Lihat sumber Perang Saudara Guatemala

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Perang Saudara Guatemala
|partof=[[krisis Amerika Tengah]] dan [[Perang Dingin]]
|image=[[Berkas:Exhumation in the ixil triangle in Guatemala.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Orang-orang dari suku [[Bangsa Ixil|Ixil]] membawa sisa-sisa jasad orang yang mereka cintai, setelah penggalian di Segitiga Ixil, Februari 2012.
|date=13 November 1960 – 29 Desember 1996<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=13|year1=1960|month2=12|day2=29|year2=1996}})
|place=[[Guatemala]]
|territory=
* [[Franja Transversal del Norte]]<ref name=ceha>{{cite journal| author=Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización|title=Agudización de la Violencia y Militarización del Estado (1979-1985) |journal=Guatemala: memoria del silencio |language=es|publisher=Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia |year=1999 |url=http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/agud.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506054258/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/agud.html |archivedate=26 Mei 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
|result=Perjanjian damai ditandatangani pada tahun 1996
|combatant1={{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[URNG]] <small>(sejak 1982)</small><br />
*[[Partai Buruh Guatemala|PGT]] (hingga 1998)
*[[Gerakan Revolusioner 13 November|MR-13]] <small>(1960–1971)</small>
*[[Angkatan Bersenjata Pemberontak|FAR]] <small>(1960–1971)</small>
*[[Gerilya Tentara Miskin|EGP]] <small>(1971–1996)</small>
*[[Organisasi Revolusioner Rakyat Bersenjata|ORPA]] <small>(1979–1996)</small>

'''Didukung oleh:'''

{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Kuba]]<ref name="Coll"/><br>
{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nikaragua]] <small>(1979–1990)</small><ref name="Coll">{{cite journal|last=Coll|first=Alberto R.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20672043?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents|title=Soviet Arms and Central American Turmoil|journal=World Affairs|volume=148|issue=1|date=Summer 1985|pp=8, 10, 13}}</ref><ref name=dia81>{{cite web|author=Defense Intelligence Agency|title=Military Intelligence Summary, Volume VIII Latin America (U)|date=September 1981|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB100/Doc9.pdf|series=National Security Archive Electronic|volume=Briefing Book No. 100|publisher=[[National Security Archive]]|location=George Washington University|page=3|ref=harv}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon image|FMLN.jpg}} [[Front Pembebasan Nasional Farabundo Martí|FMLN]]{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
|combatant2={{Flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Militer Guatemala]]<br>
''Organisasi paramiliter yang dipimpin pemerintah''<br>
{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] <small>(Lihat [[Operasi Charly]])</small><br/>
'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>
{{flagicon|United States}} [[Amerika Serikat]] <small>(1962–1996)</small><ref name=doso13>{{cite web|last1=Doyle|first1=Kate|last2=Osorio|first2=Carlos|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB11/docs/ |title=U.S. policy in Guatemala, 1966–1996 |year=2013|series=National Security Archive Electronic|volume=Briefing Book No. 11|website=[[National Security Archive]]|location=George Washington University|ref=harv}}</ref>

{{collapsible list
| title = Logistik:
| expand = true
| bullets = off
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]]<ref name=hunt87>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Jane|title=Israeli foreign policy: South Africa and Central America|year=1987|volume=Part II: Israel and Central America|location=Guatemala|ref=harv|pages=111–137}}</ref><ref name=beit>{{cite book|title=The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and why|series=Armenian Research Center collection|first=Benjamin|last=Beit-Hallahmi|authorlink=Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi|page=80|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=1987|isbn=9781850430698|ref=harv}}</ref>
| {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]]{{sfn|Schirmer|1988|p=172}}
|{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} [[Afrika Selatan]]
| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
}}

|combatant3=
|commander1={{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[Rolando Morán]]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[Luis Augusto Turcios Lima|Luis Turcios]]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[Marco Antonio Yon Sosa|Marco Yon]]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[Bernardo Alvarado Monzón|Bernardo Alvarado]]{{KIA}}<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[Rodrigo Asturias]]<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} [[Ricardo Rosales]]

|commander2={{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes|Miguel Ydígoras]]<br />
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Enrique Peralta Azurdia|Enrique Peralta]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Julio César Méndez Montenegro|Julio Méndez]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio|Carlos Arana]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García|Kjell Laugerud]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Fernando Romeo Lucas García|Romeo Lucas]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Efraín Ríos Montt]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores|Oscar Mejía]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Vinicio Cerezo]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Jorge Serrano Elías|Jorge Serrano]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Ramiro de León Carpio|Ramiro de León]]<br>
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen|Álvaro Arzú]]

|commander3=
|strength1={{flagicon image|Flag of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity.svg}} '''URNG''':<br />
6.000 (1982)<ref group=lower-alpha name=URNG>{{cite book|last1=Schmid|last2=Jongman|year=2005|title=Political terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgDks1hUjhMC&pg=PR3|p=564|quote=URNG merupakan hasil merger dari kelompok-kelompok bersenjata sayap kiri, seperti [[Gerilya Tentara Miskin|EGP]], [[Organisasi Revolusioner Rakyat Bersenjata|ORPA]], [[Angkatan Bersenjata Pemberontak|FAR]] dan [[Partai Buruh Guatemala|PGT]], didukung oleh [[Front Demokratik Revolusioner|FDR]] dari [[El Salvador]] dan NDF dari [[Nikaragua]]. PAC, sebuah milisi lokal yang dibuat oleh Pemerintah Guatemala.}}</ref><br />
1.500–3.000 (1994)<ref name=Steadman>{{cite book|last=Steadman|first=Stephen John|last2=Rothchild|first2=Donald S.|last3=Cousens|first3=Elizabeth M.|year=2002|title=Ending civil wars: the implementation of peace agreements|location=Boulder, CO|page=165|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-58826-083-3|ref=harv}}</ref>
|strength2={{flagicon|Guatemala}} '''Militer''':<br />
51.600 (1985)<ref name=Gallardo>{{cite book|first1=María Eugenia|last1=Gallardo|first2=José Roberto|last2=López|year=1986|title=Centroamérica|location=San José|publisher=IICA-FLACSO|isbn=978-9-29039-110-4|language=es|page=249|ref=harv}}</ref><br />
45.000 (1994)<ref name=Steadman/><br />
{{flagicon|Guatemala}} '''Paramiliter''':<br />
300.000 (1982)<ref group=lower-alpha name=URNG /><br />
500.000 (1985)<ref name=Gallardo/><br />
32.000 (1986)<ref>{{cite book|first=Moshe Y.|last=Sachs|year=1988|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Americas|location=New York, NY|publisher=Worldmark Press|isbn=978-0-47162-406-6|page=156|ref=harv}}</ref>
|strength3=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=antara 140.000–200.000 meninggal dan hilang (perkiraan)<ref name=briggs>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/feb/02/features11.g2 | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Billy | last=Briggs | title=Billy Briggs on the atrocities of Guatemala's civil war| date=2 February 2007|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=bbc11>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1215811.stm |author=BBC| newspaper=BBC News | title=Timeline: Guatemala | date=9 November 2011|ref=harv}}</ref>{{sfn|CDI|1998|p=}}
|notes=
|casus=
}}
'''Perang Saudara Guatemala''' berlangsung dari tahun 1960 hingga tahun 1996. Perang terjadi antara [[pemerintah Guatemala]] dan berbagai kelompok pemberontak [[sayap kiri]] yang didukung terutama oleh orang-orang suku [[bangsa Maya|Maya]] dan petani-petani [[bangsa Ladino|Ladino]], yang bersama-sama membentuk pedesaan miskin. Pasukan pemerintah Guatemala dikecam karena melakukan [[genosida Guatemala|genosida]] terhadap penduduk Maya di Guatemala selama perang saudara dan [[hak asasi manusia|pelanggaran HAM]] yang meluas terhadap warga sipil.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/26/world/guatemalan-army-waged-genocide-new-report-finds.html Guatemalan Army Waged 'Genocide,' New Report Finds]. ''The New York Times.'' 26 Februari 1999.</ref>

Pemilihan umum yang demokratis selama [[Revolusi Guatemala]] pada tahun 1944 dan 1951 membawa pemerintahan kiri yang populer berkuasa di negara tersebut, tetapi kemudian terjadi [[kudeta Guatemala 1954|kudeta pada tahun 1954]] yang dilakukan perwira militer [[Carlos Castillo Armas]], yang juga didukung oleh [[Amerika Serikat]]. Pada tahun 1970, Kolonel [[Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio]] menjadi orang pertama dari serangkaian diktator-diktator militer pasca kudeta yang mewakili [[Partai Institusional Demokratik]] (PID). PID mendominasi [[politik Guatemala]] selama dua belas tahun melalui kecurangan pemilihan umum. PID kehilangan cengkeraman politiknya ketika Jenderal [[Efraín Ríos Montt]], bersama-sama dengan sekelompok perwira militer junior, merebut kekuasaan lewat kudeta militer pada 23 Maret 1982. Pada 1970-an, ketidakpuasan sosial yang terjadi secara terus-menerus memunculkan pemberontakan di antara populasi besar masyarakat adat dan petani, yang secara tradisional menanggung beban kepemilikan lahan yang tidak sama.{{sfn|Uppsala Conflict Data Program|n.d.|p=}} Selama tahun 1980, [[militer Guatemala]] memegang kekuasaan pemerintah hampir mutlak selama lima tahun; mereka berhasil menyusup dan menyingkirkan musuh di setiap lembaga-lembaga sosial politik negara, termasuk kelas-kelas sosial, intelektual, dan politik.<ref name=ceur09>{{cite web|year=2009|author=CEUR|website=Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales, Universidad de San Carlos|title=En pie de lucha: Organización y represión en la Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala 1944 a 1996|url=http://ceur.usac.edu.gt/biografias/Meme_Colom.htm|accessdate=31 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311080459/http://ceur.usac.edu.gt/biografias/Meme_Colom.htm|location=Guatemala|archivedate=11 March 2009|ref=harv}}</ref> Pada tahap akhir perang saudara, militer mengembangkan kontrol yang paralel, semi-terlihat, ''low profile'' tapi berefek tinggi, untuk mengendalikan kehidupan nasional Guatemala.{{sfn|Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Conclusions|1999|p=}}

== Catatan ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist|21em}}

== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Scott |title=Inside the League: the shocking exposé of how terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League |year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Inside_the_League.html?id=GlQEAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Dodd Mead}}
*{{cite book |last= Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional |year= 2013 |title= From Silence to Memory: Revelations of the AHPN |url= http://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/12928/ahpn_final_20130620.pdf |location= Eugene, OR |publisher= [[University of Oregon Libraries]] |isbn= 978-0-985-82041-1 |ref= {{Harvid|AHPN|2013}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Carothers |first=Thomas |title=In the Name of Democracy: U.S. Policy Toward Latin America in the Reagan Years |year= 1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/In_the_Name_of_Democracy.html?id=5yKdothePfwC |publisher=University of California Press}}
*{{cite book |last=Grandin |first=Greg |title=Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Empire_s_Workshop.html?id=t5itdZ7oycUC |publisher=Holt Paperbacks}}
* Jonas, Susanne. ''The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power'', 1991.
*{{cite book |last=Lafeber |first=Walter |title=Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqMp5TsWCqkC|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location= New York City, NY}}
*{{cite book |last=Lowenthal |first=Abraham |title=Exporting democracy: the United States and Latin America : themes and issues |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Exporting_democracy.html?id=EFdqAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}
*{{cite book |last=McClintock |first=Michael |title=The American Connection: State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_American_Connection_State_terror_and.html?id=QO5qAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Zed Books}}
*{{cite book |last=McClintock |first=Michael |title=Instruments of statecraft: U.S. guerrilla warfare, counterinsurgency, and counter-terrorism, 1940-1990 |year=1992 |url=http://www.statecraft.org/ |publisher=Pantheon Books}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=Daniel|title=Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala|url=https://archive.org/details/silenceonmountai0000wilk|year=2002}}
* {{cite report|title=Challenging the Conventional: Can Truth Commissions Strengthen Peace Processes? |author=International Center for Transitional Justice |url=https://www.ictj.org/publication/challenging-conventional-can-truth-commissions-strengthen-peace-processes}}, Guatemala at page 25
{{Refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category-inline|Civil war in Guatemala|Perang Saudara Guatemala}}
* [http://www.uzonreport.com/?page_id=168 Guatemala After the War - Photographs by Jorge Uzon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084403/http://www.uzonreport.com/?page_id=168 |date=2014-04-07 }}
* [http://peacemaker.un.org/document-search?keys=&field_padate_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Bdate%5D=&field_pacountry_tid=Guatemala&field_paconflict_tid%5B%5D=1 Key agreements in the Guatemalan peace process]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202183112/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/report/english/toc.html Guatemala Memory of Silence] report by the Historical Clarification Commission (Truth Commission)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130505154128/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ciidh/qr/english/index.html "State Violence in Guatemala, 1960-1996: A Quantitative Reflection"]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/latin_america/guatemala.html Guatemala Documentation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716222235/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/latin_america/guatemala.html |date=2012-07-16 }} of the [[National Security Archives]]
* [http://ahpn.lib.utexas.edu Digital Archive of the Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive], hosted by the [[University of Texas at Austin]]
* http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/december96/guatemala_12-30.html
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2016/1/8/18_ex_military_guatemalan_leaders_arrested 18 Guatemalan Ex-Military Leaders Arrested for Crimes Against Humanity During U.S.-Backed Dirty War]. ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' January 8, 2016
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-secrets-in-guatemalas-bones.html?_r=0 The Secrets in Guatemala’s Bones]. ''The New York Times'', June 30, 2016.

{{Topik Guatemala}}
{{Konflik pasca-Perang Dingin di Benua Amerika}}
{{Perang-stub}}

[[Kategori:Perang saudara]]
[[Kategori:Guatemala]]