Lihat sumber Krisis Kongo

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Krisis Kongo
| partof      = [[Dekolonisasi Afrika]] dan [[Perang Dingin]]
| image       = [[Berkas:Dragon Rouge - DN144a.jpg|300px|Para prajurit Belgia, mengenakan beret dan jaket]]
| caption     = Pasukan Belgia sedang bertugas di Kongo pasa [[Operasi Dragon Rouge|Operasi ''Dragon Rouge'']], 1964
| date        = 30 Juni 1960&nbsp;– 25 November 1965<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=30|year1=1960|month2=11|day2=25|year2=1965}})
| place       = [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]] <br> <small>(sekarang [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]])<small>
| result      = Kongo didirikan sebagai negara persatuan dan merdeka yang diperintah oleh [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]]
| combatant1  = <small> 1960–63:<small> <br>
{{flagicon|COD|1960}} [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]]

'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>{{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}} <small>(1960)</small><br />{{flagicon|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa}} [[Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo|OPBBK]]{{efn|OPBBK, Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo, meliputi para pasukan dari [[Ghana]], [[Tunisia]], [[Maroko]], [[Kekaisaran Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Guinea]], [[Swedia]], [[Mali]], [[Sejarah Sudan (1956–69)|Sudan]], [[Liberia]], [[Kanada]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Republik Arab Bersatu]] dan lain-lain.{{sfn|Haskin|2005|pp=24–5}}}}
| combatant2 = <small>1960–63:</small><br />
{{flag|Katanga}}<br />{{flag|Kasai Selatan}}

'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>{{flag|Belgia}} {{efn|Sekesi Katanga dan Kasai Selatan juga didukung oleh [[Uni Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]], [[Republik Prancis Kelima|Prancis]] dan negara tetangganya [[Federasi Rhodesia dan Nyasaland|Federasi Afrika Tengah]].{{sfn|Nzongola-Ntalaja|2007|p=101}} Namun, negara tersebut tak pernah [[pengakuan diplomatik|secara resmi diakui]] oleh negara lain.{{sfn|Nugent|2004|p=97}} }}
----
<small>1960–62:</small><br />
{{flagicon|COD|1960}} Pemerintah Stanleyville

'''Didukung oleh:''' <br > {{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}}
| combatant3 =
| combatant1a = <small>1964–65:<small><br>
{{flagicon|COD|1963}} [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Demokratik Kongo]]

'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<br>{{flag|Belgia}}
| combatant2a = <small> 1964–65:<small><br>
{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Pemberontakan Simba|Pemberontakan Simba dan Kwilu]]

'''Didukung oleh:'''{{unbulleted list|
{{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}}
|{{flag|Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|name=Tiongkok}}
|{{flag|Kuba}}
}}
| commander1  =
{{unbulleted list
|{{flagicon|COD|1960}} [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]]
|{{flagicon|COD|1960}} [[Patrice Lumumba]]{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]{{KIA}}
|{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[U Thant]]
}}
----
{{unbulleted list
|{{flagicon|COD|1963}} [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]]
|{{flagicon|COD|1963}} [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]]
|{{flagicon|COD|1963}} [[Moise Tshombe]] <small>(dari 1963)</small>
}}
| commander2 = 
 {{unbulleted list
|{{flagicon|Katanga}} [[Moise Tshombe]]
|{{flagicon|Kasai Selatan}} [[Albert Kalonji]]
|{{flagicon|Belgia}} [[Gaston Eyskens]]
|{{flagicon|Belgia}} [[Théo Lefèvre]]
}}
----
{{unbulleted list
|{{flagicon|COD|1960}} [[Antoine Gizenga]]
}}
----
{{unbulleted list
|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Pierre Mulele]]
|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Christophe Gbenye]]
}}
| commander3  =
| strength1   =
| strength2   =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 = Jumlah korban tewas: {{circa}} 100,000 (perkiraan){{sfn|Mwakikagile|2014|p=72}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Kemerdekaan Kongo}}{{Kotak Kampanye Konflik di Kongo}}
}}


'''Krisis Kongo''' ({{lang-fr|Crise congolaise}}) adalah masa [[krisis|kebangkitan politik]] dan [[perang|konflik]] di [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]] (sekarang [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]]){{efn|Tidak sama dengan negara tetangganya yang dikenal sebagai [[Republik Kongo]], dulunya [[Kongo Prancis]], dengan ibukotanya di [[Brazzaville]]. Nama negara tersebut diubah menjadi Republik Demokratik Kongo pada Agustus 1964.{{sfn|EISA|2002a}} }} antara 1960 dan 1965. Krisis tersebut dimulai setelah Kongo merdeka dari Belgia, dan berakhir, secara tak resmi, dengan seluruh negara tersebut berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]]. Diwarnai dengan serangkaian [[perang saudara]], Krisis Kongo juga merupakan [[perang proksi|konflik proksi]] dalam [[Perang Dingin]] dimana [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] mendukung faksi-faksi yang berseberangan. Sekitar 100,000 orang diyakini tewas pada krisis tersebut.

== Catatan dan referensi ==

=== Catatan kaki ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Referensi ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC|2005}}|title=1961: Lumumba Rally Clashes with UK Police|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/19/newsid_2748000/2748931.stm|accessdate=8 July 2014|work=On this Day|agency=[[BBC]]|date=19 February 2008}}
* {{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC|2001}}|title=Belgium link in Lumumba death|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1660615.stm|accessdate=11 July 2014|agency=BBC|date=16 November 2001}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Boulden|2001}}|last1=Boulden|first1=Jane|title=Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia|url=https://archive.org/details/peaceenforcement0000boul|date=2001|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0-275-96906-1|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|last=Borstelmann|first=Thomas|ref={{harvid|Borstelmann|1993}}|title=Apartheid, Colonialism, and the Cold War: the United States and Southern Africa, 1945–1952|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-507942-6}}
* {{cite news|ref={{harvid|Le Soir|2007}}|last=Braeckman|first=Colette|title=Antoine Gizenga ou la revanche de l'histoire|url=http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2007/01/02/antoine-gizenga-ou-la-revanche-de-lhistoire/|publisher=[[Le Soir]]|date=2 January 2007|accessdate=8 July 2014}}
* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|EISA|2002a}}|title=DRC: Background to the 1965 election|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-background-1965-election|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)|accessdate=8 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725053318/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-background-1965-election|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|EISA|2002b}}|title=DRC: Constitutional Crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-constitutional-crisis-between-kasavubu-and-tshombe|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)|accessdate=8 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725065303/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-constitutional-crisis-between-kasavubu-and-tshombe|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Renee C.|last2=Craemer|first2=Willy, de|last3=Ribeaucourt|first3=Jean-Marie|title="The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1965-10_8_1/page/78|journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]|date=October 1965|volume=8|issue=1|pages=78–109|ref={{harvid|Fox|de Craemer|Ribeaucourt|1965}}|jstor=177537|doi=10.1017/s0010417500003911}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Freund|1998}}|last1=Freund|first1=Bill|title=The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800|date=1998|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-333-69872-3|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Gendebien|1967}}|last1=Gendebien|first1=Paul-Henry|title=L'Intervention Des Nations Unies Au Congo. 1960–1964|date=1967|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-113787-2}}
* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Gibbs|1996}}|last1=Gibbs|first1=David N.|title=Misrepresenting the Congo Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1996-07_95_380/page/453|journal=[[African Affairs]]|date=July 1996|volume=95|issue=380|pages=453–9|jstor=723578|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007743}}
* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Gleijeses|1994}}|last1=Gleijeses|first1=Piero|title="Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65|journal=Diplomatic History|date=April 1994|volume=18|issue=2|pages=207–37|issn=0145-2096|url=https://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Complete%20PDFs/Hahn%20Empire/05.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x|access-date=2016-09-29|archive-date=2018-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121002623/https://ohiostatepress.org/books/Complete%20PDFs/Hahn%20Empire/05.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Gondola|2002}}|last1=Gondola|first1=Didier|title=The History of Congo|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-31696-8}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Haskin|2005}}|last=Haskin|first=Jeanne M.|title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship|url=https://archive.org/details/tragicstateofcon0000hask|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=0-87586-416-3}}
* {{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC|2013}}|last1=Jullien|first1=Maud|title=Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23422038|accessdate=11 July 2014|work=BBC Africa|agency=BBC|date=11 August 2013}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Meredith|1984}}|last=Meredith|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Meredith|title=The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Postwar Era|date=1984|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|location=London|isbn=978-0-241-11340-0|edition=1st US}}
* {{cite news|ref={{harvid|Mockler|1986}}|last1=Mockler|first1=Anthony|title=Soldiers of Fortune: 5 Commando, the Congo 1964–65|agency=The Elite|volume=1|issue=6|publisher=Orbis|date=1986|pages=116–120|issn=0030-4387}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Mwakikagile|2014}}|last1=Mwakikagile|first1=Godfrey|title=Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study|date=2014|publisher=New Africa Press|location=Dar es Salaam|isbn=978-9987-16-039-6}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Nugent|2004}}|last=Nugent|first=Paul|title=Africa since Independence: A Comparative History|url=https://archive.org/details/africasinceindep0000nuge|publisher=Palgrave-MacMillan|year=2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-333-68273-9}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Nzongola-Ntalaja|2007}}|last=Nzongola-Ntalaja|first=Georges|authorlink=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja|title=The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History|date=2007|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84277-053-5|edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Pakenham|1992}}|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title=The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912|year=1992|publisher=Abacus|location=London|isbn=978-0-349-10449-2|edition=13th}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Renton|Seddon|Zeilig|2007}}|last1=Renton|first1=David|last2=Seddon|first2=David|last3=Zeilig|first3=Leo|title=The Congo: Plunder and Resistance|date=2007|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn= 978-1-84277-485-4}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Struelens|1978}}|last1=Struelens|first1=Michel|title=The United Nations in the Congo, Or O.N.U.C., and International Politics|date=1978|publisher=Max Arnold|location=Brussels|oclc=2618699|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Turner|2007}}|last1=Turner|first1=Thomas|title=The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality|url=https://archive.org/details/congowarsconflic00turn_0|date=2007|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-84277-688-9|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|UN Resolution 169}}|last1=United Nations Security Council|title=UN Resolution 169|url=http://www.un.org/docs/scres/try/scres61.htm|website=United Nations Documents|accessdate=8 July 2014}}
* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Verhaegen|1967}}|last1=Verhaegen|first1=Benoît|title=Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964|journal=[[Cahiers d'études africaines]]|date=1967|volume=7|issue=26|pages=345–59|issn=0008-0055|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100/article_cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100.pdf|doi=10.3406/cea.1967.3100|access-date=2016-09-29|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151406/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100/article_cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Whelan|2006}}|last=Whelan|first=Michael|title=The Battle of Jadotville: Irish Soldiers in Combat in the Congo 1961|year=2006|url=http://source.southdublinlibraries.ie/bitstream/10599/4927/2/The%20battle%20of%20Jadotville.pdf|publisher=South Dublin Libraries|location=Dublin|isbn=978-0-9547660-6-1|format=pdf}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Wood|2005}}|last=Wood|first=J. R. T.|title=So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965|year=2005|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|location=Victoria, British Columbia|isbn=978-1-4120-4952-8}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Zeilig|2008}}|last1=Zeilig|first1=Leo|title=Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader|date=2008|publisher=Haus|location=London|isbn=978-1-905791-02-6}}
{{refend}}

== Bacaan tambahan ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=De Witte|first=Ludo|authorlink=Ludo De Witte|title=The Assassination of Lumumba|date=2002|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=1-85984-410-3|edition=Trans.}}
* {{cite book|last=Gérard-Libois|first=Jules|title=Katanga Secession|date=1966|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison|others=Trans. Young, Rebecca|oclc=477435}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Matthew|title=Fighting for White Rule in Africa: The Central African Federation, Katanga, and the Congo Crisis, 1958–1965|journal=The International History Review|date=September 2003|volume=25|issue=3|pages=592–615|jstor=40109400|doi=10.1080/07075332.2003.9641007}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Lawrence S.|title=The United States, Belgium, and the Congo Crisis of 1960|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-politics_1967-04_29_2/page/239|journal=The Review of Politics|date=April 1967|volume=29|issue=2|pages=239–56|jstor=1405667|doi=10.1017/s0034670500023949}}
* {{cite book|last=Namikas|first=Lise|title=Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965|date=2013|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8047-8486-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Herbert|title=The Congo's Independence Struggle Viewed Fifty Years Later|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2012-04_55_1/page/109|journal=African Studies Review|date=April 2012|volume=55|issue=1|pages=109-15|jstor=41804131|doi=10.1017/s0034670500023949}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Congo Crisis}}
* [https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization The Congo, Decolonization, and the Cold War, 1960–1965] at [[United States Department of State]]
* [http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_con.html Congo (Katanga) 1960–63] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT)

{{Perang Dingin}}

[[Kategori:Krisis Kongo| ]]
[[Kategori:Perang saudara yang melibatkan negara dan bangsa Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Perang saudara pasca-1945]]
[[Kategori:Konflik Perang Dingin]]
[[Kategori:Perang saudara berbasis pemberontakan separatis]]
[[Kategori:Perang saudara berbasis komunisme]]
[[Kategori:Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Republik Demokratik Kongo]]
[[Kategori:Hubungan luar negeri Uni Soviet]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Republik Demokratik Kongo]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan negara dan bangsa Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Belgia]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Kuba]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Etiopia]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan India]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Irlandia]]
[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Swedia]]
[[Kategori:Separatisme di Afrika]]