Lihat sumber Pertempuran Bapheus

{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Pertempuran Bapheus
|image=
|caption=
|partof=[[Peperangan Romawi Timur-Utsmaniyah]]
|date=[[27 Juli]] [[1302]]
|place=Antara [[Izmit|Nikomedia]] dan [[Iznik|Nicea]], [[Bithynia]]
|result=Kemenangan [[Utsmaniyah]]<ref>Nicol, Donald M., ''Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 223.</ref>
|combatant1={{flag|Byzantine Empire}}
|combatant2={{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1383}} [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultanate]]
|commander1=George Mouzalon
|commander2=[[Osman I]]
|strength1= ~2,000<ref name="ODB">Kazhdan (1991), p. 251</ref><ref name="Bartusis">Bartusis (1997), p. 76</ref>
|strength2= ~5,000 <ref name="Bartusis"/>
}}
{{Peperangan Romawi Timur-Utsmaniyah}}
'''Pertempuran Bapheus'''([[Bahasa Turki|Turki]]: ''Bafeus Muharebesi'',<ref>[[Halil İnalcık]], "Osman Gazi'nin İznik Kuşatması ve Bafeus Muhaberesi", ''Osmanli Beyliği (1300-1389)'', Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1997, ISBN 978-975-333-067-1, 97p.</ref><ref name="Keşifler">İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı, "Halil İnalcık'ın Keşifleri ve İki Örnek: Bafeus/Koyunhisar ve Pelekanon", ''Türk tarihçiliğinde dört sima: Halil İnalcık, Halil Sahillioğlu'', Mehmet Genç, İlber Ortaylı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları, 2006, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?ei=jN7DTNvQH4P6vwPz87zSCA&ct=result&id=VE1pAAAAMAAJ&dq=T%C3%BCrk+tarih%C3%A7ili%C4%9Finde+d%C3%B6rt+sima&q=Hammer#search_anchor p. 40.] In books on history and text books, the '''Battle of Bafeus''' was mentioned in the way that Hammer had written many years before and confused with the '''Battle of Koyunhisar'''.</ref> ''Koyun Hisar Muharebesi'',<ref name="Keşifler"/><ref>Sezai Sevim, ''Osman Gazi ve dönemi'', Kültür Sanat Turizm Vakfı Yayınları, 1996, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?ei=0d3DTNGvGpG8vQPu1eznCA&ct=result&id=c4lpAAAAMAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Sezai+Sevim%22&q=Koyun+Hisar#search_anchor p. 17.]</ref> ''Koyunhisar Muharebesi'',<ref name="Keşifler"/> ''Yalakova Muharebesi''<ref>''Payitaht Bursa'da kültür ve sanat: sempozyum kitabı'', Osmangazi Belediyesi, 2006, ISBN 978-975-97781-9-4, [http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=OWKgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Yalakova+Muharebesi%22&dq=%22Yalakova+Muharebesi%22&hl=tr&ei=cs_DTIyeA42gvQODs-C-CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA p. 16.]</ref>) terjadi pada [[27 Juli]] [[1302]] antara [[Militer Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|tentara Utsmaniyah]] dibawah [[Osman I]] dan [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Tentara Bizantium]] dibawah [[George Mouzalon.]] Pertempuran tersebut berakhir dengan kemenangan penting Utsmaniyah, memperkuat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah dan menandai penaklukan terakhir Kekaisaran Bizantium oleh Turki. Menurut [[Halil İnalcık]], Ottoman mencapai karakteristik dan kualitas negaranya setelah pertempuran ini 

== Konteks Strategis ==
Osman I telah berhasil dalam kepemimpinan klannya di ca. 1282, dan selama dua dekade berikutnya melancarkan serangkaian serangan yang semakin mendalam ke wilayah perbatasan Bizantium di Bitinia. Pada tahun 1301, Ottoman mengepung Nicea, bekas ibu kota kekaisaran, dan mengganggu Prussa. Penggerebekan Turki juga mengancam kota pelabuhan Nicomedia dengan kelaparan, karena mereka berkeliaran di pedesaan dan melarang pengumpulan hasil panen.

Pada musim semi 1302, [[Mikhael IX Palaiologos|Kaisar Michael IX]] (memerintah 1294–1320) melancarkan kampanye yang mencapai selatan hingga Magnesia. Turki, yang terpesona oleh pasukannya yang besar, menghindari pertempuran. Michael berusaha untuk menghadapi mereka, tetapi dibujuk oleh para jenderalnya. Orang-orang Turki, yang terdorong, melanjutkan serangan mereka, mengisolasi dia di Magnesia. Pasukannya dibubarkan tanpa pertempuran, ketika pasukan lokal pergi untuk mempertahankan rumah mereka dan suku Alan juga pergi untuk bergabung kembali dengan keluarga mereka di Thrace. Michael terpaksa mundur melalui laut, diikuti gelombang pengungsi lainnya.

== Battle ==
To counter the threat to Nicomedia, Michael's co-emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] (r. 1282–1328) sent a Byzantine force of some 2,000 men (half of whom were recently hired [[Alans|Alan]] mercenaries), under the ''[[megas hetaireiarches]]'' George Mouzalon, to cross over the [[Bosporus]] and relieve the city.<ref name="Bartusis"/><ref>Kazhdan (1991), pp. 251, 1421</ref><ref name="Nicol126">Nicol (1993), p. 126</ref>

At the plain of Bapheus ({{lang-el|Βαφεύς}}; an unidentified site, perhaps to the east of Nicomedia but within sight of the city) on 27 July 1302, the Byzantines met a Turkish army of some 5,000 light cavalry under Osman himself, composed of his own troops as well as allies from the Turkish tribes of [[Paphlagonia]] and the [[Maeander River]] area. The Turkish cavalry charged the Byzantines, whose Alan contingent notably did not participate in the battle. The Turks broke the Byzantine line, forcing Mouzalon to withdraw into Nicomedia under the cover of the Alan force.<ref name="ODB"/><ref name="Bartusis"/><ref name="Nicol126"/><ref>Laiou (1972), pp. 90–91</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Bapheus was the first major victory for the nascent [[Ottoman emirate]], and of major significance for its future expansion: the Byzantines effectively lost control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to their forts, which, isolated, fell one by one. The Byzantine defeat also sparked a massive exodus of the Christian population from the area into the European parts of the Empire, further altering the region's demographic balance.<ref name="ODB"/> Coupled with the disaster of Magnesia, which allowed the Turks to reach and establish themselves on the coasts of the [[Aegean Sea]], Bapheus thus heralded the final loss of [[Asia Minor]] for Byzantium.<ref>Laiou (1972), pp. 91, 122</ref> The Ottoman conquest of Bithynia was nonetheless gradual, and the last Byzantine outpost there, Nicomedia, fell only in 1337.<ref>Kazhdan (1991), p. 1484</ref>

== Catatan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sumber ==
* {{citation | first = Mark C. | last = Bartusis | title = The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-8122-1620-2 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rUs-hHd89xAC}}
* {{citation | first = Halil | last = Inalcik | contribution = Osman Ghazi's Siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Bapheus | title = The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389). Halcyon Days in Crete I: A Symposium Held in Rethymnon, 11–13 January 1991 | editor-first = Elisabeth | editor-last = Zachariadou | publisher = Crete University Press | year = 1994 | isbn = 960-7309-58-8 | url = http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/pdfs/inalcik.pdf | accessdate = 2012-10-31 | archive-date = 2010-06-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622025647/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/pdfs/inalcik.pdf | dead-url = yes }}
* {{citation | editor-first = Alexander | editor-last = Kazhdan | editor-link = Alexander Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6}}
* {{citation | first = Angeliki E. | last = Laiou | title = Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328 | publisher = Harvard University Press | year = 1972 | isbn = 674-16535-7}}
* {{citation | title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 | first=Donald MacGillivray | last=Nicol | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-521-43991-6 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC}}

{{coord missing|Turkey}}
{{Ottoman battles}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bapheus, Battle Of}}
[[Kategori:Conflicts in 1302]]
[[Kategori:14th century in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Kategori:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Kategori:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Kategori:Byzantine–Ottoman wars]]
[[Kategori:Medieval Bithynia]]
[[Kategori:Battles in medieval Anatolia]]
[[Kategori:14th century in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Kategori:14th century in Turkey]]
[[Kategori:History of Yalova Province]]