Lihat sumber Papirus Chester Beatty

[[Berkas:P. Chester Beatty I, folio 13-14, recto.jpg|jmpl|300px|P. Chester Beatty I, (P<sup>45</sup>) folio 13-14, memuat sebagian [[Injil Lukas]].]]
[[Berkas:P. Chester Beatty VI fragments, recto.jpg|jmpl|250px|Fragmen P. Chester Beatty VI yang memuat sebagian [[Kitab Ulangan]].]]
[[Berkas:P. Chester Beatty XII, leaf 3, verso.jpg|jmpl|''P. Chester Beatty'' XII, folio 3, verso, sekarang disimpan di University of Michigan]]

'''Papirus Chester Beatty''' ({{lang-en|Chester Beatty Papyri}}) merupakan kumpulan naskah [[papirus]] kuno yang dikumpulkan oleh Alfred Chester Beatty semasa hidupnya, yang meliputi sejumlah manuskrip yang berkaitan dengan [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]], yang disebut kelompok '''Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri''', maupun yang tidak berkaitan dengan Alkitab, seperti [[#Berkaitan dengan Kedokteran|'''Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus''']] yang berhubungan dengan [[kedokteran]].

== Berkaitan dengan Alkitab ==
Naskah-naskah yang berkaitan dengan Alkitab (''Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri'') semuanya ditulis dalam [[bahasa Yunani]] dan berasal dari komunitas [[Kristen]]. Seluruhnya ada 11 manuskrip dalam kelompok ini, 7 naskah memuat sejumlah kitab yang tergolong [[Perjanjian Lama]], 3 naskah memuat bagian dari [[Perjanjian Baru]] (Gregory-Aland no. [[Papirus 45|P<sup>45</sup>]], [[Papirus 46|P<sup>46</sup>]], dan [[Papirus 47|P<sup>47</sup>]]), serta satu lagi memuat bagian-bagian dari [[Kitab Henokh]] dan suatu [[homili]] [[Kristen]] yang tidak teridentifikasi. Kebanyakan bertarikh pada abad ke-3. Naskah-naskah itu disimpan sebagian pada [[Chester Beatty Library]] di Dublin, Irlandia, dan sebagian lain [[University of Michigan]], serta sedikit lokasi-lokasi lain,
<!--
Penemuannya tidak diketahui jelas karena pertama kalinya diperoleh dari penjual barang antik ilegal. Ada kisah bahwa naskah-naskah berbahasa Koptik ditemukan dalam guci-guci pada suatu tanah pemakaman Koptik dekat reruntuhan kota kuno "''Aphroditopolis''" (sekarang "Atfih"). Teori-teori lain menyatakan bahwa koleksi itu ditemukan dekat "[[Al Fayyum]], bukan di Aphroditopolis, dan lokasinya adalah sebuah gereja atau biara [[Kristen]] dekat tempat pemakaman, bukan dari dalam makam. Kebanyakan naskah itu dibeli dari seorang pedagang barang antik oleh [[Alfred Chester Beatty]], yang namanya dipakai untuk menyebut koleksi tersebut, meskipun beberapa lembaran dan fragmen diambil oleh [[University of Michigan]] dan beberapa kolektor serta institusi lainnya.

Koleksi papirus pertama kaliny pada tanggal 19 November 1931, although more leaves would be acquired over the next decade. [[Frederic G. Kenyon]], in an 8 volume work that spanned 1933-58, published the manuscripts in ''The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri: Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible''. The papyri are usually cataloged as ''P. Chester Beatty'' followed by a corresponding Roman numeral between I-XII, one for each manuscript.



== Character of the collection ==

All of the manuscripts are [[codex|codices]], which was surprising to the first scholars who examined the texts because it was believed that the papyrus codex was not extensively used by Christians until the 4th century. Most of the manuscripts dated to the 3rd century, with some as early as the 2nd. The manuscripts also helped scholars understand the construction of papyrus codices. There is significant variation between the construction of each manuscript. Page size ranges from about 14 by 24.2&nbsp;cm (P. III) to 18 by 33&nbsp;cm (P. VI). Some of the manuscripts were constructed of a single gathering (quire) of papyrus sheets (Pap. II, VII, IX + X), while in others the gathering varies from a single sheet (I) to five (V) or seven (VII). The largest codex (P. IX/X) is believed to have contained roughly 236 pages.

The manuscripts employ ''[[nomina sacra]]''. One notable example is in P. VI which contains portions of the Old Testament. The name Joshua which relates linguistically to Jesus was considered a sacred name and abbreviated as such.

Since all but two (P. XI, XII) of the eleven manuscripts are dated before the 4th century, they present significant [[textual criticism|textual]] evidence for the Greek Bible as it existed in Egypt prior to the Diocletianic persecutions where Christian books are said to have been destroyed and a century or more earlier than the [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Codex Vaticanus]] and [[Codex Sinaiticus]]. Although some of the scholars who first studied the collection considered some of the New Testament manuscripts, especially ''P. Chester Beatty'' I (P<sup>45</sup>) to be of the [[Caesarean text-type]], this has little support today. The textual character is generally described as being eclectic, mixed, or unaligned. The manuscripts provided many new textual variations, especially because the Old Testament manuscripts predated the revision activity of [[Lucian]] and [[Origen]] and others, and the New Testament manuscripts are some of the earliest yet quite extensive examples of the corresponding books.

=== Naskah Perjanjian Lama ==

Originally, there were believed to be eight manuscripts in the Chester Beatty collection that contained portions of the Old Testament. However, what was believed to be two different manuscripts actually belonged to the same codex, resulting in a total of seven Old Testament manuscripts in the collection, all following the text of the [[septuagint]].

* P. IV and V – Two manuscripts that contain portions of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], one dated to the late 3rd century, and one the early 4th century. These manuscripts are significant because the next oldest Greek Old Testament texts of Vaticanus and Sinaiticus have extensive [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|Lacunae]] in Genesis.
* P. VI – A manuscript of the [[Book of Numbers]] and [[Deuteronomy]], consisting of around 50 partial leaves out of 108 and many very small fragment, dated to the first half of the 2nd century. It is the earliest manuscript in the collection, but is predated by two other less extensive Greek papyri manuscripts of these books, [[Papyrus Fouad 266|''P. Fouad'' 266]] and ''[[Papyrus Rylands 458|P. Rylands 458]]''.
* P. VII – A manuscript of the [[Book of Isaiah]], heavily deteriorated, with Coptic (Old Fayumic) marginal notes, dated to the 3rd century. 
* P. VIII – Two fragmentary leaves from the [[Book of Jeremiah]], ''c.'' 200
* P. IX/X – A manuscript of the Books of [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]], [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]], and [[Book of Esther|Esther]]. What remains is 50 out of an original 118 leaves, 29 of which are in the Chester Beatty Library (8 of Ezekiel, 8 of Esther, and 13 of Daniel), and another 21 of Ezekiel are in the [[Harvey S. Firestone Memorial Library|Princeton University Library]]. All of the manuscripts are the most substantial, early examples of the corresponding books. The bottom portion of the leaves are missing, and the manuscript is dated to the 3rd century. Ezekiel is written in a different handwriting than the other two books. Daniel was originally counted as X, because it was mistakenly attributing it to another manuscript. It was later decided that all three books belonged to the same codex. Daniel contains some significant variations regarding the ordering and omission of certain text (chapters 7-8 come before 5-6, and parts of chapters 4 and 5 are missing). 
* P. XI – Two fragmentary leaves from [[Ecclesiastes]], dated to the 4th century.

== New Testament manuscripts ==
{{main|Papyrus 45|Papyrus 46}}
[[File:P46.jpg|thumb|A folio from P46 containing 2 Corinthians 11:33-12:9]]

There are three New Testament manuscripts that are part of the Chester Beatty Papyri. The first, P. I, is labeled under the Gregory-Aland numbering system as [[Papyrus 45|P<sup>45</sup>]] and was originally a codex of 110 leaves that contained the four canonical gospels and Acts. 30 fragmentary leaves remain, consisting of two small leaves of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] chapters 20/21 and 25/26, portions of the [[Gospel of Mark]] chapters 4-9, 11-12, portions of the [[Gospel of Luke]] 6-7, 9-14, portions of the [[Gospel of John]] 4-5, 10-11, and portion of the [[Acts of the Apostles]] 4-17. The ordering of the gospels follows the Western tradition, Matthew, John, Luke, Mark, Acts. These fragments are [[Palaeography|palaeographically]] dated to the first half of the 3rd century.

[[Papyrus 46|P<sup>46</sup>]] is the second New Testament manuscript in the Chester Beatty collection (P. II), and was a codex that contained the [[Pauline Epistles]] dating ''c.'' 200. What remains today of the manuscript is roughly 85 out of 104 leaves consisting of Romans chapters 5-6, 8-15, all of Hebrews, Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians, virtually all of 1–2 Corinthians and 1 Thessalonians 1-2, 5. The leaves have partially deteriorated, resulting in the loss of some lines at the bottom of each folio. The manuscript split up between the [[Chester Beatty Library]] and the University of Michigan. Scholars do not believe the [[Pastoral epistles]] were included originally in the codex, based on the amount of space required in the missing leaves; they conclude 2 Thessalonians would have occupied the final portion of the codex. The inclusion of Hebrews, a book that was questioned canonically and not considered [[Authorship of the Pauline epistles|authored by Paul]], is notable. The placement of it following Romans is unique against most other witnesses, as is the ordering of Galatians following Ephesians.

P. III is the last New Testament manuscript, P<sup>47</sup>, and contains 10 leaves from the [[Book of Revelation]], chapters 9-17. This manuscript also dates to the 3rd century, and Kenyon describes the handwriting as being rough.

== Apocrypha manuscript ==

The last manuscript in the Chester Beatty Papyri, XII, contains chapters 97-107 of the [[Book of Enoch]] and portions of an unknown Christian homily attributed to [[Melito of Sardis]]. The manuscript is placed in the 4th century. The Book of Enoch is listed as "The Epistle of Enoch" in the manuscript. Chapters 105 and 108 are not included, and scholars believe they were later additions. XII is the only Greek witness to certain parts of Enoch. As for the homily, XII was the only known copy of the text at the time of its discovery. Two manuscripts which contain the text, ''[[Bodmer Papyri|P. Bodmer]]'' XIII and ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri|P. Oxy.]]'' 1600, have since been found. The manuscript also contains the only manuscript witness to the [[Apocryphon of Ezekiel]], although it is cited by [[Clement of Alexandria]] (''Paedagogus'' I. ix. 84.2–4). Overall, the handwriting is rough and most likely from a scribe who did not know Greek well. Campbell Bonner of the University of Michigan published this manuscript in his 1937 ''The Last Chapters of Enoch in Greek'' and 1940 ''The Homily on the Passion by Metito Bishop of Sardis''. {{clear}}
-->

== Berkaitan dengan Kedokteran ==
'''Papirus Kedokteran Chester Beatty''' ({{lang-en|Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus}} atau '''Chester Beatty Papyri 46''' (Papyrus no. 10686, [[British Museum]])) merupakan suatu manuskrip papirus [[Mesir kuno]], berisi hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan [[kedokteran]] dan pengobatan. Didedikasikan kepadakan inkantasi sihir untuk melawan sakit kepala<ref name="MARRY-2004"/> dan pengobatan penyakit "''[[:en:proctology|anorectal ailments|proktologilanorektal]]''",<ref name="MARRY-2004"/><ref name="BANOV-1965">Banov 1965, dari judul (teks tidak diakses).</ref> yaitu sejenis penyakit anorektal (bagian dubur).<ref>"Papyrus VI of the Chester Beatty Papyri 46 (Papyrus no. 10686, [[British Museum]]) also contains some recipes dealing with anorectal diseases." Boutsis, C.; Ellis, Harold (1974). "The ivalon-sponge-wrap operation for rectal prolapse: An experience with 26 patients." ''Diseases of the Colon & Rectum'', Volume 17, Number 1, January 1974.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x314324p0023922u/]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bertarikh sekitar 1200 SM. Sekarang menjadi bagian koleksi [[Alfred Chester Beatty]], di kalangan tertentu dirujuk hanya sebagai '''Chester Beatty Papyri''',<ref name="MARRY-2004">Marry 2004.</ref> meskipun nama kependekan ini lebih umum digunakan untuk merujuk naskah-naskah pada koleksi yang sama yang berhubungan dengan [[Alkitab]] (lengkapnya disebut '''Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri''').

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Daftar Papirus Perjanjian Baru]]
* [[Bodmer Papyri]]

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pustaka lain ==
* [[F. F. Bruce|Bruce, F.F.]] [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/papyri_bruce.pdf "The Chester Beatty Papyrii,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516095559/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/papyri_bruce.pdf |date=2011-05-16 }} ''The Harvester'' 11 (1934): 163-164.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605115104/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~pietersm/Chester%20Beatty%20Papyri%20(ABD).pdf "Chester Beatty Papyri"]. '''The Anchor Bible Dictionary''. vol. 1. Doubleday: 1992. pp. 901–903
* [[Frederic G. Kenyon|Kenyon, Frederic G.]]. [http://www.bible-researcher.com/kenyon/sotb9.html "Chapter 9 – The Age of Discoveries (continued): The Chester Beatty Papyri."] ''The Story of the Bible''. London: J. Murray, 1936.
* Kenyon, Frederic G. ''The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri: Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible''. London: Emery Walker Ltd., 1933, 1937. [http://www.biblecentre.net/nt/mss/kenyon/cb/int.htm Fasciculus I: General Introduction], [http://www.biblecentre.net/nt/mss/kenyon/cb/text.htm Fasciculus II: The Gospels and Acts], [http://www.biblecentre.net/nt/mss/kenyon/cb/Pauline%20Epistles%20-%20Plates.html Fasciculus III, Supplement: Pauline Epistles].
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite web
 |author      = Marry, Austin <!--"Author" field of http://indigo.ie/~marrya/ -->
 |date        = 2004, 22 January revision <!--PAGE'S HTTP LAST-MODIFIED-->
 |title       = <U>"Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri"</U>
 |work        = Ancient Egypt Fan: Articles
 |publisher   = Indigo.ie/~marrya
 |url         = http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20040224112547/http://indigo.ie/~marrya/papyri.html
 |archivedate = 2004-02-24
 |access-date = 2013-09-07
 |dead-url    = no
}}
{{Refend}}

== Pustaka tambahan ==
* Banov, L., Jr. (1965). "The Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus: the earliest known treatise completely devoted to anorectal diseases." PubMed.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=5322341&cmd=showdetailview]
* Viso, L.; Uriach, J. (1995). "The 'Guardians of the anus' and their practice." ''International Journal of Colorectal Disease'', Volume 10, Number 4, October 1995.[http://www.springerlink.com/content/m1562t58054617j6/]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.baghdadmuseum.org/posters/i1350749_The_Chester_Beatty_Medical_Papyrus_New_Kingdom_circa_1200_BC_Papyrus.html Photograph of a page of the Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233119/http://www.baghdadmuseum.org/posters/i1350749_The_Chester_Beatty_Medical_Papyrus_New_Kingdom_circa_1200_BC_Papyrus.html |date=2016-03-03 }}

{{Ancient Egyptian medicine}}

[[Kategori:Naskah Alkitab]]
[[Kategori:Kedokteran]]
[[Kategori:Universitas Michigan]]
[[Kategori:Chester Beatty Library]]