Lihat sumber Kincir air (penghasil energi)

[[Berkas:Laxey_Wheel_08676u.jpg|jmpl|Kincir air dengan diameter 22 m]]
'''Kincir air''' adalah sebuah [[mesin]] yang mengubah energi dari air mengalir atau air terjun menjadi bentuk energi yang bermanfaat, sering kali dalam [[kilang tenaga air]]. Kincir air terdiri dari sebuah roda 

== Referensi ==
{{notelist}}

=== Catatan ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Daftar pustaka ===
* Soto Gary, ''Water Wheel''. vol. 163. No. 4. (Jan., 1994), p.&nbsp;197
* al-Hassani, S.T.S., Woodcock, E. and Saoud, R. (2006) ''1001 inventions : Muslim heritage in our world'', Manchester : Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, {{ISBN|0-9552426-0-6}}
* Allan. April 18, 2008. Undershot Water Wheel. Retrieved from http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Hydro/UnderShot/WaterWheel.htm
* {{Citation
 | last1 = Donners
 | first1 = K.
 | last2 = Waelkens
 | first2 = M.
 | last3 = Deckers
 | first3 = J.
 | year = 2002
 | title = Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology
 | periodical = Anatolian Studies
 | volume = 52
 | pages = 1–17
 | doi = 10.2307/3643076
 | jstor = 3643076
 | publisher = Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52
}}
* Glick, T.F. (1970) ''Irrigation and society in medieval Valencia'', Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|0-674-46675-6}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Greene
 | first = Kevin
 | year = 2000
 | title = Technological Innovation and Economic Progress in the Ancient World: M.I. Finley Re-Considered
 | periodical = The Economic History Review
 | volume = 53
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 29–59
 | doi = 10.1111/1468-0289.00151
}}
* Hill, D.R. (1991) "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''Scientific American'', '''264''' (5:May), p.&nbsp;100-105
* {{cite journal | last1 = Lucas | first1 = A.R. | year = 2005 | title = Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe | url = | journal = Technology and Culture | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 1–30 | doi = 10.1353/tech.2005.0026 }}
* Lewis, M.J.T. (1997) ''Millstone and Hammer: the origins of water power'', University of Hull Press, {{ISBN|0-85958-657-X}}
* Morton, W.S. and Lewis, C.M. (2005) ''China: Its History and Culture'', 4th Ed., New York : McGraw-Hill, {{ISBN|0-07-141279-4}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Murphy
 | first = Donald
 | title = Excavations of a Mill at Killoteran, Co. Waterford as Part of the N-25 Waterford By-Pass Project
 | series = Estuarine/ Alluvial Archaeology in Ireland. Towards Best Practice
 | year = 2005
 | publisher = University College Dublin and National Roads Authority
 | url = http://www.acsltd.ie/cms/uploads/02_02_kiloteran_mill_-_ucd.pdf
 | accessdate = 2019-09-24
 | archive-date = 2007-11-18
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071118174835/http://www.acsltd.ie/cms/uploads/02_02_kiloteran_mill_-_ucd.pdf
 | dead-url = yes
 }}
* Needham, J. (1965) ''Science and Civilization in China – Vol. 4: Physics and physical technology – Part 2: Mechanical engineering'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-05803-1}}
* Nuernbergk, D.M. (2005) ''Wasserräder mit Kropfgerinne: Berechnungsgrundlagen und neue Erkenntnisse'', Detmold : Schäfer, {{ISBN|3-87696-121-1}}
* Nuernbergk, D.M. (2007) ''Wasserräder mit Freihang: Entwurfs- und Berechnungsgrundlagen'', Detmold : Schäfer, {{ISBN|3-87696-122-X}}
* Pacey, A. (1991) ''Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History'', 1st MIT Press ed., Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT, {{ISBN|0-262-66072-5}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Oleson
 | first = John Peter
 | author-link = John Peter Oleson
 | title = Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology
 | year = 1984
 | publisher = University of Toronto Press
 | isbn = 978-90-277-1693-4
}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Quaranta Emanuele
 | first = Revelli Roberto
 | title = Performance characteristics, power losses and mechanical power estimation for a breastshot water wheel
 | journal = Energy
 | volume = 87
 | pages = 315–325
 | year = 2015
 | publisher = Energy, Elsevier
 | doi = 10.1016/j.energy.2015.04.079
}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Oleson
 | first = John Peter
 | editor-last = Wikander
 | editor-first = Örjan
 | editor-link = Örjan Wikander
 | contribution = Water-Lifting
 | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
 | series = Technology and Change in History
 | volume = 2
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Brill
 | location = Leiden
 | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
 | pages = 217–302
}}
* Reynolds, T.S. (1983) ''Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel'', Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology: New Series '''7''', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, {{ISBN|0-8018-2554-7}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Schioler
 | first = Thorkild
 | title = Roman and Islamic Water-Lifting Wheels
 | year = 1973
 | publisher = Odense University Press
 | isbn = 978-87-7492-090-8
}}
* Shannon, R. 1997. Water Wheel Engineering. Retrieved from http://permaculturewest.org.au/ipc6/ch08/shannon/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920211239/http://permaculturewest.org.au/ipc6/ch08/shannon/index.html |date=2017-09-20 }}.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Siddiqui | first1 = Iqtidar Husain | year = 1986 | title = Water Works and Irrigation System in India during Pre-Mughal Times | url = | journal = Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient | volume = 29 | issue = 1| pages = 52–77 | doi = 10.1163/156852086X00036 }}
* Syson, l. (1965) ''British Water-mills'', London : Batsford, 176 p.
* {{Citation
 | last = Wikander
 | first = Örjan
 | author-link = Örjan Wikander
 | year = 1985
 | title = Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report
 | periodical = History of Technology
 | volume = 10
 | pages = 151–179
}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Wikander
 | first = Örjan
 | editor-last = Wikander
 | editor-first = Örjan
 | contribution = The Water-Mill
 | title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
 | series = Technology and Change in History
 | volume = 2
 | year = 2000
 | publisher = Brill
 | location = Leiden
 | isbn = 978-90-04-11123-3
 | pages = 371–400
}}
* {{Citation
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Andrew
 | author-link = Andrew Wilson (classical archaeologist)
 | year = 1995
 | title = Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel
 | periodical = Journal of Roman Archaeology
 | volume = 8
 | pages = 499–510
}}
* {{Citation
 | doi = 10.2307/3184857
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Andrew
 | year = 2002
 | title = Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy
 | jstor = 3184857
 | periodical = [[The Journal of Roman Studies]]
 | volume = 92
 | pages = 1–32
| publisher = [Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge University Press]
 }}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Wiktionary|water wheel}}
{{Commons category|Water wheels}}
* [http://www.angelfire.com/journal/millbuilder/terms.html Glossary of water wheel terms]
* [http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi105.htm Essay/audio clip]
* [http://www.waterhistory.org WaterHistory.org - Several articles concerning water wheels]
* [http://mw.concord.org/modeler1.3/mirror/mechanics/undershotwaterwheel.html Computer simulation of an undershot water wheel]
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/019addor0004784u00000000.html Persian Wheel in India, 1814-1815] painting with explanatory text, at [[British Library]] website.
* [http://mw.concord.org/modeler1.3/mirror/mechanics/overshotwaterwheel.html Computer simulation of an overshot water wheel]

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Turbin air]]