Kelompok etnik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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#ALIH [[Suku bangsa]] |
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'''Etnisitas''' atau '''kelompok etnik''' adalah kelompok [[rakyat|manusia]] yang [[identitas (ilmu sosial)|mengidentifikasi diri]] dengan sesamanya berdasarkan kesamaan atribut yang membedakannya dari kelompok lain. Atribut tersebut dapat berupa asal negara, garis keturunan, tradisi, bahasa, sejarah, masyarakat, agama, atau perilaku sosial.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Kanchan|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/829678440|title=Constructivist theories of ethnic politics|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199893157|pages=69–70|oclc=829678440|access-date=2020-09-11|archive-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730072314/https://www.worldcat.org/title/constructivist-theories-of-ethnic-politics/oclc/829678440|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology |last1=People |first1=James |first2=Garrick |last2=Bailey |year=2010 |edition=9th |page=389 |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage learning |quote=In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them'. In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.}}</ref> Istilah etnisitas seringkali digunakan secara bergantian dengan istilah [[bangsa]], khususnya dalam hal [[nasionalisme etnik]]. |
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Etnisitas dapat dipahami sebagai konstruksi yang diwariskan atau dipaksakan oleh masyarakat. Keanggotaan etnik cenderung ditentukan oleh [[warisan budaya]], [[keturunan]], [[mitos asal usul]], [[sejarah]], [[tanah air]], [[bahasa]], [[dialek]], [[agama]], [[mitologi]], [[folklor]], [[ritual]], [[hidangan]], [[Pakaian tradisional|gaya berpakaian]], [[seni]], atau [[Penampilan fisik manusia|penampilan fisik]]. Kelompok etnik bisa memiliki kesamaan garis genetik dalam cakupan sempit ataupun luas, tergantung bagaimana cara kelompok mengidentifikasi, dengan kebanyakan kelompok mempunyai garis genetik hasil percampuran.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-25|title=Insight into Ethnic Differences|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/insight-into-ethnic-differences|access-date=2021-08-02|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|language=EN|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034224/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/insight-into-ethnic-differences|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Banda|first1=Yambazi|last2=Kvale|first2=Mark N.|last3=Hoffmann|first3=Thomas J.|last4=Hesselson|first4=Stephanie E.|last5=Ranatunga|first5=Dilrini|last6=Tang|first6=Hua|last7=Sabatti|first7=Chiara|author7-link=Chiara Sabatti|last8=Croen|first8=Lisa A.|last9=Dispensa|first9=Brad P.|last10=Henderson|first10=Mary|last11=Iribarren|first11=Carlos|date=2015-08-01|title=Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort|url=https://www.genetics.org/content/200/4/1285|journal=Genetics|language=en|volume=200|issue=4|pages=1285–1295|doi=10.1534/genetics.115.178616|issn=0016-6731|pmid=26092716|pmc=4574246|access-date=2021-08-02|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034231/https://www.genetics.org/content/200/4/1285|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-07-01|title=J.P. Rushton's theory of ethnic nepotism|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886912005569|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|language=en|volume=55|issue=3|pages=256–260|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.014|issn=0191-8869|last1=Salter|first1=Frank|last2=Harpending|first2=Henry|access-date=2021-08-02|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802034224/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886912005569|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Dengan [[peralihan bahasa]], [[akulturasi]], [[adopsi]], dan [[perpindahan agama]], individu atau kelompok mungkin berpindah dari satu kelompok etnik ke kelompok etnik lain sepanjang berjalannya waktu. Kelompok etnik bisa saja terbagi ke dalam subkelompok atau [[suku]], yang dengan berjalannya waktu bisa menjadi kelompok etnik berbeda akibat mengalami [[endogami]] atau [[Segregasi geografi|isolasi fisik]] dari kelompok induk. Sebaliknya, etnisitas yang sebelumnya berbeda bisa bersatu menjadi [[pan-etnisitas]] dan pada akhirnya [[Kuali peleburan|bersatu menjadi satu etnisitas tunggal]]. Baik melalui pembagian atau amalgamasi, pembentukan identitas etnik yang berbeda disebut sebagai [[etnogenesis]]. |
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Meskipun kriteria organik dan performatif menjadi ciri kelompok etnik, perdebatan di masa lalu telah membedakan antara primordialisme dan konstruktivisme. "Primordialis" awal abad ke-20 memandang kelompok etnik sebagai fenomena nyata yang ciri khasnya telah bertahan sejak zaman dahulu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bayar|first=Murat|date=2009-10-14|title=Reconsidering primordialism: an alternative approach to the study of ethnicity|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870902763878|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=32|issue=9|pages=1639–1657|language=en|doi=10.1080/01419870902763878|s2cid=143391013|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303074807/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870902763878|url-status=live}}</ref> Perspektif yang dikembangkan setelah tahun 1960-an lebih memandang kelompok etnik sebagai ''konstruksi sosial'', yang identitasnya ditetapkan oleh masyarakat.<ref>{{cite journal |date=29 April 2010 |author1=Chandra Ford |author2= Nina T Harawa |title=A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research |journal=Soc Sci Med|volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=251–258 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008 |pmid=20488602 |pmc=2908006 }}</ref> |
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==Pranala luar== |
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{{Wiktionary|ethnicity|ethnic|nationality|nation}} |
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{{Commons category|Ethnic groups}} |
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{{Library resources box |
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|label=Ethnicity}} |
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* {{curlie|Society/Ethnicity|Ethnicity}} |
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* [http://escholarship.org/uc/item/32r9x0jr Ethnicity] at EScholarship.org |
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* [http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/index.aspx Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs] – American Psychological Association |
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* ''[https://growup.ethz.ch/ Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas]'' |
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* [https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/ethnicity-and-race-by-countries List of ethnic groups by country] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelompok Etnik}} |
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[[Category:Etnisitas| ]] |
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[[Category:Hubungan mayoritas dengan minoritas]] |
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[[Category:Hubungan multirasial]] |
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[[Category:Neologisme tahun 1930-an]] |
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[[Category:Antropologi politik]] |
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Revisi per 7 Juli 2024 14.35
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