Lihat sumber Perang Besar di Utara

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Perang Besar di Utara
| partof            = [[Perang di Utara]]
| image             = Great Northern War Collage.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = Dari kiri ke kanan: {{flatlist|
* [[Pertempuran Narva (1700)]]
* [[Penyeberangan Düna|Charles XII menyeberangi Düna (1701)]]
* [[Pertempuran Poltava|Pyotr I dalam Pertempuran Poltava (1709)]]
* [[Pertempuran Gadebusch|Pertempuran Gadebusch (1712)]]
* [[Membawa Pulang Jenazah Raja Charles XII|Membawa Pulang Jenazah Raja Charles XII (1718)]]
}}
| date              = 22 Februari 1700 – 10 September 1721<br />(21 tahun, 6 bulan dan 2 minggu dan 5 hari, [[Kalender Gregorian|N.S.]])
| place             = [[Eropa Utara]], [[Eropa Tengah|Tengah]] dan [[Eropa Timur|Timur]]
| casus             = Persaingan [[Ketsaran Rusia]] dan [[Imperium Swedia]] untuk menghegemoni Laut Baltik
| territory         = {{plainlist|
* '''[[Perjanjian Nystad]]''': Rusia mendapat tiga wilayah kekuasaan yaitu [[Kadipaten Estonia (1561–1721)|Estonia]], [[Livonia]] dan [[Ingria]] serta sebagian [[Kexholm]] dan [[Provinsi Viborg|Viborg]].
* '''[[Perjanjian Stockholm (Perang Besar di Utara)|Perjanjian Stockholm]]''': Prusia mendapat sebagian [[Pomerania Swedia]]; Hanover mendapat [[Bremen-Verden]].
* '''[[Perjanjian Frederiksborg]]''': [[Holstein-Gottorp|Holstein–Gottorp]] kehilangan bagian [[Kadipaten Schleswig]] miliknya kepada [[Denmark-Norwegia]].<!--Bagian Holstein-Gottorp di Holstein didapat oleh [[Denmark-Norwegia]] pada tahun 1773.-->
* '''[[Perjanjian Pruth]]''': Wilayah Azov diserahkan kembali kepada [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Rusia merobohkan kastel-kastel strategis semisal [[Taganrog]]. [[Charles XII dari Swedia]] mendapat perjalanan yang aman dari Turki ke Swedia pada tahun 1711.
}}
| result            = Kemenangan untuk koalisi anti-Swedia:
* [[Ketsaran Rusia]] menjadi [[Kekaisaran Rusia]], menjadikan dirinya kekuatan baru di Eropa
* Melemahnya [[Imperium Swedia]]
* Melemahnya [[Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]]
| combatant1        = {{plainlist|
* {{flag|Imperium Swedia}}
* {{flagicon image|Merchant Ensign of Holstein-Gottorp (Lions sinister).svg|border=}} [[Holstein-Gottorp]]<br />{{small|(1700–1714)}}
* [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław Leszczyński.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Konfederasi Warsawa (1704)|Konfederasi Warsawa]]<br />{{small|(1704–1709)}}
* {{flag|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|1517}}<br />{{small|(1710–1714)}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_(15th_century).svg|link=Kekhanan Krimea}} [[Kekhanan Krimea]]<br />{{small|(1710–1714)}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Hetmanat Kazaki]]<br />{{small|(1708–1714)}}
* {{flagdeco|Provinsi Bersatu}} [[Republik Belanda]] {{small|(1700)}}
* {{flag|Kerajaan Inggris|name=Inggris}} {{small|(1700)}}
* {{flag|Kerajaan Skotlandia|name=Skotlandia}} {{small|(1700)}}
* {{flagcountry|Kerajaan Irlandia|1542}} {{small|(1700)}}
* {{flagicon|Kerajaan Britania Raya}} [[Kerajaan Britania Raya|Britania Raya]]<br />{{small|(1719–1720)}}
}}
| combatant2        = {{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Ketsaran Rusia]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Hetmanat Kazaki]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg|border=}} [[Kekhanan Kalmyk]]
* {{flagicon|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[Elektorat Saksonia|Saksonia]]<br />{{small|(1700–1706, 1709–1719)}}
* [[File:Flag of Courland (state).svg|23px|border]] [[Kadipaten Kurlandia dan Semigalia|Kadipaten Kurlandia]]<br />{{small|(1700–1701)}}
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]]<br />{{small|(1701–1704, 1709–1719)}}
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Konfederasi Sandomierz]]<br />{{small|(1704–1709)}}
* {{flagicon|Denmark–Norwegia}} [[Denmark–Norwegia]]<br />{{small|(1700, 1709–1720)}}
* {{flagicon|Kerajaan Prusia|1701}} [[Kerajaan Prusia|Prusia]] {{small|(1715–1720)}}
* {{flagicon|Elektorat Hanover}} [[Elektorat Hanover|Hanover]] {{small|(1715–1719)}}
* {{flagicon|Kerajaan Britania Raya}} [[Kerajaan Britania Raya|Britania Raya]]<br />{{small|(1717–1719)}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro2.svg}} [[Kepangeran-Uskupan Montenegro|Montenegro]]<br />{{small|(1711–1712)}}
* {{resize|{{flagicon|Moldavia}} [[Moldavia]]}} 
}}
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} '''[[Charles XII dari Swedia|Charles XII]]'''{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedis}} [[Ulrika Eleonora, Ratu Swedia|Eleonora I]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Frederik I dari Swedia|Frederik I]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld|Rehnskiöld]]{{POW}}
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Magnus Stenbock|Stenbock]]{{Surrender}}[[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt|Lewenhaupt]]{{Surrender}}[[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Arvid Axel Mardefelt|Mardefelt]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Carl Gustaf Armfeldt|Armfeldt]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Johan August Meijerfeldt yang Tua|Meijerfeldt]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach|Schlippenbach]] {{POW}}
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Carl Gustaf Dücker|Dücker]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Otto Vellingk|Vellingk]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Hans Wachtmeister|Wachtmeister]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Carl Georg Siöblad|Siöblad]]
* {{flagicon|Imperium Swedia}} [[Carl Gustaf Creutz|Creutz]]{{POW}}
* {{flagicon image|Merchant Ensign of Holstein-Gottorp (Lions sinister).svg|border=}} [[Fredrik IV, Adipati Holstein-Gottorp|Fredrik IV]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Merchant Ensign of Holstein-Gottorp (Lions sinister).svg|border=}} [[Karl Friedrich, Adipati Holstein-Gottorp|Karl Friedrich]]
* {{flagicon|Kerajaan Inggris}}{{flagicon|Kerajaan Skotlandia}}{{flagicon|Kerajaan Irlandia|1542}}{{flagicon image|Statenvlag.svg}} [[William III dari Inggris|William III]]<br />{{small|(uni personal)}}
* [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław Leszczyński.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Stanislaus I]]
* [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław Leszczyński.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Józef Potocki|Potocki]]
* [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław Leszczyński.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Jan Kazimierz Sapieha yang Muda|Sapieha the Younger]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław Leszczyński.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Jan Kazimierz Sapieha yang Tua|Sapieha yang Tua]]
* {{flagicon|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|1517}} [[Ahmed III]]
* {{flagicon|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|1517}} [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha|Baltaci Mehmet Pasha]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Ivan Mazepa|Mazepa]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Pylyp Orlyk|Orlyk]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Kost Hordiyenko|Hordiyenko]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_(15th_century).svg|link=Kekhanan Krimea}} [[Devlet II Giray]]
* {{flagicon image|Royal Standard of Great Britain (1689-1702).svg}} [[George I dari Britania Raya|George I]]}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} '''[[Pyotr Agung|Pyotr I]]'''
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov|Menshikov]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Boris Sheremetev|Sheremetev]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Fyodor Apraksin|Apraksin]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Anikita Repnin|Repnin]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Mikhail Golitsyn|Golitsyn]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Carl Ewald von Rönne|Rönne]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Jacob Bruce]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Robert Bruce (1668–1720)|Robert Bruce]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}} [[Matija Zmajević|Zmajević]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Oryol ship (variant).svg}}{{flagdeco|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[Charles Eugène de Croÿ|Croÿ]]{{Surrender}} [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Ivan Mazepa|Mazepa]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Danylo Apostol|Apostol]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg|border=Hetmanat Kazaki}} [[Ivan Skoropadsky|Skoropadsky]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kalmyk Khanate.svg|border=}} [[Ayuka Khan]]
* {{flagdeco|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Augustus II]]<br /><small>(uni personal)</small>
* {{flagdeco|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[Jacob Heinrich von Flemming|Flemming]]
* {{flagdeco|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg|Schulenburg]]
* {{flagdeco|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[Adam Heinrich von Steinau|Steinau]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagdeco|Elektorat Saksonia}} [[Otto Arnold von Paykull|Paykull]]{{POW}}{{Executed}}
* [[File:Flag of Courland (state).svg|23px]] [[Ferdinand Kettler|Kettler]]
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski|Sieniawski]]
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Stanisław Chomętowski|Chomętowski]]
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki|Wiśniowiecki]]
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski|Lubomirski]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* [[File:Polish Royal Banner of The House of Wettin.svg|22px|alt=|Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania]] [[Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński|Ogiński]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark–Norwegia}} [[Frederik IV dari Denmark|Frederik IV]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark–Norwegia}} [[Christian Detlev Reventlow|Reventlow]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark–Norwegia}} [[Jørgen Rantzau|Rantzau]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark–Norwegia}} [[Ulrik Christian Gyldenløve|Gyldenløve]] [[Kematian karena sebab alami|#]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark–Norwegia}} [[Peter Tordenskjold|Tordenskjold]]
* {{flagicon|Prusia|1701}} [[Friedrich Wilhelm I dari Prusia|Friedrich Wilhelm I]]
* {{flagicon|Prusia|1701}} [[Leopold I, Pangeran Anhalt-Dessau|Leopold I]]
* {{flagicon|Elektorat Hanover}}{{flagicon|Kerajaan Britania Raya}} [[George I dari Britania Raya|George I]]<br /><small>(uni personal)</small>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro2.svg}} [[Danilo I, Metropolitan Cetinje|Danilo I]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Moldavia.svg}} [[Dimitrie Cantemir|Cantemir]]
}}
| strength1         = {{plainlist|
* '''Imperium Swedia:'''<br />76.000<ref name="Stormakten">{{Harvnb|Larsson|2009|p=78}}</ref>
* '''Holstein-Gottorp:'''<br />5.000<ref name="Bengt">{{Harvnb|Liljegren|2000|p=}}</ref>
* '''Brunswick-Lüneburg:'''<br />10.000
* '''Konfederasi Warsawa:'''<br />24.000<ref name="From 214">{{Harvnb|From|2007|p=214}}</ref>
* '''Kesultanan Utsmaniyah:'''<br />130.000 (kampanye terbatas)<ref name="Stone">A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, [[David R. Stone]]. Greenwood Publishing Group (2006). p. 57.</ref>
* '''Hetmanat Kazaki:'''<br />4.000<ref name="From 234">{{Harvnb|From|2007|p=240}}</ref>
* '''Republik Belanda:'''<br />13 kapal perang<ref name="Ericson">Ericson, ''Sjöslag och rysshärjningar'' (2011) Stockholm, Norstedts. p. 55. {{ISBN|978-91-1-303042-5}}</ref>
* '''Inggris:'''<br />12 kapal perang<ref name="Ericson" />
* '''Total:'''<br />249.000
}}
| strength2         = {{plainlist|
* '''Ketsaran Rusia:'''<br />110.000<ref name="Boris">{{Harvnb|Grigorjev|Bespalov|2012|p=52}}</ref>
* '''Hetmanat Kazaki:'''<br />30.000<ref name="Boris" />
* '''Saksonia:'''<br />30.000<ref name="Höglund">{{Harvnb|Höglund|Sallnäs|2000|p=51}}</ref>
* '''Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania:'''<br />50.000<ref name="Gierowski 258-261">Józef Andrzej Gierowski – ''Historia Polski 1505–1764'' (History of Poland 1505–1764), pp. 258–261</ref>
* '''Denmark–Norwegia:'''<br />40.000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tacitus.nu/karoliner/armeer/danmark/index.htm |title=Tacitus.nu, Örjan Martinsson. Danish force |publisher=Tacitus.nu |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013134255/http://www.tacitus.nu/karoliner/armeer/danmark/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Prusia:'''<br />50.000
* '''Hanover:'''<br />20.000<ref name="Höglund1">{{Harvnb|Höglund|Sallnäs|2000|p=132}}</ref>
* '''Total:'''<br />340.000
}}
| casualties1       = '''Total: 200.000 tewas'''<hr>{{plainlist|
* 25.000 tewas dalam pertempuran
* 175.000 tewas karena kelaparan, penyakit dan kelelahan<ref>Ericson, Lars, ''Svenska knektar'' (2004) Lund: Historiska media</ref>}} (termasuk lebih dari 40.000 orang Finlandia yang tewas dalam pertempuran atau sebab lain).<ref>Teemu Keskisarja (2019). Murhanenkeli. p. 244. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Siltala. {{ISBN|978-952-234-638-4}}.</ref>
| casualties2       = '''Total: 295.000 tewas'''<hr>{{plainlist|
* 20.000 orang Rusia tewas dalam pertempuran<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Boris Urlanis |Урланис Б. Ц.]] |script-title=ru:Войны и народонаселение Европы |location=Moscow |date=1960 |publisher=Изд-во соц.-экон. лит-ры |page=55}}</ref>
* 110.000+ tewas karena kelaparan, penyakit dan kelelahan. Kemungkinan angka lebih besar berdasarkan kondisi kampanye dan pertempuran.<ref>Pitirim Sorokin "Social and Cultural Dynamics", vol. 3</ref>
* 14.000–20.000 orang Polandia, Saksonia dan 8.000 orang Denmark (70.000 orang Denmark secara keseluruhan) tewas dalam pertempuran besar pada tahun 1709–1719.<ref>Lindegren, Jan, ''Det danska och svenska resurssystemet i komparation'' (1995) Umeå : Björkås : Mitthögsk</ref>}}
| Battles won1      = 21
| Battles won2      = 5
| campaignbox       = 
}}
'''Perang Besar di Utara''' (1700–1721) adalah konflik di mana koalisi yang dipimpin [[Ketsaran Rusia]] berhasil menandingi supremasi [[Imperium Swedia]] di [[Eropa Utara]], [[Eropa Tengah|Tengah]] dan [[Eropa Timur|Timur]]. Pemimpin awal aliansi anti-Swedia adalah [[Pyotr yang Agung|Pyotr I]] dari Rusia, [[Frederik IV dari Denmark|Frederik IV]] dari [[Denmark–Norwegia]] dan [[Augustus II yang Kuat]] dari [[Elektorat Saksonia|Saksonia]]–[[Persemakmuran Polandia–Lituania|Polandia–Lituania]]. Frederik IV dan Augustus II dikalahkan oleh Swedia, di bawah [[Charles XII]], dan terpaksa keluar dari aliansi masing-masing pada tahun 1700 dan 1706, tetapi kembali bergabung pada tahun 1709 setelah kekalahan Charles XII dalam [[Pertempuran Poltava]]. [[George I dari Britania Raya]] dan [[Elektorat Hanover]] bergabung dengan koalisi pada tahun 1714 untuk Hanover dan 1717 untuk Britania Raya, dan [[Friedrich Wilhelm I dari Prusia|Friedrich Wilhelm I]] dari [[Bradenbrug-Prusia]] bergabung pada tahun 1715.

Charles XII memimpin tentara Swedia. Sekutu Swedia antara lain [[Holstein-Gottorp]], beberapa magnat Polandia di bawah [[Stanislaus I Leszczyński]] (1704–1710) dan [[Kazaki|kaum Kazaki]] di bawah [[Hetman Hos Zaporizhia|Hetman Ukraina]] [[Ivan Mazepa]] (1708–1710). [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] untuk sementara menampung Charles XII dari Swedia dan mengintervensi Pyotr I.

== Referensi ==
=== Catatan ===
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

=== Kutipan ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Daftar pustaka ===
* {{Cite book|last=Bengtsson|first=Frans Gunnar|author-link=Frans Gunnar Bengtsson|title=The sword does not jest. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1960}}
* {{Cite book|last=Donnert|first=Erich|title=Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit: Festschrift für Günter Mühlpfordt|publisher=Böhlau|year=1997|series=Aufbruch zur Moderne|volume=3|isbn=3-412-00697-1|language=de}}
* {{EB1911 |wstitle=Sweden |volume=26 |pages=188–221 |first=Edmund |last=Gosse |author-link=Edmund Gosse}}
* {{Cite book|title=Katastrofen vid Poltava – Karl XII:s ryska fälttåg 1707–1709|trans-title=The disaster at Poltava – Charles XII's Russian campaign 1707–1709|last=From|first=Peter|year=2007|publisher=Historiska Media|location=Lund|isbn=978-91-85377-70-1 |language=sv}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|author-link=Robert I. Frost|publisher=Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Kampen mot övermakten. Baltikums fall 1700–1710.|trans-title=The fight against the supremacy. Fall of the Baltics 1700–1710.|first1=Boris|last1=Grigorjev|first2=Aleksandr|last2=Bespalov|publisher=Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek|location=Stockholm|year=2012|isbn=978-91-85653-52-2|language=sv}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Great Northern War, 1700–1721: Colours and Uniforms|first1=Lars-Eric|last1=Höglund|first2=Åke|last2=Sallnäs|year=2000}}
* {{Cite book|title=Stormaktens sista krig|trans-title=Last war of the great power|first=Olle|last=Larsson|year=2009|publisher=Historiska Media|location=[[Lund]]|isbn=978-91-85873-59-3|language=sv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Karl XII: en biografi|trans-title=Charles XII: a biography|last=Liljegren|first=Bengt|year=2000|publisher=Historiska Media|location=Lund|isbn=91-89442-65-2 |language=sv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mattila |first1=Tapani |title=Meri maamme turvana |trans-title=Sea safeguarding our country |year=1983 |publisher=K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö |location=Jyväskylä |language=fi |isbn=951-99487-0-8 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Meier|first=Martin |title=Vorpommern nördlich der Peene unter dänischer Verwaltung 1715 bis 1721. Aufbau einer Verwaltung und Herrschaftssicherung in einem eroberten Gebiet|volume=65|series=Beiträge zur Militär- und Kriegsgeschichte|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag|location=Munich|year=2008|isbn=978-3-486-58285-7|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|last=North|first=Michael|title=Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns|publisher=CH Beck|year=2008|series=Beck Wissen|volume=2608|isbn=978-3-406-57767-3|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|last=Peterson|first=Gary Dean|title=Warrior kings of Sweden. The rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries|publisher=McFarland|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7864-2873-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Torke|first=Hans-Joachim|title=Die russischen Zaren 1547–1917|publisher=C.H.Beck|year=2005|edition=3|isbn=3-406-42105-9| language=de}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Two|first=S.C.|last=Tucker|year=2010|location=Santa Barbara|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|isbn=978-1-85109-667-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Peter Hamish|title=German armies. War and German politics, 1648–1806 |publisher=Routledge|year=1998|series=Warfare and history|isbn=1-85728-106-3}}

=== Bacaan lebih lanjut ===
* Bain, R. Nisbet. ''Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682–1719'' (1899) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176167 online]
* Englund, Peter. ''Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava & the Birth of the Russian Empire'' (2003)
* Hatton, Ragnhild M. "Charles XII and the Great Northern War." in J.S. Bromley, ed., ''New Cambridge Modern History VI: The Rise of Great Britain and Russia 1688–1725'' (1970) pp 648–80.
* Lisk, Jill. ''The struggle for supremacy in the Baltic, 1600–1725'' (1968).
* Lunde, Henrik O. ''A Warrior Dynasty: The Rise and Decline of Sweden as a Military Superpower'' (Casemate, 2014).
* McKay, Derek, and H. M. Scott. ''The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815'' (1983) pp 77–93.
* Moulton, James R. ''Peter the Great and the Russian Military Campaigns During the Final Years of the Great Northern War, 1719–1721'' (University Press of America, 2005).
* Oakley, Stewart P. ''War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790'' (Routledge, 2005).
* {{Cite book|last=Sumner|first=B. H.|title=Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia|publisher=The English Universities Press Ltd.|year= 1951}}
* Stiles, Andrina. ''Sweden and the Baltic 1523–1721'' (Hodder & Stoughton, 1992).
* Wilson, Derek. "Poltava: The battle that changed the world." ''History Today'' 59.3 (2009): 23.

==== Bahasa lainnya ====
* Baskakov, Benjamin I. (1890) {{in lang|ru}}. [http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book3168/10095/ The Northern War of 1700–1721. Campaign from Grodno to Poltava 1706–1709] at [[Runivers.ru]] in [[DjVu]] and [[PDF]] formats
*{{cite book |last=Querengässer |first=Alexander |title=Das kursächsische Militär im Großen Nordischen Krieg 1700–1717 |year=2019 |language=de |publisher=Ferdinand Schöningh |isbn=978-3-506-78871-9 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Voltaire|title=Anecdotes sur le Czar Pierre le Grand|publisher=E. A. Lequien, Libraire|year=1748|edition=Edition of 1820|language=fr}}
* {{Cite book|last=Voltaire|title=Histoire de Charles XII|publisher=Garnier|year=1731|edition=Edition of 1879|language=fr}}

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