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'''James Thomas Rapier''' ({{lahirmati|[[Florence, Alabama]]|13|11|1837|[[Montgomery, Alabama]]|31|5|1883}}) adalah seorang politikus Afrika-Amerika asal Alabama pada [[Era Rekonstruksi]]. Ia menjabat sebagai anggota DPR Amerika Serikat dari Alabama, dalam satu masa jabatan dari 1873 sampai 1875. Lahir merdeka di Alabama, ia meraih perguruan tinggi dan gelar hukum di Skotlandia dan Kanada sebelum bekerja di Tennessee.<ref>Howard N. Rabinowitz, ed., ''Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era'' (1982), pp. 79-100.</ref>
'''James Thomas Rapier''' ({{lahirmati|[[Florence, Alabama]]|13|11|1837|[[Montgomery, Alabama]]|31|5|1883}}) adalah seorang politikus Afrika-Amerika asal Alabama pada [[Era Rekonstruksi]]. Ia menjabat sebagai anggota DPR Amerika Serikat dari Alabama, dalam satu masa jabatan dari 1873 sampai 1875. Lahir merdeka di Alabama, ia meraih perguruan tinggi dan gelar hukum di Skotlandia dan Kanada sebelum bekerja di Tennessee.<ref>Howard N. Rabinowitz, ed., ''Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era'' (1982), pp. 79-100.</ref>


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bacaan tambahan==
== Bacaan tambahan ==
*Bailey, Richard. ''They Too Call Alabama Home: African American Profiles, 1800-1999''. Montgomery: Pyramid Publishing, 1999.
* Bailey, Richard. ''They Too Call Alabama Home: African American Profiles, 1800-1999''. Montgomery: Pyramid Publishing, 1999.
*Feldman, Eugene. ''Black Power in Old Alabama: The Life and Stirring Times of James T. Rapier, Afro-American Congressman from Alabama, 1839-1883''. Chicago: Museum of African American History, 1968.
* Feldman, Eugene. ''Black Power in Old Alabama: The Life and Stirring Times of James T. Rapier, Afro-American Congressman from Alabama, 1839-1883''. Chicago: Museum of African American History, 1968.
*Feldman, E. "James T. Rapier: Negro Congressman from Alabama." ''Phylon Quarterly'' 19 (4th Quarter, 1958): 417-423.
* Feldman, E. "James T. Rapier: Negro Congressman from Alabama." ''Phylon Quarterly'' 19 (4th Quarter, 1958): 417-423.
*Freeman, Thomas J. The Life of James T. Rapier. M. A. Thesis, Auburn University, 1959
* Freeman, Thomas J. The Life of James T. Rapier. M. A. Thesis, Auburn University, 1959
*Foner, Eric. ''Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction.,'' (Baton Rouge: LSU Press: 1996) second edition. {{ISBN|0-8071-2082-0}}
* Foner, Eric. ''Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction.,'' (Baton Rouge: LSU Press: 1996) second edition. {{ISBN|0-8071-2082-0}}
*Franklin, John Hope. ''A Southern Odyssey: Travelers in the Antebellum North'' (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976)
* Franklin, John Hope. ''A Southern Odyssey: Travelers in the Antebellum North'' (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976)
*Logan, Rayford W. and Michael R. Winston, ''Dictionary of American Negro Biography'' (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1982)
* Logan, Rayford W. and Michael R. Winston, ''Dictionary of American Negro Biography'' (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1982)
*Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed., ''Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era'', (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), pp.&nbsp;79–100.
* Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed., ''Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era'', (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), pp.&nbsp;79–100.
*Ragsdale, Bruce A. and Joel D. Treese, ''Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989'' (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990).
* Ragsdale, Bruce A. and Joel D. Treese, ''Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989'' (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990).
*Schweninger, Loren. ''James T. Rapier and Reconstruction'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)
* Schweninger, Loren. ''James T. Rapier and Reconstruction'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)
*Schweninger, L. "James Rapier and the Negro Labor Movement, 1869-1872," ''Alabama Review'' 28 (July 1975): 185-201.
* Schweninger, L. "James Rapier and the Negro Labor Movement, 1869-1872," ''Alabama Review'' 28 (July 1975): 185-201.
*"James Thomas Rapier" in ''Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.'' Prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration by the Office of History & Preservation, U. S. House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008
* "James Thomas Rapier" in ''Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.'' Prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration by the Office of History & Preservation, U. S. House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000064/ Congressional biography]
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000064/ Congressional biography]
*[http://www.blackpast.org/1875-james-t-rapier-half-free-half-slave James T. Rapier's June 9, 1874 Speech on the Civil Rights Bill]
* [http://www.blackpast.org/1875-james-t-rapier-half-free-half-slave James T. Rapier's June 9, 1874 Speech on the Civil Rights Bill]
*[http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/jhfranklin.htm John Hope Franklin, "1979 presidential address to the American Historical Association"], discusses [[Walter F. Fleming]]'s representation of Congressman James T. Rapier as a "carpetbagger"
* [http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/jhfranklin.htm John Hope Franklin, "1979 presidential address to the American Historical Association"], discusses [[Walter F. Fleming]]'s representation of Congressman James T. Rapier as a "carpetbagger"
* {{Find a Grave|6616007}}
* {{Find a Grave|6616007}}


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[[Category:Politikus dari Florence, Alabama]]
[[Kategori:Politikus dari Florence, Alabama]]

Revisi terkini sejak 1 Juli 2020 01.33

James Thomas Rapier

James Thomas Rapier (13 November 1837 – 31 Mei 1883) adalah seorang politikus Afrika-Amerika asal Alabama pada Era Rekonstruksi. Ia menjabat sebagai anggota DPR Amerika Serikat dari Alabama, dalam satu masa jabatan dari 1873 sampai 1875. Lahir merdeka di Alabama, ia meraih perguruan tinggi dan gelar hukum di Skotlandia dan Kanada sebelum bekerja di Tennessee.[1]

Referensi

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  1. ^ Howard N. Rabinowitz, ed., Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (1982), pp. 79-100.

Bacaan tambahan

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  • Bailey, Richard. They Too Call Alabama Home: African American Profiles, 1800-1999. Montgomery: Pyramid Publishing, 1999.
  • Feldman, Eugene. Black Power in Old Alabama: The Life and Stirring Times of James T. Rapier, Afro-American Congressman from Alabama, 1839-1883. Chicago: Museum of African American History, 1968.
  • Feldman, E. "James T. Rapier: Negro Congressman from Alabama." Phylon Quarterly 19 (4th Quarter, 1958): 417-423.
  • Freeman, Thomas J. The Life of James T. Rapier. M. A. Thesis, Auburn University, 1959
  • Foner, Eric. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction., (Baton Rouge: LSU Press: 1996) second edition. ISBN 0-8071-2082-0
  • Franklin, John Hope. A Southern Odyssey: Travelers in the Antebellum North (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976)
  • Logan, Rayford W. and Michael R. Winston, Dictionary of American Negro Biography (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1982)
  • Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed., Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), pp. 79–100.
  • Ragsdale, Bruce A. and Joel D. Treese, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990).
  • Schweninger, Loren. James T. Rapier and Reconstruction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)
  • Schweninger, L. "James Rapier and the Negro Labor Movement, 1869-1872," Alabama Review 28 (July 1975): 185-201.
  • "James Thomas Rapier" in Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. Prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration by the Office of History & Preservation, U. S. House of Representatives. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008

Pranala luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat
Didahului oleh:
Charles Waldron Buckley 		Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat A.S.
dari daerah pemilihan kongres ke-2 Alabama
4 Maret 1873 – 3 Maret 1875 		Diteruskan oleh:
Jeremiah Norman Williams
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=James_T._Rapier&oldid=17132328"