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{{Infobox military conflict
{| border=1 width=260 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right style="margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:1em"
⚫
| conflict = Serangan Tet<br/>''Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân''
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Serangan Tet
| partof = [[Perang Vietnam]]
|-
| image = Tet Offensive map.png
|Konflik||[[Perang Indochina Kedua]], <br> ([[Perang Vietnam]])
| image_size = 300px
|-
| caption = Peta yang mengindikasi kota dimana terjadi pertempuran signifikan saat Serangan Tet 1968
|Waktu||[[30 Januari]] [[1968]]&ndash;awal [[1969]]
| date = Fase 1: 30 Januari 1968–28 Maret 1968<br/>Fase 2: 5 Mei 1968–15 Juni 1968<br/>Fase 3: 17 Agustus 1968–23 September 1968
|-
|Tempat||[[Vietnam]] Utara dan Selatan
| place = [[Vietnam Selatan]]
| result = Kemenangan taktis AS dan Vietnam Selatan<ref name="Smedberg, M 2008 p. 188">Smedberg, p. 188</ref><br/>Kemenangan strategis, propaganda dan politik Vietnam Utara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/tet-offensive |title=Tet Offensive |publisher=''[[History Channel|History]]''|accessdate=December 22, 2014}}</ref><br/>Berkurangnya anggota Viet Cong, menyebabkan penggunaan tenaga kerja Vietnam Utara yang lebih besar.<br> Titik balik perang, sebagian besar karena opini publik AS.
|-
| combatant1 = '''{{flag|Vietnam Selatan}}<br/>'''{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<br/>{{flag|Korea Selatan}}<br/>{{flag|Australia}}<br/>{{flag|Selandia Baru}}<br/>{{flag|Thailand}}<br/>{{flag|Filipina}}
|Hasil Operasi||Menentukan bagi kemenangan pasukan ARVN, Amerika dan sekutu
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} '''[[Viet Cong]]'''
|-
| commander1 = {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Cao Văn Viên]]<br/>{{flagicon|United States}} [[William Westmoreland]]
|Hasuil Strategis||Tidak menentukan
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} Huynh Tan Phat
|-
| strength1 = ~1,000,000<ref name="Lung8">Hoang, p. 8.</ref>
|colspan=2|
| strength2 = Fase 1: ~80,000<br>Total: ~323,000 - 595,000<ref>The South Vietnamese regime estimated communist forces at 323,000, including 130,000 regulars and 160,000 guerrillas. Hoang, p. 10. [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam|MACV]] estimated that strength at 330,000. The CIA and the U.S. State Department concluded that the communist force level lay somewhere between 435,000 and 595,000. Dougan and Weiss, p. 184.</ref>
{| border=1 width=260 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
| casualties1 = '''Di fase 1:'''
|-
{{flagicon|South Vietnam}} '''Vietnam Selatan:'''<br/>4,954 tewas<br/>15,917 luka-luka<br/>926 hilang<br/>
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Pasukan yang terlibat
{{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|South Korea}} {{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|New Zealand}}{{flagicon|Thailand}} <br/>'''Lainnya:'''<br/> 4,124 tewas<br/>19,295 luka-luka<br/>604 tewas<br/>'''Total korban di Fase 1''':<br/>Perk. 45,820 korban <br/> (9,078 tewas, 35,212 luka-luka, 1,530 hilang)<ref>Tổng công kích, Tổng nổi dậy Tết mậu thân 1968 (Tet Offensive 1968) - ARVN's Đại Nam publishing in 1969, p. 35</ref>
|-
<ref>Does not include ARVN or U.S. casualties incurred during the "Border Battles"; ARVN killed, wounded, or missing from Phase III; U.S. wounded from Phase III; or U.S. missing during Phases II and III.</ref><br/>123 hancur, 214 rusak berat dan 215 medium damaged<ref>Steel and Blood: South Vietnamese Armor and the War for Southeast Asia. Naval Institute Press, 2008. P 33</ref>
| width=50%|[[Vietnam Selatan]]<br>[[AS]]<br>Sedikit pasukan sekutu AS
'''Total 3 fase:''' tidak diketahui
| width=50%|[[Vietnam Utara]]<br>[[Front_Nasional_untuk_pembebasan_Vietnam|Front_Pembebasan_Vietnam]]
| casualties2 = '''Fase 1:''':<br/>Perk. 17,000 tewas dan 20,000 luka-luka
|-
'''Hingga Agustus:'''<br/>75,000+ korban<ref>Includes casualties incurred during the "Border Battles", Tet Mau Than, and the second and third phases of the offensive. General Tran Van Tra claimed that from January through August 1968 the offensive had cost the communists more than 75.000 dead and wounded. This is probably a low estimate. Tran Van Tra, ''Tet'', in Jayne S. Warner and Luu Doan Huynh, eds., ''The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives''. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993, pgs. 49 & 50.</ref><br/>'''Total 3 fase:''' 111,179 korban (45,267 tewas, 61,267 luka-luka, 5,070 hilang)<ref>PAVN's Department of warfare, 124th/TGi, document 1.103 (11-2-1969)</ref>
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Komandan
| casualties3 = '''Penduduk sipil:''' 14,000 tewas, 24,000 luka-luka
|-
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}}
|[[William Westmoreland]]
⚫
'''Serangan Tet''' ([[30 Januari]] [[1968]]–[[1969]]) adalah serangkaian operasi penyerangan pada masa [[Perang Vietnam]], yang dikoordinasi antara unsur-unsur kekuatan batalyon Pasukan Bersenjata Pembebasan Rakyat (PLAF) atau "[[Viet Cong]]" dari Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam melawan Tentara Republik Vietnam (ARVN) dari [[Vietnam Selatan]] ditambah militer AS dan pasukan-pasukan sekutu ARVN lainnya. Operasi ini disebut Serangan Tet karena waktunya bertepatan dengan malam [[30 Januari]] - [[31 Januari]] [[1968]], ''[[Tet|Tết Nguyên Đán]]'' ([[Tahun Baru Imlek]]). Serangan itu dimulai secara spektakular pada perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek, dan operasi-operasi sporadik yang terkait berlangsung hingga 1969.
|Komite sentral NLF dan DRVN
|-
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Kekuatan
|-
|50,000+ (kira-kira)
|85,000+ (kira-kira)
|-
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Korban
|-
|AS/AUS/KORS: 1.536 mati, 7.764 luka, 11 hilang
AVRN: 2.788 mati, 8.299 luka, 587 hilang<br>


⚫
Serangan Tet ini menghasilkan serangan operasional yang menghancurkan bagi pemerintah Vietnam, melumpuhkan PLAF. Namun, meskipun keliru, Serangan Tet ini dianggap sebagai titik balik dari perang di Vietnam; di sini NLF memperoleh kemenangan psikologis dan propaganda besar-besaran sehingga menyebabkan hilangnya dukungan rakyat AS terhadap Perang Vietnam dan akhirnya pasukan-pasukan AS pun ditarik mundur. Baik NLF tidak mencapai tujuan-tujuan strategis mereka, dan ongkos operasional serangan itu sangat berbahaya dan mahal. Selain itu, sementara pendapatan umum rakyat AS tetap mendukung keterlibatan AS di dalam perang itu, rakyat AS sendiri semakin kritis terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan perang tertentu [[Lyndon Johnson]]. Barangkali kelompok yang paling terpengaruhi oleh serangan ini adalah pemerintah [[Nguyen Van Thieu|Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] di Republik Vietnam, yang militer dan politiknya mengandalkan dukungan AS sebagaimana yang diperlihatkan oleh mayoritas penduduk Republik itu sendiri.
Total: 4.324 mati, 16.063 luka, 598 hilang<br>


⚫
Serangan Tet sering dipandang sebagai contoh tentang pentingnya [[propaganda]] dan pengaruh [[media]] dalam upaya mencapai tujuan-tujuan militer, sebuah ajaran penting dalam perang modern pada akhir [[abad ke-20]] dan awal [[abad ke-21]].
Total Korban: 20985
|25.000-45.000 mati,<br>30.000-50.000 luka,<br>6.000 ditawan, <br>Total Korban: ~60,000-100,000
|-
⚫
|}
|}

⚫
'''Serangan Tet''' ([[30 Januari]] [[1968]]&ndash;[[1969]]) adalah serangkaian operasi penyerangan pada masa [[Perang Vietnam]], yang dikoordinasi antara unsur-unsur kekuatan batalyon Pasukan Bersenjata Pembebasan Rakyat (PLAF) atau "[[Viet Cong]]" dari Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam dan unsur-unsur kekuatan divisi dari Tentara Rakyat Vietnam (PAVN), dari [[Vietnam Utara]] melawan Tentara Republik Vietnam (ARVN) dari [[Vietnam Selatan]] ditambah militer AS dan pasukan-pasukan sekutu ARVN lainnya. Operasi ini disebut Serangan Tet karena waktunya bertepatan dengan malam [[30 Januari]] - [[31 Januari]] [[1968]], ''[[Tet|T&#7871;t Nguyên &#272;án]]'' ([[Tahun Baru Imlek]]). Serangan itu dimulai secara spektakular pada perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek, dan operasi-operasi sporadik yang terkait berlangsung hingga 1969.

⚫
Serangan Tet ini menghasilkan serangan operasional yang menghancurkan bagi pemerintah Vietnam, melumpuhkan PLAF. Namun, meskipun keliru, Serangan Tet ini dianggap sebagai titik balik dari perang di Vietnam; di sini NLF dan PAVN memperoleh kemenangan psikologis dan propaganda besar-besaran sehingga menyebabkan hilangnya dukungan rakyat AS terhadap Perang Vietnam dan akhirnya pasukan-pasukan AS pun ditarik mundur. Baik NLF maupun PAVN tidak mencapai tujuan-tujuan strategis mereka, dan ongkos operasional serangan itu sangat berbahaya dan mahal. Selain itu, sementara pendapat umum rakyat AS tetap mendukung keterlibatan AS di dalam perang itu, rakyat AS sendiri semakin kritis terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan perang tertentu [[Lyndon Johnson]]. BArangkali kelompok yang paling terpengaruhi oleh serangan ini adalah pemerintah [[Nguyen Van Thieu|Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] di Republik Vietnam, yang militer dan politiknya mengandalkan dukungan AS sebagaimana yang diperlihatkan oleh mayoritas penduduk Republik itu sendiri.

⚫
Serangan Tet sering dipandang sebagai contoh tentang pentingnya [[propaganda]] dan pengaruh [[media]] dalam upaya mencapai tujuan-tujuan militer, sebuah ajaran penting dalam perang modern pada akhir [[abad ke-20]] dan awal [[abad ke-21]].
<!-- ==Strategic context==
<!-- ==Strategic context==
Baris 86: Baris 66:
==Specific operations==
==Specific operations==


To the south the fighting began on January 29 as a number of NLF units began their attacks prematurely in four provincial towns. The rest of the NLF/PAVN attacks began on the night of January 30&ndash;1. All but eight provincial capitals, five of the six autonomous cities, and 58 other major towns were attacked, with major attacks were aimed at [[Ban Me Thuot]], [[Quang Nam]], [[Dalat]], [[My Tho]], [[Can Tho]], [[Ben Tre]], [[Nha Trang]], and [[Kontum]]. It was in [[Huế|Hu&#7871;]], the ancient capital, and [[Saigon]] that the PAVN had significant success.
To the south the fighting began on January 29 as a number of NLF units began their attacks prematurely in four provincial towns. The rest of the NLF/PAVN attacks began on the night of January 30–1. All but eight provincial capitals, five of the six autonomous cities, and 58 other major towns were attacked, with major attacks were aimed at [[Ban Me Thuot]], [[Quang Nam]], [[Dalat]], [[My Tho]], [[Can Tho]], [[Ben Tre]], [[Nha Trang]], and [[Kontum]]. It was in [[Huế|Huế]], the ancient capital, and [[Saigon]] that the PAVN had significant success.


===Saigon===
===Saigon===
Around five battalions of NLF had infiltrated the city, and there were a number of separate targets, including the headquarters of the ARVN, the airbase at Bien Hoa, the Presidential Palace, and the American Embassy.[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm]
Around five battalions of NLF had infiltrated the city, and there were a number of separate targets, including the headquarters of the ARVN, the airbase at Bien Hoa, the Presidential Palace, and the American Embassy.[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm]


Tân S&#417;n Nh&#7845;t airbase, the headquarters of the ARVN and MACV, was attacked by around 700 soldiers and there was heavy fighting but only 110 American casualties. At Bien Hoa airbase twenty aircraft were destroyed. The Communist Vietnamese casualties in these two assaults and other actions in Saigon were over 1,100 soldiers but they temporarily took control of large parts of the city.
Tân Sơn Nhất airbase, the headquarters of the ARVN and MACV, was attacked by around 700 soldiers and there was heavy fighting but only 110 American casualties. At Bien Hoa airbase twenty aircraft were destroyed. The Communist Vietnamese casualties in these two assaults and other actions in Saigon were over 1,100 soldiers but they temporarily took control of large parts of the city.


[[Image:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|250px|General [[Nguyen Ngoc Loan]] executing Viet Cong Captain [[Nguyen Van Lem]]: Eddie Adams' Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph]]
[[Berkas:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|250px|General [[Nguyen Ngoc Loan]] executing Viet Cong Captain [[Nguyen Van Lem]]: Eddie Adams' Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph]]


Fighting lasted almost a week and some sections of the city were badly damaged by U.S. retaliatory air strikes and artillery. The suburb of Cholon was very badly damaged, with fighting lasting there into mid-February.
Fighting lasted almost a week and some sections of the city were badly damaged by U.S. retaliatory air strikes and artillery. The suburb of Cholon was very badly damaged, with fighting lasting there into mid-February.
Baris 109: Baris 89:
General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executed Nguyen Van Lem, a [[Viet Cong]] soldier, on the spot, an incident captured on [[news network|network news]] film and by photographer Adams.
General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executed Nguyen Van Lem, a [[Viet Cong]] soldier, on the spot, an incident captured on [[news network|network news]] film and by photographer Adams.


Press coverage at the time, however, provided little context for the gruesome image: only the Associated Press reported Loan’s remark to Adams that "They killed many Americans and many of my men."[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r] NBC, which had only a silent film clip because no sound man had accompanied its camera man, went so far as to embellish its TV broadcast of the episode by adding the sound of a gunshot.[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r]
Press coverage at the time, however, provided little context for the gruesome Berkas: only the Associated Press reported Loan’s remark to Adams that "They killed many Americans and many of my men."[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r] NBC, which had only a silent film clip because no sound man had accompanied its camera man, went so far as to embellish its TV broadcast of the episode by adding the sound of a gunshot.[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r]


===Hue===
===Hue===
Baris 135: Baris 115:


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[Image:Vietcong2.jpg|thumb|A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits [[interrogation]] following capture in the attacks on [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. (T&#7893;ng ti&#7871;n công T&#7871;t M&#7853;u Thân)]]In total, the United States estimated that 45,000 PLAF and PAVN soldiers were killed, though this figure may be significantly lower due to the nature of overclaims. About 6,000 were captured, with the number of wounded being unclear. The USA, AVRN, and allied Australian and South Korean forces suffered 4,324 killed, 16,063 wounded, and 598 missing.
[[Berkas:Vietcong2.jpg|thumb|A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits [[interrogation]] following capture in the attacks on [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. (Tổng tiến công Tết Mậu Thân)]]In total, the United States estimated that 45,000 PLAF and PAVN soldiers were killed, though this figure may be significantly lower due to the nature of overclaims. About 6,000 were captured, with the number of wounded being unclear. The USA, AVRN, and allied Australian and South Korean forces suffered 4,324 killed, 16,063 wounded, and 598 missing.


===Effect on the NFL and DRVN side===
===Effect on the NFL and DRVN side===
Baris 169: Baris 149:
"As I anticipated, the enemy's main attack was centered on the two northern provinces of South Vietnam. There the two major battles of the Tet Offensive developed, at the old imperial capital at Hue in Thua Tien province and at the Marine base at Khe Sanh in Quang Tri province. . . . Unlike the fighting further south, the enemy reinforced its initial success by committing the NVA 5th and 324B Divisions into the ensuing battle. A further indication that the northern provinces were the focus of the enemy's main attack was the formation in Hue of a revolutionary government."[General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" Vietnam, Feb 1993, 62-70.] </blockquote> -->
"As I anticipated, the enemy's main attack was centered on the two northern provinces of South Vietnam. There the two major battles of the Tet Offensive developed, at the old imperial capital at Hue in Thua Tien province and at the Marine base at Khe Sanh in Quang Tri province. . . . Unlike the fighting further south, the enemy reinforced its initial success by committing the NVA 5th and 324B Divisions into the ensuing battle. A further indication that the northern provinces were the focus of the enemy's main attack was the formation in Hue of a revolutionary government."[General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" Vietnam, Feb 1993, 62-70.] </blockquote> -->


===Dampak terhadap politik dalam negeri AS===
== Dampak terhadap politik dalam negeri AS ==
Hari-hari setelah diterbitkannya laporan ''[[New York Times]]'' mengenai permintaan pasukan tambahan, Presiden Johnson mengalami kekalahan telak pada [[New Hampshire Primary]] [[Partai Demokrat AS]], hanya sedikit melebihi [[Senator AS]] [[Eugene McCarthy]]. Tak lama sesudah itu, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] mengumumkan bahwa ia akan ikut bertarung memperebutkan nominasi Partai Demokrat, hingga semakin menegaskan melorotna dukungan terhadap pemerintahan Johnson setelah Serangan Tet ini. Meskipun sebagian pihak menegaskan bahwa kurangnya dukungan terhadap Johnson menunjukkan bahwa publik berusaha tidak terlibat dengan Vietnam, yang lainnya mengatakan bahwa kehilangan dukungannya disebabkan karena ia tidak mau melaksanakan perang itu secara efektif. Pada 31 Maret, Johnson mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak ingin mencalonkan diri lagi, dan bahwa pengeboman terhadap Vietnam Utara dihentikan.
Hari-hari setelah diterbitkannya laporan ''[[New York Times]]'' mengenai permintaan pasukan tambahan, Presiden Johnson mengalami kekalahan telak pada [[New Hampshire Primary]] [[Partai Demokrat AS]], hanya sedikit melebihi [[Senator AS]] [[Eugene McCarthy]]. Tak lama sesudah itu, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] mengumumkan bahwa ia akan ikut bertarung merebut dominasi Partai Demokrat, hingga semakin menegaskan melorotnya dukungan terhadap pemerintahan Johnson setelah Serangan Tet ini. Meskipun sebagian pihak menegaskan bahwa kurangnya dukungan terhadap Johnson menunjukkan bahwa publik berusaha tidak terlibat dengan Vietnam, yang lainnya mengatakan bahwa kehilangan dukungannya disebabkan karena ia tidak mau melaksanakan perang itu secara efektif. Pada 31 Maret, Johnson mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak ingin mencalonkan diri lagi, dan bahwa pengeboman terhadap Vietnam Utara dihentikan.


===Trivia===
== Trivia ==
Pengeboman hebat oleh AS terhadap Ben Tre menghasilkan ungkapan terkenal, "kita perlu menghancurkan kota itu untuk menyelamatkannya." Namun ucapan ini tidak pernah dipastikan sumbernya. Pada tahun 2003, kolumnis [[Mona Charen]] dan peneliti Perang Vietnam [[B. G. Burkett]] menyimpulkan bahwa Ben Tre telah dihancurkan oleh pasukan Viet Cong yang sedang mengundurkan diri. Dan mereka menyebutkan kemungkinan bahwa [[Peter Arnett]], seorang wartawan, sebagai sumber kutipan itu, karena tentara yang kemungkinan sekali dikutip oleh Arnett tampaknya ingat ketika ia mengatakan, "Sayang sekali kota itu dihancurkan."
Pengeboman hebat oleh AS terhadap Ben Tre menghasilkan ungkapan terkenal, "kita perlu menghancurkan kota itu untuk menyelamatkannya." Namun ucapan ini tidak pernah dipastikan sumbernya. Pada tahun 2003, kolumnis [[Mona Charen]] dan peneliti Perang Vietnam [[B. G. Burkett]] menyimpulkan bahwa Ben Tre telah dihancurkan oleh pasukan Viet Cong yang sedang mengundurkan diri. Dan mereka menyebutkan kemungkinan bahwa [[Peter Arnett]],


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm Reader's Companion to American History]
* [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm Reader's Companion to American History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203205642/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm |date=2005-12-03 }}
*[http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1978/nov-dec/bishop.html Pers dan Serangan Tet] {{en}}
* [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1978/nov-dec/bishop.html Pers dan Serangan Tet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208024112/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1978/nov-dec/bishop.html |date=2005-12-08 }} {{en}}
*[http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tet.htm Serangan Tet 1968] {{en}}
* [http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tet.htm Serangan Tet 1968] {{en}}
*[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#2r Artikel Stephen Hayward tentang Tet] {{en}}
* [http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#2r Artikel Stephen Hayward tentang Tet] {{en}}
*[http://www.command-post.org/oped/2_archives/012327.html Pranala kepada artikel kenangan oleh [[Arnaud de Borchgrave]], Koresponden Utama ''Newsweek'' di Vietnam pada Tet]
* [http://www.command-post.org/oped/2_archives/012327.html Pranala kepada artikel kenangan oleh [[Arnaud de Borchgrave]], Koresponden Utama ''Newsweek'' di Vietnam pada Tet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203115456/http://www.command-post.org/oped/2_archives/012327.html |date=2005-12-03 }}


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==

{{reflist}}


* Dave Palmer, Summons of the Trumpet: US-Vietnam in Perspective (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978)
* Dave Palmer, Summons of the Trumpet: US-Vietnam in Perspective (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978)
*General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" ''Vietnam'', Feb 1993, 62-70.
* General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" ''Vietnam'', Feb 1993, 62-70.
*[[Steven Hayward]], ''The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Liberal Order, 1964-1980''. (Prima. 544 pages, October 2001) ISBN 076151337X
* [[Steven Hayward]], ''The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Liberal Order, 1964-1980''. (Prima. 544 pages, October 2001) ISBN 0-7615-1337-X
* [[Peter Braestrup]], ''Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington'' (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), 471.
* [[Peter Braestrup]], ''Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington'' (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), 471.
*William M. Darley War Policy, Public Support,and the Media Parameters, Summer 2005, pp. 121-34.
* William M. Darley War Policy, Public Support,and the Media Parameters, Summer 2005, pp. 121-34.



[[Kategori:Perang Vietnam]]
[[Kategori:Perang Vietnam]]

[[af:Tết Offensief]]
[[ar:هجوم تيت]]
[[da:Tet-offensiven]]
[[de:Tet-Offensive]]
[[en:Tet Offensive]]
[[es:Ofensiva del Tet]]
[[fa:حمله عید تت]]
[[fr:Offensive du Tết]]
[[it:Offensiva del Têt]]
[[ja:テト攻勢]]
[[nl:Tet-offensief]]
[[no:Tet-offensiven]]
[[pl:Ofensywa Tet]]
[[pt:Ofensiva Tet]]
[[ru:Тетское наступление (1968)]]
[[sk:Ofenzíva Tet]]
[[sr:Тет офанзива]]
[[sv:Têt-offensiven]]
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[[vi:Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân]]
[[zh:春節攻勢]]

Revisi terkini sejak 28 Juni 2021 02.24

Serangan Tet
Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân
Bagian dari Perang Vietnam

Peta yang mengindikasi kota dimana terjadi pertempuran signifikan saat Serangan Tet 1968
TanggalFase 1: 30 Januari 1968–28 Maret 1968
Fase 2: 5 Mei 1968–15 Juni 1968
Fase 3: 17 Agustus 1968–23 September 1968
LokasiVietnam Selatan
Hasil Kemenangan taktis AS dan Vietnam Selatan[1]
Kemenangan strategis, propaganda dan politik Vietnam Utara.[2]
Berkurangnya anggota Viet Cong, menyebabkan penggunaan tenaga kerja Vietnam Utara yang lebih besar.
Titik balik perang, sebagian besar karena opini publik AS.
Pihak terlibat
 Vietnam Selatan
 Amerika Serikat
 Korea Selatan
 Australia
 Selandia Baru
 Thailand
 Filipina		 Viet Cong
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Vietnam Selatan Cao Văn Viên
Amerika Serikat William Westmoreland		 Huynh Tan Phat
Kekuatan
~1,000,000[3] Fase 1: ~80,000
Total: ~323,000 - 595,000[4]
Korban

Di fase 1: Vietnam Selatan Vietnam Selatan:
4,954 tewas
15,917 luka-luka
926 hilang
Amerika Serikat Korea Selatan Australia Selandia BaruThailand
Lainnya:
4,124 tewas
19,295 luka-luka
604 tewas
Total korban di Fase 1:
Perk. 45,820 korban
(9,078 tewas, 35,212 luka-luka, 1,530 hilang)[5] [6]
123 hancur, 214 rusak berat dan 215 medium damaged[7]

Total 3 fase: tidak diketahui

Fase 1::
Perk. 17,000 tewas dan 20,000 luka-luka

Hingga Agustus:
75,000+ korban[8]
Total 3 fase: 111,179 korban (45,267 tewas, 61,267 luka-luka, 5,070 hilang)[9]
Penduduk sipil: 14,000 tewas, 24,000 luka-luka

Serangan Tet (30 Januari 1968–1969) adalah serangkaian operasi penyerangan pada masa Perang Vietnam, yang dikoordinasi antara unsur-unsur kekuatan batalyon Pasukan Bersenjata Pembebasan Rakyat (PLAF) atau "Viet Cong" dari Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam melawan Tentara Republik Vietnam (ARVN) dari Vietnam Selatan ditambah militer AS dan pasukan-pasukan sekutu ARVN lainnya. Operasi ini disebut Serangan Tet karena waktunya bertepatan dengan malam 30 Januari - 31 Januari 1968, Tết Nguyên Đán (Tahun Baru Imlek). Serangan itu dimulai secara spektakular pada perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek, dan operasi-operasi sporadik yang terkait berlangsung hingga 1969.

Serangan Tet ini menghasilkan serangan operasional yang menghancurkan bagi pemerintah Vietnam, melumpuhkan PLAF. Namun, meskipun keliru, Serangan Tet ini dianggap sebagai titik balik dari perang di Vietnam; di sini NLF memperoleh kemenangan psikologis dan propaganda besar-besaran sehingga menyebabkan hilangnya dukungan rakyat AS terhadap Perang Vietnam dan akhirnya pasukan-pasukan AS pun ditarik mundur. Baik NLF tidak mencapai tujuan-tujuan strategis mereka, dan ongkos operasional serangan itu sangat berbahaya dan mahal. Selain itu, sementara pendapatan umum rakyat AS tetap mendukung keterlibatan AS di dalam perang itu, rakyat AS sendiri semakin kritis terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan perang tertentu Lyndon Johnson. Barangkali kelompok yang paling terpengaruhi oleh serangan ini adalah pemerintah Nguyễn Văn Thiệu di Republik Vietnam, yang militer dan politiknya mengandalkan dukungan AS sebagaimana yang diperlihatkan oleh mayoritas penduduk Republik itu sendiri.

Serangan Tet sering dipandang sebagai contoh tentang pentingnya propaganda dan pengaruh media dalam upaya mencapai tujuan-tujuan militer, sebuah ajaran penting dalam perang modern pada akhir abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21.


Dampak terhadap politik dalam negeri AS

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Hari-hari setelah diterbitkannya laporan New York Times mengenai permintaan pasukan tambahan, Presiden Johnson mengalami kekalahan telak pada New Hampshire Primary Partai Demokrat AS, hanya sedikit melebihi Senator AS Eugene McCarthy. Tak lama sesudah itu, Senator Robert F. Kennedy mengumumkan bahwa ia akan ikut bertarung merebut dominasi Partai Demokrat, hingga semakin menegaskan melorotnya dukungan terhadap pemerintahan Johnson setelah Serangan Tet ini. Meskipun sebagian pihak menegaskan bahwa kurangnya dukungan terhadap Johnson menunjukkan bahwa publik berusaha tidak terlibat dengan Vietnam, yang lainnya mengatakan bahwa kehilangan dukungannya disebabkan karena ia tidak mau melaksanakan perang itu secara efektif. Pada 31 Maret, Johnson mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak ingin mencalonkan diri lagi, dan bahwa pengeboman terhadap Vietnam Utara dihentikan.

Trivia

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Pengeboman hebat oleh AS terhadap Ben Tre menghasilkan ungkapan terkenal, "kita perlu menghancurkan kota itu untuk menyelamatkannya." Namun ucapan ini tidak pernah dipastikan sumbernya. Pada tahun 2003, kolumnis Mona Charen dan peneliti Perang Vietnam B. G. Burkett menyimpulkan bahwa Ben Tre telah dihancurkan oleh pasukan Viet Cong yang sedang mengundurkan diri. Dan mereka menyebutkan kemungkinan bahwa Peter Arnett,

Pranala luar

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Referensi

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  1. ^ Smedberg, p. 188
  2. ^ "Tet Offensive". History. Diakses tanggal December 22, 2014. 
  3. ^ Hoang, p. 8.
  4. ^ The South Vietnamese regime estimated communist forces at 323,000, including 130,000 regulars and 160,000 guerrillas. Hoang, p. 10. MACV estimated that strength at 330,000. The CIA and the U.S. State Department concluded that the communist force level lay somewhere between 435,000 and 595,000. Dougan and Weiss, p. 184.
  5. ^ Tổng công kích, Tổng nổi dậy Tết mậu thân 1968 (Tet Offensive 1968) - ARVN's Đại Nam publishing in 1969, p. 35
  6. ^ Does not include ARVN or U.S. casualties incurred during the "Border Battles"; ARVN killed, wounded, or missing from Phase III; U.S. wounded from Phase III; or U.S. missing during Phases II and III.
  7. ^ Steel and Blood: South Vietnamese Armor and the War for Southeast Asia. Naval Institute Press, 2008. P 33
  8. ^ Includes casualties incurred during the "Border Battles", Tet Mau Than, and the second and third phases of the offensive. General Tran Van Tra claimed that from January through August 1968 the offensive had cost the communists more than 75.000 dead and wounded. This is probably a low estimate. Tran Van Tra, Tet, in Jayne S. Warner and Luu Doan Huynh, eds., The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1993, pgs. 49 & 50.
  9. ^ PAVN's Department of warfare, 124th/TGi, document 1.103 (11-2-1969)
  • Dave Palmer, Summons of the Trumpet: US-Vietnam in Perspective (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978)
  • General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" Vietnam, Feb 1993, 62-70.
  • Steven Hayward, The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Liberal Order, 1964-1980. (Prima. 544 pages, October 2001) ISBN 0-7615-1337-X
  • Peter Braestrup, Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), 471.
  • William M. Darley War Policy, Public Support,and the Media Parameters, Summer 2005, pp. 121-34.
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