangan adalah masalah sosial yang semakin berkembang.<ref name="Spirit Level">{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard|authorlink=|author2=Pickett, Kate|year=2009|publisher=Allen Lane|location=|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|page=352}}</ref> Kesenjangan yang terlalu besar cenderung merugikan<ref name="biu.ac.il">{{cite journal | last1 = Easterly | first1 = W | year = 2007 | title = Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument | url = http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ec/students/teach/509/data/EasterlyJDE2007.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 755–776 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002 | access-date = 2015-11-02 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023508/http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ec/students/teach/509/data/EasterlyJDE2007.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="Castells-Quintana">{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|first2=Vicente | last2 = Royuela|title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref> karena kesenjangan pendapatan dan pemusatan kekayaan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jangka panjang.<ref name="ilo.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Stiglitz | first1 = J | year = 2009 | title = The global crisis, social protection and jobs | url = http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/download/pdf/s1_stiglitz2009_1_2.pdf | format = PDF | journal = International Labour Review | volume = 148 | issue = | pages = 1–2 | doi=10.1111/j.1564-913x.2009.00046.x}}</ref><ref name="The New Growth Evidence">{{cite journal | last1 = Temple | first1 = J | year = 1999 | title = The New Growth Evidence | url = http://www.fadep.org/documentosfadep_archivos/D-65_THE_NEW_GROWTH_EVIDENCE.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Economic Literature | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–156 | doi = 10.1257/jel.37.1.112 | access-date = 2015-11-02 | archive-date = 2015-10-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151018161250/http://www.fadep.org/documentosfadep_archivos/D-65_THE_NEW_GROWTH_EVIDENCE.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = G | year = 1995 | title = More evidence on income distribution and growth | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1992/12/01/000009265_3961003191831/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 47 | issue = | pages = 403–427 | doi=10.1016/0304-3878(94)00069-o}}</ref> Penelitian statistik awal yang membandingkan kesenjangan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak menghasilkan kesimpulan apa-apa.<ref name=BanerjeeDuflo/> Pada tahun 2011, peneliti [[Dana Moneter Internasional]] menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan pendapatan yang lebih besar—berkurangnya kesenjangan—meningkatkan durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi sebuah negara dengan lebih cepat dibandingkan perdagangan bebas, [[korupsi]] pemerintah rendah, investasi asing, atau [[utang luar negeri]] rendah.<ref name=BergOstryEE />

Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi tergantung masyarakat, waktu, struktur ekonomi, dan sistem. Istilah tersebut dapat mengacu pada persebaran pendapatan atau kekayaan lintas lapisan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu, atau pendapatan dan kekayaan seumur hidup dalam jangka panjang.<ref>Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings." Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics''. 125, no. 1 (2010): 91–128.</ref> Ada beberapa [[Indeks bias|indeks]] numerik untuk mengukur kesenjangan ekonomi. Di antara [[metrik kesenjangan pendapatan|metode pengukuran kesenjagan]] yang ada, [[koefisien Gini]] merupakan indeks yang paling terkenal.

== Tabel ==
Tabel berikut menampilkan pola kekayaan antarnegara. Informasi di dalam tabel ini berasal dari Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", terbit tahun 2013.<ref>[http://usagainstgreed.org/GlobalWealthDatabook2013.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142341/http://usagainstgreed.org/GlobalWealthDatabook2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }} Credit Suisse, Research Institute – Global Wealth Databook 2013</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:right"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Negara
!rowspan="2"| Dewasa<br>(Ribu)
!rowspan="2"| Kekayaan<br>rerata per<br>dewasa<br>(USD)
!rowspan="2"| Kekayaan<br>median per<br>dewasa<br>(USD)
!colspan="5"| Persebaran dewasa (%) menurut kekayaan (USD)
!rowspan="2"| Gini <br> %
|-
! di bawah 10rb
! 10rb – 100rb
! 100rb – 1jt
! > 1jt
! Total
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Denmark}}||4,190||255,066||57,675||39.5||17||37.8||5.7||100||107.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Russian Federation}}||110,365||10,976||871||93.7||5.6||0.6||0.1||100||93.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Ukraine}}||35,912||3,413||419||97.4||2.3||0.2||0||100||90
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Kazakhstan}}||10,958||7,161||1,176||93.1||6.3||0.6||0.1||100||86.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Lebanon}}||2,953||30,868||6,076||66.8||29.8||3.2||0.3||100||86.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|United States of America}}||239,279||301,140||44,911||30.7||33||30.7||5.5||100||85.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Zimbabwe}}||6,690||2,913||479||93.9||5.8||0.3||0||100||83.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Turkey}}||51,687||25,909||5,326||67||30.3||2.5||0.2||100||83.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|South Africa}}||31,034||19,613||3,051||72.3||24.9||2.6||0.1||100||83.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Hong Kong, China}}||6,052||153,312||32,384||30.3||49.7||18.3||1.7||100||83.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Philippines}}||56,730||8,799||1,849||88.1||11.1||0.8||0.1||100||82.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Indonesia}}||157,869||11,839||2,393||81.1||17.6||1.3||0.1||100||82.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Thailand}}||49,642||7,772||1,855||90.5||8.8||0.6||0||100||82.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Venezuela}}||18,991||6,900||1,505||90.9||8.5||0.6||0||100||82.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Brazil}}||135,385||23,278||5,117||66.6||30.5||2.7||0.2||100||82.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Malaysia}}||18,382||27,007||5,831||61.4||35.3||3.1||0.2||100||81.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Chile}}||12,461||49,032||11,742||45||48||6.6||0.4||100||81.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|India}}||767,612||4,706||1,040||94.4||5.2||0.3||0||100||81.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Switzerland}}||6,101||512,562||95,916||5.2||46||38.8||10||100||80.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Sweden}}||7,299||299,441||52,677||15.6||48.3||29.2||6.9||100||80.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Egypt}}||52,710||7,285||1,852||90.4||9||0.6||0||100||80.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Nigeria}}||80,462||3,620||894||94.9||4.9||0.3||0||100||80
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Colombia}}||30,464||26,222||6,228||60.2||35.8||3.9||0.2||100||79.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Seychelles}}||54||60,003||14,617||40||50||9.2||0.8||100||79.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Argentina}}||28,265||15,638||4,032||72.1||26.1||1.7||0.1||100||79.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Saudi Arabia}}||16,694||37,346||9,772||53.3||41.1||5.3||0.3||100||79.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Namibia}}||1,256||19,899||4,531||67.5||28.3||4.2||0.1||100||78.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Israel}}||4,947||137,351||38,164||30||44.8||23.7||1.5||100||78.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Comoros}}||388||2,872||670||93.8||6.1||0.2||0||100||78.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Cyprus}}||694||119,568||34,874||23.8||56.3||18.6||1.4||100||78.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Mexico}}||73,380||35,872||9,718||53.5||40.6||5.7||0.3||100||78
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Norway}}||3,733||380,473||92,859||19.4||32.5||40.6||7.5||100||77.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Austria}}||6,761||203,931||57,450||28.2||31.8||37||3||100||77.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Libya}}||4,291||28,397||6,563||58.1||35.7||6||0.1||100||77.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Botswana}}||1,181||10,348||2,649||81||17.6||1.4||0||100||77.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Germany}}||67,068||192,232||49,370||29||33.3||35.1||2.6||100||77.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Haiti}}||5,813||3,532||960||92.3||7.5||0.2||0||100||76.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Angola}}||9,273||14,708||3,934||69.1||28.8||2.1||0||100||75.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Central African Republic}}||2,370||800||241||99.1||0.9||0||0||100||74.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Bolivia}}||5,800||4,604||1,368||89.3||10.4||0.3||0||100||74.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Zambia}}||6,151||1,817||548||96.8||3.2||0||0||100||74.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Czech Republic}}||8,437||44,975||15,541||40||53.2||6.4||0.3||100||74
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Singapore}}||3,955||281,764||90,466||20||34.2||41.4||4.4||100||73.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Kuwait}}||2,291||119,101||42,897||21.8||55.5||21.5||1.2||100||73.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Poland}}||30,255||26,056||9,109||55||41.5||3.3||0.1||100||73.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Taiwan}}||18,359||151,752||53,336||22.5||45.1||30.8||1.7||100||73.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Netherlands}}||12,914||185,588||83,631||23.3||30.9||43.6||2.2||100||73.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Belize}}||188||9,998||3,130||76.3||22.6||1.1||0||100||73.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Suriname}}||344||14,250||4,544||68.8||29.6||1.6||0||100||73
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Nicaragua}}||3,424||3,432||1,147||92.5||7.3||0.1||0||100||73
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Romania}}||16,692||14,044||5,137||69.3||29.2||1.4||0.1||100||73
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Lesotho}}||1,079||3,457||1,105||92.4||7.5||0.1||0||100||72.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Paraguay}}||3,910||10,934||3,726||73.2||25.6||1.3||0||100||72.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Swaziland}}||628||4,360||1,393||90||9.8||0.2||0||100||72.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Panama}}||2,322||22,292||7,509||57.3||38.5||4.2||0||100||72.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Rwanda}}||5,306||723||245||99.3||0.7||0||0||100||72.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Sao Tome and Principe}}||86||2,721||959||94.3||5.7||0.1||0||100||72.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Canada}}||27,173||251,034||90,252||30||21.5||44.9||3.7||100||72.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Korea}}||38,350||79,475||30,938||25.3||59.5||14.5||0.7||100||72.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Papua New Guinea}}||3,752||8,470||2,821||81.1||18||0.8||0||100||72.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Cape Verde}}||295||16,313||5,478||65||32.5||2.5||0||100||72.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Antigua and Barbuda}}||63||19,011||6,281||58.8||38.3||3||0||100||72.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Costa Rica}}||3,246||28,124||9,532||54.1||40.2||5.7||0.1||100||72.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Dominica}}||50||24,086||8,349||55||40.3||4.7||0.1||100||72
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|St. Kitts and Nevis}}||34||23,613||8,185||56.3||39.1||4.6||0.1||100||71.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|St. Vincent and the Grenadines}}||71||10,196||3,492||73.8||25.1||1.1||0||100||71.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Grenada}}||67||14,473||5,017||67.5||30.7||1.7||0||100||71.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|New Zealand}}||3,234||182,548||76,607||25.6||34.1||38.1||2.3||100||71.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Ecuador}}||8,723||12,350||4,403||69.8||28.8||1.4||0||100||71.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|El Salvador}}||3,738||12,039||4,483||70||28.7||1.3||0||100||71
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Ireland}}||3,488||183,804||75,573||20.9||36.5||40.4||2.2||100||70.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Kenya}}||20,757||2,843||1,049||94.2||5.7||0.1||0||100||70.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Oman}}||1,872||48,415||18,152||40||47.8||12||0.2||100||70.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Peru}}||18,865||18,227||6,705||58.5||38.9||2.6||0||100||70.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Gambia}}||908||864||324||99.2||0.8||0||0||100||70.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Congo-Brazzaville}}||2,024||3,892||1,420||91.2||8.6||0.1||0||100||70.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|United Arab Emirates}}||3,777||126,791||51,882||20||50.6||28.2||1.3||100||70.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Qatar}}||1,278||153,294||58,237||25||38.3||35||1.7||100||70.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Portugal}}||8,614||89,074||38,846||25.8||54.8||18.7||0.8||100||70.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Mozambique}}||11,441||811||313||99.3||0.7||0||0||100||70
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Jamaica}}||1,719||11,401||4,393||70||28.8||1.2||0||100||69.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Uruguay}}||2,400||47,002||17,998||39.6||48.3||11.9||0.2||100||69.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Uganda}}||15,107||750||294||99.4||0.6||0||0||100||69.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=DR Congo}}||31,854||321||124||99.9||0.1||0||0||100||69.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|China}}||998,254||22,230||8,023||58.4||39.1||2.4||0.1||100||69.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Madagascar}}||10,359||448||177||99.8||0.2||0||0||100||69.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Guyana}}||474||3,801||1,506||91.6||8.3||0.1||0||100||69.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Fiji}}||523||6,473||2,630||85||14.6||0.4||0||100||69
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|France}}||48,124||295,933||141,850||21.7||22.9||50.8||4.6||100||69
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Barbados}}||200||22,289||8,108||55||41.5||3.5||0||100||69
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Eritrea}}||2,781||2,125||875||96.3||3.7||0||0||100||68.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Macedonia, FYR}}||1,561||11,543||4,743||69.3||29.6||1.1||0||100||68.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Sierra Leone}}||2,897||681||273||99.6||0.4||0||0||100||68.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Ghana}}||13,501||1,811||743||97.7||2.3||0||0||100||68.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|St. Lucia}}||119||13,087||5,296||66.3||32.5||1.2||0||100||68.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Tunisia}}||7,452||21,084||8,823||55||41.5||3.5||0||100||68.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Gabon}}||869||21,860||9,240||55||41.3||3.7||0||100||68.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Solomon Islands}}||298||9,868||4,261||73.8||25.3||1||0||100||68.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Morocco}}||21,355||11,398||4,750||70||28.9||1.1||0||100||68.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Côte d'Ivoire}}||11,501||2,640||1,104||95||4.9||0.1||0||100||68.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Sri Lanka}}||14,326||5,033||2,101||87.9||11.9||0.2||0||100||68
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Turkmenistan}}||3,352||36,570||15,305||40||52.1||7.8||0.1||100||68
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Georgia}}||3,172||21,640||9,178||54.7||41.8||3.5||0||100||68
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Togo}}||3,693||2,450||1,049||95.6||4.3||0||0||100||67.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|United Kingdom}}||48,220||243,570||111,524||18||28.8||50||3.2||100||67.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Mauritania}}||1,832||1,967||865||97||3||0||0||100||67.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Burkina Faso}}||7,721||1,273||543||98.7||1.3||0||0||100||67.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Djibouti}}||508||3,465||1,488||92.8||7.2||0.1||0||100||67.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Chad}}||5,485||1,131||483||99||1||0||0||100||67.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Trinidad and Tobago}}||987||15,088||6,459||60||38.5||1.5||0||100||67.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Malawi}}||7,417||207||89||100||0||0||0||100||67.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Guinea}}||5,301||882||380||99.4||0.6||0||0||100||67.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Iceland}}||253||211,592||104,733||20||30||47.3||2.7||100||67.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Tonga}}||54||15,905||7,217||58.8||39.8||1.5||0||100||67.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Senegal}}||6,423||2,597||1,125||95.3||4.7||0||0||100||67.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Cameroon}}||10,459||2,603||1,115||95.2||4.8||0||0||100||67.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Vanuatu}}||138||6,068||2,753||85||14.7||0.3||0||100||67.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Benin}}||4,733||3,187||1,398||93.6||6.3||0.1||0||100||67.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Samoa}}||92||34,537||15,132||40||53||6.9||0.1||100||67
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Cambodia}}||9,151||2,644||1,155||95||4.9||0||0||100||67
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Yemen}}||12,192||4,951||2,193||88.3||11.6||0.2||0||100||66.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Iran}}||53,270||8,727||3,846||75||24.4||0.6||0||100||66.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Liberia}}||2,118||2,173||987||96.5||3.5||0||0||100||66.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Tanzania}}||22,038||951||423||99.3||0.7||0||0||100||66.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Laos}}||3,618||5,393||2,411||86.7||13.1||0.2||0||100||66.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Lithuania}}||2,537||23,411||10,635||47.5||48.5||3.9||0||100||66.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Myanmar}}||34,180||2,214||941||97||3||0||0||100||66.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Finland}}||4,195||171,821||95,095||29||22.3||47.2||1.6||100||66.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Maldives}}||210||5,556||2,480||85||14.8||0.2||0||100||66.3
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Bahamas}}||242||41,106||17,842||35||55.9||9||0.1||100||66.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Spain}}||37,206||123,997||63,306||17.4||52.4||29||1.1||100||66.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Mongolia}}||1,855||14,214||6,433||61.1||37.6||1.3||0||100||66.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Syrian Arab Republic}}||13,352||7,073||3,198||82.7||16.9||0.4||0||100||66
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Latvia}}||1,787||24,285||11,338||45||50.9||4||0||100||66
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Greece}}||9,105||102,971||53,937||20.4||53.7||25.1||0.8||100||65.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Jordan}}||3,858||14,364||6,589||60.3||38.3||1.4||0||100||65.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Kyrgyz Republic}}||3,568||5,385||2,432||85.9||13.9||0.2||0||100||65.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Viet Nam}}||61,765||4,857||2,215||87.8||12||0.2||0||100||65.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|West Bank and Gaza}}||1,739||8,979||4,200||73.1||26.3||0.6||0||100||65.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Equatorial Guinea}}||365||19,525||9,130||55||42.6||2.4||0||100||65.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||2,985||11,173||5,139||68.2||30.9||0.9||0||100||65.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Luxembourg}}||390||315,240||182,768||15||22.5||57||5.5||100||65.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Estonia}}||1,055||33,701||15,724||40||53.3||6.6||0.1||100||65.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Guinea-Bissau}}||836||424||199||99.9||0.1||0||0||100||65.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Albania}}||2,237||9,450||4,451||72.7||26.6||0.7||0||100||65.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Niger}}||7,014||937||434||99.3||0.7||0||0||100||65.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Algeria}}||23,982||10,100||4,673||70||29.2||0.7||0||100||65.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Sudan}}||23,811||1,291||595||98.9||1.1||0||0||100||65.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Burundi}}||4,729||293||137||99.9||0.1||0||0||100||65.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Azerbaijan}}||6,276||16,344||7,721||57.1||41.4||1.5||0||100||65.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Croatia}}||3,498||26,551||12,639||41.2||54.1||4.7||0||100||65.1
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Italy}}||49,117||241,383||138,653||20||20.5||56.5||3||100||65
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Mali}}||6,464||955||455||99.4||0.6||0||0||100||64.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Moldova}}||2,692||3,854||1,874||91.8||8.1||0.1||0||100||64.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Nepal}}||17,273||1,998||951||97.7||2.3||0||0||100||64.7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Bangladesh}}||104,135||1,894||908||97.9||2.1||0||0||100||64.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Mauritius}}||935||37,308||19,247||40||52.5||7.4||0.1||100||64.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Hungary}}||7,915||28,379||14,068||40||55||4.9||0||100||64
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Armenia}}||2,263||5,613||2,793||85.5||14.3||0.2||0||100||63.9
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Tajikistan}}||4,022||3,168||1,581||94.3||5.7||0.1||0||100||63.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Pakistan}}||106,365||4,248||2,106||90.8||9||0.1||0||100||63.8
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Ethiopia}}||42,750||411||207||99.9||0.1||0||0||100||63.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Australia}}||16,617||402,578||219,505||6.9||23.7||62.6||6.8||100||63.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Japan}}||104,315||216,694||110,294||9.2||37.7||50.6||2.5||100||63.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Montenegro}}||467||21,340||10,929||45||52.6||2.4||0||100||63.4
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Belgium}}||8,387||255,573||148,141||17.4||22.1||57.3||3.2||100||62.6
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Serbia}}||7,527||15,175||7,978||56.8||42||1.3||0||100||62.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Bulgaria}}||5,991||16,818||8,825||55.2||43.4||1.4||0||100||62.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Belarus}}||7,543||2,407||1,271||96.8||3.1||0||0||100||62.2
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Malta}}||330||71,448||42,898||18.8||65||15.9||0.3||100||59.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Bahrain}}||571||44,822||26,675||28.7||60||11.2||0||100||58.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Brunei Darussalam}}||286||51,373||31,527||26.2||58.7||15||0||100||58.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Slovenia}}||1,655||64,067||44,932||19.4||60.6||19.9||0.1||100||53.5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Slowakia}}||4,303||27,224||20,740||19.8||77.8||2.4||0||100||44.7
|}

== Lihat pula ==
{{cmn|2|
* [[Kesempatan setara]]
* [[Pemisahan Besar]]
* [[Indeks Pembangunan Manusia#IPM menurut kesenjangan|Indeks Pembangunan Manusia menurut kesenjangan]]
* [[Persebaran pendapatan]]
* [[Kesenjangan pendapatan di Amerika Serikat]]
* [[Daftar negara menurut kesetaraan pendapatan]]
* [[Daftar negara menurut persebaran kekayaan]]
* [[Pajak progresif]]
* [[Plutokrasi]]
* [[Kemiskinan]] dan [[siklus kemiskinan]]
* [[Pengentasan kemiskinan]]
* [[Kesenjangan sosial]]
}}

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bacaan lanjutan ==
;Buku
* {{cite book|last1 = Atkinson|first1 = Anthony B.|last2 = Bourguignon|first2 = François|author-link1 = Tony Atkinson|author-link2 = François Bourguignon|title = Handbook of income distribution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0444816313_1|publisher = Elvesier|location = Amsterdam New York|year = 2000|isbn = 9780444816313 }}
* [[Tony Atkinson|Atkinson, Anthony B.]] (2015). ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674504769 Inequality: What Can Be Done?]'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]. ISBN 0-674-50476-3
* {{cite book|last1 = Barro|first1 = Robert J.|last2 = Sala-i-Martin|first2 = Xavier|author-link1 = Robert Barro|author-link2 = Xavier Sala-i-Martin|title=Economic growth|year=2003|origyear = 1995|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|location= Massachusetts|edition = 2nd|isbn= 9780262025539 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Deneulin|first1 = Séverine|last2 = Shahani|first2 = Lila|author-link1 = Séverine Deneulin|title = An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency|publisher = Earthscan International Development Research Centre|location = Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario|year = 2009|isbn = 9781844078066 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Giddens|first1 = Anthony|last2 = Diamond|first2 = Patrick|author-link1 = Anthony Giddens|author-link2 = Patrick Diamond|title = The new egalitarianism|publisher = Polity|location = Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts|year = 2005|isbn = 9780745634319 }}
* {{cite book|last = Gilens|first = Martin|title = Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America|url = https://archive.org/details/affluenceinfluen0000gile|publisher = Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation|location = Princeton, New Jersey New York|year = 2012|isbn = 9780691162423 }}
* {{cite book|last = Lambert|first = Peter J.|title = The distribution and redistribution of income|publisher = Manchester University Press Palgrave|location = Manchester New York New York|year = 2001|edition = 3rd|isbn = 9780719057328 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Lynn|first1 = Richard|last2 = Vanhanen|first2 = Tatu|author-link1 = Richard Lynn|author-link2 = Tatu Vanhanen|title = [[IQ and the Wealth of Nations|IQ and the wealth of nations]]|publisher = Praeger|location = Westport, Connecticut|year = 2002|isbn = 9780275975104 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Page|first1 = Benjamin I.|last2 = Jacobs|first2 = Lawrence R.|title = Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality|url = https://archive.org/details/classwarwhatamer0000page|publisher = University of Chicago Press|location = Chicago|year = 2009|isbn = 9780226644554 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Salverda|first1 = Wiemer|last2 = Nolan|first2 = Brian|last3 = Smeeding|first3 = Timothy M.|title = The Oxford handbook of economic inequality|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford New York|year = 2009|isbn = 9780199231379 }}
* {{cite book|last=Schmidtz|first=David|authorlink=David Schmidtz|title=The elements of justice|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofjustic0000schm|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge New York|isbn=9780521539364 }}
* {{cite book|last = Sen|first = Amartya|author-link = Amartya Sen|title = [[Development as Freedom]]|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York|year = 1999|isbn = 9780198297581 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Sen|first1 = Amartya|last2 = Foster|first2 = James E.|author-link1 = Amartya Sen|title = On economic inequality|url = https://archive.org/details/oneconomicinequa0000sena|publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press|location = Oxford New York|year = 1997|series = Radcliffe Lectures|isbn = 9780198281931 }}
* {{cite book|last=von Braun|first=Joachim|last2 = Diaz-Bonilla|first2 = Eugenio|title = Globalization of food, and agriculture, and the poor|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.338.1.von.23004|publisher = Oxford University Press International Food Policy Research Institute|location = New Delhi Washington D.C|year = 2008|isbn = 9780195695281 }}
* {{cite book|last = von Mises|first = Ludwig|author-link = Ludwig von Mises|contribution = Chapter 35: The welfare principle versus the market principle|editor-last = von Mises|editor-first = Ludwig|editor-link = Ludwig von Mises|title = Human action: a treatise on economics|publisher = Ludwig Von Mises Institute|pages = 819–850|location = Auburn, Alabama|year = 1998|url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1895|ref = harv|postscript = .}} ISBN 978-0-945466-24-6
* {{cite book|last = Wilkinson|first = Richard G.|author-link = Richard G. Wilkinson|title = The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier|url = https://archive.org/details/impactofinequali0000wilk_o5k6|publisher = Routledge|location = London|year = 2005|isbn = 9780415372695 }}
* {{cite book|last1 = Wilkinson|first1 = Richard G.|last2 = Pickett|first2 = Kate|author-link1 = Richard G. Wilkinson|author-link2 = Kate Pickett|title = [[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better|The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better]]|publisher = Allen Lane|location = London|year = 2009|isbn = 9781846140396 }}

;Artikel
* {{Cite journal | first1=Alberto | last1=Alesina | first2=Rafael | last2 = Di Tella | first3=Robert | last3=MacCulloch | title=Inequality and Happiness: Are Americans and Europeans Different? | journal=Journal of Public Economics | date = August 2004 |volume=88 | issue=9–10 | pages=2009–2042 | publisher = [[Elsevier]] |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006 | doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Andersen | first1 = Robert | last2 = Fetner | first2 = Tina | title = Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies | journal = [[American Journal of Political Science]] | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 942–958 | publisher = [[Midwest Political Science Association]] | date = October 2008 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x | doi = 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x | jstor = 25193859 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Barro | first1 = Robert J. | author-link1 = Robert Barro | title = Economic growth in a cross section of countries | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 407–443 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.2307/2937943  | date = May 1991 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2937943  | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Barro | first1 = Robert J. | author-link1 = Robert Barro | title = Inequality and growth in a panel of countries | journal = [[Journal of Economic Growth]] | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–32 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | doi = 10.1023/A:1009850119329 | date = March 2000 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009850119329 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Fukuda-Parr | first1 = Sakiko | author-link1 = Sakiko Fukuda-Parr | title = The human development paradigm: Operationalizing Sen's ideas on capabilities | journal = [[Feminist Economics (journal)|Feminist Economics]] | volume = 9 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 301–317 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.1080/1354570022000077980 | year = 2003 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354570022000077980 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Galor | first1 = Oded | last2 = Zeira | first2 = Joseph | author-link1 = Oded Galor | title = Income distribution and macroeconomics | journal = Review of Economic Studies | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–52 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.2307/2297811 | date = January 1993 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297811 | jstor = 2297811 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Kaldor | first1 = Nicholas | author-link1 = Nicholas Kaldor | title = Alternative theories of distribution | journal = Review of Economic Studies | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–100 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.2307/2296292 | year = 1955 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2296292 | jstor = 2296292 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Kenworthy | first1 = Lane | author-link1 = Lane Kenworthy | title = Rising inequality, public policy, and America's poor | journal = [[Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs|Challenge]] | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 93–109 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.2753/0577-5132530606 | jstor = 27896630 | date = November–December 2010 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132530606 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://lanekenworthy.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/2010challenge-inequalitypolicypoverty.pdf Pdf.]
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Lagerlöf | first1 = Nils-Petter| title = Sex, equality, and growth | journal = [[Canadian Journal of Economics]] | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 807–831 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x | date = August 2005 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x  | ref = harv | postscript = .}} Similar paper from August 2002: [http://128.118.178.162/eps/ge/papers/0212/0212001.pdf Sex, equality, and growth (in that order)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155811/http://128.118.178.162/eps/ge/papers/0212/0212001.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Maavak | first1 = Mathew | title = Class warfare, anarchy and the future society | journal = [[Journal of Futures Studies]] | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 15–36 | publisher = [[Tamkang University|Tamkang University Press]] | date = December 2012 | url = http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/?page_id=554 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/17-2/A02.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019140804/http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/17-2/A02.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = García-Peñalosa | first1 = Cecilia | last2 = Turnovsky | first2 = Stephen J. | title = Growth, income inequality, and fiscal policy: What are the relevant trade-offs? | journal = [[Journal of Money, Credit and Banking]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 369–394 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x | date = March 2007 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/PP/penalosa/workingpapers/2006JMCB.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032417/http://www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/PP/penalosa/workingpapers/2006JMCB.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
* {{citation  | last= Pigou | first1 = Arthur C. | author-link = Arthur Cecil Pigou | contribution = Part I, Chapter VIII: Economic welfare and changes in the distribution of the national dividend ''(section I.VIII.3)'' | editor-last1 = Pigou | editor-first1 = Arthur C. | editor-link = Arthur Cecil Pigou | title = The economics of welfare | pages = | publisher = Macmillan and Co. | location = London | year = 1932 | origyear = 1920 | edition = 4th | oclc = 302702 | url = http://www.econlib.org/library/NPDBooks/Pigou/pgEW8.html | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sala-i-Martin | first1 = Xavier | author-link1 = Xavier Sala-i-Martin | title = The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 121 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–397 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351 | date = May 2006 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351 | jstor = 25098796 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Seguino | first = Stephanie | author-link = Stephanie Seguino | title = Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis | journal = [[World Development]] | volume = 28 | issue = 7 | pages = 1211–1230 | publisher = [[ScienceDirect]] | doi = 10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8 | date = 1 July 2000 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{citation  | last1 = Smeeding | first1 = Timothy M. | last2 = Thompson | first2 = Jeffrey P. | contribution = Recent trends in income inequality | editor-last1 = Immervoll | editor-first1 = Herwig | editor-last2 = Peichl | editor-first2 = Andreas | editor-last3 = Tatsiramos | editor-first3 = Konstantinos | title = Who loses in the downturn? Economic crisis, employment and income distribution | pages = 1–50 | publisher = [[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Group Publishing Limited]] | series = Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32 | location = Bingley, UK | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780857247490 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Smeeding%20Thompson_Recent%20trends%20in%20Income%20Inequality.pdf Pdf.]
::Also available as {{Cite journal | last1 = Smeeding | first1 = Timothy M. | last2 = Thompson | first2 = Jeffrey P. | title = Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter) | journal = Research in Labor Economics (book series) | volume = 32 | pages = 1–50 | publisher = [[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Group Publishing Limited]] | doi = 10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004 | year = 2011 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Solow | first1 = Robert M. | author-link1 = Robert Solow | title = A contribution to the theory of economic growth | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–94 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.2307/1884513 | date = February 1956 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1884513 | jstor = 1884513 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Solow1956.pdf Pdf.]
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Svizzero | first1 = Serge | last2 = Tisdell | first2 = Clem | author-link2 = Clem Tisdell | title = Income inequality between skilled individuals | journal = International Journal of Social Economics | volume = 30 | issue = 11 | pages = 1118–1130 | publisher = [[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald]] | doi = 10.1108/03068290310497486 | year = 2003 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290310497486 | ref = harv | postscript = .}}

;Makalah
* {{cite journal | last1 = Burkhauser | first1 = R. V. | last2 = Feng | first2 = S. | last3 = Jenkins | first3 = S. P. | year = 2009 | title = Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x/full | journal = Review of Income and Wealth | volume = 55 | issue = 1| pages = 166–185 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Dollar|first1 = David|last2 = Gatti|first2 = Roberta|title = Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women?|publisher = The World Bank|location = Washington DC|series = Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network|date = May 1999|format = pdf|url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/09/01/000094946_00081906181732/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|oclc = 43703722 }} Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1.
* Ravallion, Martin (2005). [[World Bank]], 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, [http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000012009_20050505134719 A poverty-inequality trade-off?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708071942/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000012009_20050505134719 |date=2012-07-08 }}
* Sawhill, Isabel. "[http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Sawhill%20-%20Do%20we%20face%20a%20permanently%20divided%20society.pdf Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society?]" The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012.
* Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. [http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Smeeding%20Thompson_Inequality%20in%20the%20Great%20Recession.pdf "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States"]. FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper.
* {{Cite web | first1=Eric. | last1=Uslaner | first2=Brown. | last2=Mitchell | title=Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement | year=2002| url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/uslaner/uslanerrussellsage.pdf | postscript=<!--None--> }}
* Voitchovsky, Sarah. "[http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Voitchovsky_Sarah_effects_inequality_growth.pdf The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature]." Working paper.

== Pranala luar ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{commons category inline}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Levy |first1=Frank |editor= [[David R. Henderson]] (ed.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Distribution of Income |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/DistributionofIncome.html |year=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0865976658 |oclc=237794267}}
* [http://inequality.org/ A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality]
* [http://www.poorcity.richcity.org Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator)]
* [http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/home.html The UC Atlas of Global Inequality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823205122/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/home.html |date=2015-08-23 }} explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics.
* [[Population Health Forum]] [http://depts.washington.edu/eqhlth website] – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality.
* {{cite web
| author = Russell Sage Foundation
| url    = http://www.russellsage.org/programs/main/inequality/program_view
| title  = Social Inequality | work=Working Papers
| format = Web page | accessdate= March 2, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060529093606/http://www.russellsage.org/programs/main/inequality/program_view <!--None--> |archivedate = May 29, 2006}}
* {{cite web | author = Leigh, A. and Jencks, C. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.nber.org/%7Econfer/2005/si2005/he/leigh.pdf | title = Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries | format = PDF | accessdate = November 30, 2005 | archive-date = 2008-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227221733/http://www.nber.org/%7Econfer/2005/si2005/he/leigh.pdf | dead-url = yes }}
* {{cite web
| author = Clarkwest, A and Jencks, C. | year=2003
| url    = http://www.popcenter.umd.edu/events/rsf/papers/Jencks.pdf
| title  = Inequality and Mortality in Rich Countries: Who Owns the Null Hypothesis?
| format = PDF | accessdate= November 30, 2005 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060528042212/http://www.popcenter.umd.edu/events/rsf/papers/Jencks.pdf <!--None--> |archivedate = May 28, 2006}}
* [http://www.yorku.ca/hdrnet/images/uploaded/The%20Inequality%20Predicament.pdf The Inequality Predicament] United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005
* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/bg1791.cfm Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613152949/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/bg1791.cfm |date=2007-06-13 }}
* [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa586.pdf Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased?] Accessed 2007-06-11.
* [http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121074259/http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf |date=2013-01-21 }} studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure
* [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/page/ Data from the Inequality Survey]
* [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/inequality-latin-america-2011-10.pdf Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real? ] from the [[Center for Economic and Policy Research]]
* [http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/wealth-and-poverty Wealth and Poverty: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508130928/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/wealth-and-poverty |date=2013-05-08 }}
* [[Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty's]] presentation [http://www.yjs.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Thomas-Piketty-pres..pdf Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312080953/http://www.yjs.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Thomas-Piketty-pres..pdf |date=2016-03-12 }} based on ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]''
* [http://apnews.excite.com/article/20140127/DABJ40P00.html "Wealth Gap" – A Guide] ([[AP News]] – January 2014).
* [http://www.adb.org/features/inequality-asia-and-pacific-region-12-things-know/ Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know] Asian Development Bank
* [http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2015/jan/23/nervous-super-rich-planning-escapes-davos-2015 As inequality soars, the nervous super rich are already planning their escapes]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' 23 January 2015.
* [http://thediplomat.com/2015/10/asias-wealth-inequality-problem/ Asia’s Wealth Inequality Problem]. ''[[The Diplomat]].'' October 23, 2015.

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