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Baris 8: Baris 8:
| title= Khawaja Nasir
| title= Khawaja Nasir
| birth_date = 18 Februari 1201 <br/>[[Tus, Iran|Tus]], [[Khorasan Raya|Khorasan]]
| birth_date = 18 Februari 1201 <br/>[[Tus, Iran|Tus]], [[Khorasan Raya|Khorasan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1274|06|26|1201|02|18}} <br/>[[Masjid Al-Kadhimiya]], [[Kadhimiya]], [[Baghdad]], [[Ilkhanat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1274|06|26|1201|02|18}} <br/>[[Masjid Al-Kazhimiyah]], [[Kazhimiyah]], [[Baghdad]], [[Ilkhanat]]
| ethnicity = [[bangsa Persia|Persia]]
| ethnicity = [[bangsa Persia|Persia]]
| region = Persia
| region = Persia
| Maddhab = [[Imamiyyah]]
| Maddhab = [[Imamiyyah]]
| school_tradition= [[Ibnu Sinaisme]]
| school_tradition= [[Ibnu Sinaisme]]
| main_interests = [[Ilmu kalam]], [[Filsafat Islam awal|Filsafat Islam]], [[Astronomi Islam|Astronomi]], [[Matematika Islam abad pertengahan |Matematika]], [[Kedokteran Islam abad pertengahan|Biologi dan Kedokteran]], [[Fisika Islam abad pertengahan|Fisika]], [[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan|Ilmu Pengetahuan]]
| main_interests = [[Ilmu kalam]], [[Filsafat Islam awal|Filsafat Islam]], [[Astronomi Islam|Astronomi]], [[Matematika Islam abad pertengahan|Matematika]], [[Kedokteran Islam abad pertengahan|Biologi dan Kedokteran]], [[Fisika Islam abad pertengahan|Fisika]], [[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan|Ilmu Pengetahuan]]
| notable_ideas= [[trigonometri sferis]], [[kopel Tusi]]
| notable_ideas= [[trigonometri sferis]], [[Tandem Tusi]]
| works =''Rawḍa-yi Taslīm'', ''Tajrīd al-'Aqa'id'', <br/> ''Akhlaq-i-Nasri'', ''[[Zij-i ilkhani]]'',<br/> ''al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah'', <br/> ''Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah''
| works =''Rawḍa-yi Taslīm'', ''Tajrīd al-'Aqa'id'', <br/> ''Akhlaq-i-Nasri'', ''[[Zij-i ilkhani]]'',<br/> ''al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah'', <br/> ''Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah''
| teachers = [[Kamal al-Din Yunus]]<ref name=MacT/>
| teachers = [[Kamal al-Din Yunus]]<ref name=MacT/>
Baris 22: Baris 22:
}}
}}


'''Muhammad bin Muhammad bin al-Hasan al-Tūsī''' ({{lang-fa|محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی}}&lrm; 24 Februari 1201&nbsp;– 26 Juni 1274), lebih dikenal sebagai '''Nashiruddin ath-Thusi''' ({{lang-fa|نصیر الدین طوسی|links=no}}; atau hanya '''Tusi''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|i}}<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tusi "Tusi"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> di Barat), adalah seorang [[polimatik]], arsitek, [[Filsafat Islam awal|filsuf]], [[Kedokteran Islam abad pertengahan|dokter]], [[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan|ilmuwan]], dan [[Ilmu kalam|ulama]] [[bangsa Persia|Persia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennison|first1=Amira K.|title=The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-15227-2 |page=204 |quote=Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldschmidt|first1=Arthur |last2=Boum|first2=Aomar |title=A Concise History of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSOdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-4963-3 |quote=Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bar Hebraeus |authorlink1=Bar Hebraeus|last2=Joosse|first2=Nanne Pieter George|title=A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYV3AAAAMAAJ|year=2004 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14133-9|page=11|quote=the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k5iy4RvAwcC |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6800-5 |page=167 |quote=In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.}}</ref><ref>Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"</ref><ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7914-6799-6}}. page 199</ref><ref>Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). {{ISBN|1-86064-523-2}}. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|authorlink1=Thomas F. Glick|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven John|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|authorlink3=Faith Wallis|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96930-7|quote=drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Laet|first=Sigfried J. de |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC|year=1994|publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102813-7|page=908|quote=the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mirchandani|first=Vinnie|title=The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC&pg=PA300|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-76845-7|page=300|quote=Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...}}</ref>
'''Muhammad bin Muhammad bin al-Hasan at-Thūsī''' ({{lang-fa|محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی}}&lrm; 24 Februari 1201&nbsp;– 26 Juni 1274), lebih dikenal sebagai '''Nashiruddin ath-Thusi''' ({{lang-fa|نصیر الدین طوسی|links=no}}; atau hanya '''Tusi''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|i}}<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tusi "Tusi"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> di Barat), adalah seorang [[polimatik]], arsitek, [[Filsafat Islam awal|filsuf]], [[Kedokteran Islam abad pertengahan|dokter]], [[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan|ilmuwan]], dan [[Ilmu kalam|ulama]] [[bangsa Persia|Persia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennison|first1=Amira K.|title=The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/greatcaliphsgold00benn|date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-15227-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatcaliphsgold00benn/page/n214 204] |quote=Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldschmidt|first1=Arthur |last2=Boum|first2=Aomar |title=A Concise History of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSOdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-4963-3 |quote=Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bar Hebraeus |authorlink1=Bar Hebraeus|last2=Joosse|first2=Nanne Pieter George|title=A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYV3AAAAMAAJ|year=2004 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14133-9|page=11|quote=the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k5iy4RvAwcC |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6800-5 |page=167 |quote=In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.}}</ref><ref>Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"</ref><ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7914-6799-6}}. page 199</ref><ref>Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). {{ISBN|1-86064-523-2}}. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|authorlink1=Thomas F. Glick|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven John|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|authorlink3=Faith Wallis|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96930-7|quote=drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Laet|first=Sigfried J. de |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC|year=1994|publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102813-7|page=908|quote=the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mirchandani|first=Vinnie|title=The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC&pg=PA300|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-76845-7|page=300|quote=Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...}}</ref>
Dia sering dianggap pencetus gagasan [[trigonometri]] sebagai suatu disiplin matematika tersendiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|title=Al-Tusi_Nasir biography|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-science/islamic-mathematics/4BF4D143150C0013552902EE270AF9C2|title=the cambridge history of science|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din-bio|title=ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.}}</ref>
Dia sering dianggap pencetus gagasan [[trigonometri]] sebagai suatu disiplin matematika tersendiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|title=Al-Tusi_Nasir biography|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-science/islamic-mathematics/4BF4D143150C0013552902EE270AF9C2|title=the cambridge history of science|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din-bio|title=ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.}}</ref>
Dia merupakan seorang Muslim [[Syiah]] [[Imamiyyah]].<ref name="RT">{{Citation| last =Ṭūsī | first =Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad | author-link = | last2 =Badakchani | first2 =S. J. | date =2005 | title =Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought | series =Ismaili Texts and Translations | volume =5 | place =London | publisher =I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies | pages =2–3 | isbn =1-86064-436-8 }}</ref> Cendekiawan Muslim [[Ibnu Khaldun]] (1332–1406) menganggap Tusi sebagai yang terbesar dari para cendekiawan [[bangsa Persia|Persia]] kemudian.<ref name="Khaldun">James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [http://escholarship.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=james_morris] excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn : dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah : Markaz Ibn Khaldūn : Dār al-Amīn, 1998. {{ISBN|977-19-6070-9}}. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.</ref>
Dia merupakan seorang Muslim [[Syiah]] [[Dua Belas Imam]].<ref name="RT">{{Citation| last =Ṭūsī | first =Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad | author-link = | last2 =Badakchani | first2 =S. J. | date =2005 | title =Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought | series =Ismaili Texts and Translations | volume =5 | place =London | publisher =I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies | pages =2–3 | isbn =1-86064-436-8 }}</ref> Cendekiawan Muslim [[Ibnu Khaldun]] (1332–1406) menganggap Tusi sebagai yang terbesar dari para cendekiawan [[bangsa Persia|Persia]] kemudian.<ref name="Khaldun">James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [http://escholarship.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=james_morris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620223200/http://escholarship.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=james_morris |date=2010-06-20 }} excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn: dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah: Markaz Ibn Khaldūn: Dār al-Amīn, 1998. {{ISBN|977-19-6070-9}}. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.</ref>


==Biografi==
== Biografi ==
Nashiruddin ath-Thusi lahir di kota [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] di [[Khorasan Raya|Khorasan]] abad pertengahan (timur laut [[Iran]]) pada tahun 1201 dan mulai dan mulai belajar pada usia dini. Di Hamadan dan Tus dia mempelajari [[Quran]], [[Hadis]], [[fikih Ja'fari]], logika, filsafat, matematika, kedokteran, dan astronomi.<ref name="Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid. "Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times". Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I. History of Islamic Philosophy. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.) London: Routledge. 1996. p. 529</ref>
Nashiruddin ath-Thusi lahir di kota [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] di [[Khorasan Raya|Khorasan]] abad pertengahan (timur laut [[Iran]]) pada tahun 1201 dan mulai dan mulai belajar pada usia dini. Di Hamadan dan Tus dia mempelajari [[Quran]], [[Hadis]], [[Mazhab Ja'fari|fikih Ja'fari]], logika, filsafat, matematika, kedokteran, dan astronomi.<ref name="Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid. "Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times". Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I. History of Islamic Philosophy. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.) London: Routledge. 1996. p. 529</ref>


Dia tampaknya dilahirkan dalam keluarga Syiah dan kehilangan ayahnya di usia muda. Memenuhi keinginan ayahnya, Muhammad muda mengikuti pembelajaran dan pendidikan dengan sangat serius dan menempuh perjalanan jauh untuk menghadiri kuliah para cendekiawan terkenal dan memperoleh pengetahuan, sebuah amalan yang sangat dianjurkan dalam iman Islamnya. Pada usia muda, dia pindah ke [[Nishapur]] untuk belajar filsafat di bawah Farid al-Din Damad dan matematika di bawah [[Muhammad Hasib]].<ref name="HistMuslimPhil">Siddiqi, Bakhtyar Husain. "Nasir al-Din Tusi". A History of Islamic Philosophy. Vol 1. M. M. Sharif (ed.). Wiesbaden:: Otto Harrossowitz. 1963. p. 565</ref> Dia juga bertemu [[Attar Nishapur]], sang [[Sufisme|guru sufi]] legendaris yang kemudian dibunuh oleh [[bangsa Mongol]], dan menghadiri kuliah [[Qutb al-Din al-Misri]].
Dia tampaknya dilahirkan dalam keluarga Syiah dan kehilangan ayahnya di usia muda. Memenuhi keinginan ayahnya, Muhammad muda mengikuti pembelajaran dan pendidikan dengan sangat serius dan menempuh perjalanan jauh untuk menghadiri kuliah para cendekiawan terkenal dan memperoleh pengetahuan, sebuah amalan yang sangat dianjurkan dalam iman Islamnya. Pada usia muda, dia pindah ke [[Nishapur]] untuk belajar filsafat di bawah Farid al-Din Damad dan matematika di bawah [[Muhammad Hasib]].<ref name="HistMuslimPhil">Siddiqi, Bakhtyar Husain. "Nasir al-Din Tusi". A History of Islamic Philosophy. Vol 1. M. M. Sharif (ed.). Wiesbaden:: Otto Harrossowitz. 1963. p. 565</ref> Dia juga bertemu [[Attar Nishapur]], sang [[Sufisme|guru sufi]] legendaris yang kemudian dibunuh oleh [[bangsa Mongol|pasukan Mongol]], dan menghadiri kuliah [[Qutb al-Din al-Misri]].


Di [[Mosul]], dia belajar matematika dan astronomi dengan [[Kamal al-Din Yunus]] (meninggal 639 [[tahun Hijriah|H]]/1242 M), seorang murid [[Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi]].<ref name=MacT>[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Sharaf.html Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi biography - MacTutor History of Mathematics]</ref> Kemudian dia berkorespondensi dengan [[Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi]], menantu dari [[Ibnu Arabi]], dan kelihatannya bahwa mistisisme, sebagaimana yang disebarluaskan oleh para guru sufi pada masanya, tidak menarik bagi pemikirannya dan begitu kesempatan cocok, dia menyusun buku petunjuk Sufisme filosofisnya sendiri dalam bentuk buklet kecil berjudul ''Awsaf al-Ashraf'', "Tanda-Tanda Kemuliaan".
Di [[Mosul]], dia belajar matematika dan astronomi dengan [[Kamaluddin bin Yunus]] (meninggal 639 [[tahun Hijriah|H]]/1242 M), seorang murid [[Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi]].<ref name=MacT>[http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Sharaf.html Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi biography - MacTutor History of Mathematics]</ref> Kemudian dia berkorespondensi dengan [[Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi]], menantu dari [[Ibnu Arabi]], dan kelihatannya bahwa mistisisme, sebagaimana yang disebarluaskan oleh para guru sufi pada masanya, tidak menarik bagi pemikirannya dan begitu kesempatan cocok, dia menyusun buku petunjuk Sufisme filosofisnya sendiri dalam bentuk buklet kecil berjudul ''Awsaf al-Ashraf'', "Tanda-Tanda Kemuliaan".


Ketika tentara [[Jenghis Khan]] menghancurkan tanah airnya, dia dipekerjakan oleh [[negara Nizari Ismaili]] dan memberikan kontribusi terpenting dalam ilmu pengetahuan selama masa ini ketika dia berpindah dari satu benteng ke benteng lainnya.<ref>Peter Willey, ''The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria'', (I.B. Tauris, 2005), 172.</ref> Dia ditawan setelah penyerbuan [[Puri Alamut]] oleh pasukan Mongol.<ref>[[Michael Axworthy]], ''A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind'', (Basic Books, 2008), 104.</ref>
Ketika tentara [[Jenghis Khan]] menghancurkan tanah airnya, dia dipekerjakan oleh [[negara Nizari Ismaili]] dan memberikan kontribusi terpenting dalam ilmu pengetahuan selama masa ini ketika dia berpindah dari satu benteng ke benteng lainnya.<ref>Peter Willey, ''The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria'', (I.B. Tauris, 2005), 172.</ref> Dia ditawan setelah penyerbuan [[Puri Alamut]] oleh pasukan Mongol.<ref>[[Michael Axworthy]], ''A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind'', (Basic Books, 2008), 104.</ref>


==Lihat pula==
== Lihat pula ==
*[[Daftar cendekiawan Muslim modern]]
* [[Daftar cendekiawan Muslim modern]]
*[[Daftar ilmuwan dan cendekiawan Iran pramodern]]
* [[Daftar ilmuwan dan cendekiawan Iran pramodern]]
*[[Daftar tokoh Muslim Syiah]]
* [[Daftar tokoh Muslim Syiah]]
*[[Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Iran]]
* [[Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Iran]]
*[[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan]]
* [[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan]]
*[[Shen Kuo]]
* [[Shen Kuo]]


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==Bacaan lebih lanjut==
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
*{{DSB|title=Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan }}
* {{DSB|title=Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan }}
*{{MacTutor|id=Al-Tusi_Nasir|title=Nasir al-Din Tusi}}
* {{MacTutor|id=Al-Tusi_Nasir|title=Nasir al-Din Tusi}}
*Encyclopædia Iranica, "AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ", G.M. Wickens [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aklaq-e-naseri-by-kaa-nasir-al-din-tusi-the-principal-treatise-in-persian-on-ethics-economics-and-politics-f]
* Encyclopædia Iranica, "AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ", G.M. Wickens [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aklaq-e-naseri-by-kaa-nasir-al-din-tusi-the-principal-treatise-in-persian-on-ethics-economics-and-politics-f]
*Encyclopædia Iranica, "AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF", G.M. Wickens [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/awsaf-al-asraf-a-short-mystical-ethical-work-in-persian-by-nasir-al-din-tusi-written-late-in-life-ca]
* Encyclopædia Iranica, "AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF", G.M. Wickens [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/awsaf-al-asraf-a-short-mystical-ethical-work-in-persian-by-nasir-al-din-tusi-written-late-in-life-ca]
*Encyclopædia Iranica, "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi" George Saliba [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din]
* Encyclopædia Iranica, "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi" George Saliba [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din]


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
*{{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey |display-editors=etal | last = Ragep| first = F. Jamil | title=Ṭūsī: Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al‐Ḥasan Naṣīr al‐Dīn al‐Ṭūsī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | date = 2007 |location = New York | pages = 1153–5 |url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Tusi_BEA.htm |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Tusi_BEA.pdf PDF version])
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey |display-editors=etal | last = Ragep| first = F. Jamil | title=Ṭūsī: Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al‐Ḥasan Naṣīr al‐Dīn al‐Ṭūsī | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | date = 2007 |location = New York | pages = 1153–5 |url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Tusi_BEA.htm |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Tusi_BEA.pdf PDF version])
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Nasr | first = Seyyed Hossein | title=Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Al-Ḥasan Usually Known as Naṣir Al-Dīn | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904400.html | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | publisher = Encyclopedia.com | origyear=1970-80 | date = 2008 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Nasr | first = Seyyed Hossein | title=Al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Al-Ḥasan Usually Known as Naṣir Al-Dīn | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904400.html | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | publisher = Encyclopedia.com | origyear=1970-80 | date = 2008 }}
*[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523195613/http://islamicinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=316 Biography by Islamic Insights]
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523195613/http://islamicinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=316 Biography by Islamic Insights]
*[http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H036.htm Biography by Islamic Philosophy Online]
* [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H036.htm Biography by Islamic Philosophy Online]
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/tusi.htm Biography by The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/tusi.htm Biography by The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*Kerry Magruder, [http://ouhos.org History of Science Online: Islamic and Early Medieval Science], University of Oklahoma
* Kerry Magruder, [http://ouhos.org History of Science Online: Islamic and Early Medieval Science], University of Oklahoma
*[http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=996 Islam Online.]
* [http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=996 Islam Online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304174549/http://islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=996 |date=2016-03-04 }}
*http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm
* http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm
*{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Persian scholar) -- Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=britannica.com|accessdate=16 January 2014}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Persian scholar) -- Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=britannica.com|accessdate=16 January 2014}}
*[http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#rekha The Rekhaganita]. An 18th century Sanskrit translation of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's recension of Euclid's'' Elements''.
* [http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#rekha The Rekhaganita]. An 18th century Sanskrit translation of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's recension of Euclid's'' Elements''.
*[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm Richard Covington, ''Rediscovering Arabic Science'', 2007, Saudi Aramco World]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm Richard Covington, ''Rediscovering Arabic Science'', 2007, Saudi Aramco World]


{{Matematika Islam}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Revisi terkini sejak 20 Agustus 2021 15.20

Nashiruddin ath-Thusi
Prangko Iran untuk peringatan 700 tahun kematiannya
GelarKhawaja Nasir
Informasi pribadi
Lahir18 Februari 1201
Tus, Khorasan
Meninggal26 Juni 1274(1274-06-26) (umur 73)
Masjid Al-Kazhimiyah, Kazhimiyah, Baghdad, Ilkhanat
AgamaIslam
EtnisPersia
ZamanZaman Kejayaan Islam
WilayahPersia
MazhabImamiyyah
KredoIbnu Sinaisme
Minat utamaIlmu kalam, Filsafat Islam, Astronomi, Matematika, Biologi dan Kedokteran, Fisika, Ilmu Pengetahuan
Ide terkenaltrigonometri sferis, Tandem Tusi
Karya terkenalRawḍa-yi Taslīm, Tajrīd al-'Aqa'id,
Akhlaq-i-Nasri, Zij-i ilkhani,
al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah,
Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah
GuruKamal al-Din Yunus[1]
Pemimpin Muslim
Siswa
Dipengaruhi oleh
Pengaruh

Muhammad bin Muhammad bin al-Hasan at-Thūsī (bahasa Persia: محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی‎ 24 Februari 1201 – 26 Juni 1274), lebih dikenal sebagai Nashiruddin ath-Thusi (bahasa Persia: نصیر الدین طوسی; atau hanya Tusi /ˈtuːsi/[3] di Barat), adalah seorang polimatik, arsitek, filsuf, dokter, ilmuwan, dan ulama Persia.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Dia sering dianggap pencetus gagasan trigonometri sebagai suatu disiplin matematika tersendiri.[14][15][16] Dia merupakan seorang Muslim Syiah Dua Belas Imam.[17] Cendekiawan Muslim Ibnu Khaldun (1332–1406) menganggap Tusi sebagai yang terbesar dari para cendekiawan Persia kemudian.[18]

Biografi

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Nashiruddin ath-Thusi lahir di kota Tus di Khorasan abad pertengahan (timur laut Iran) pada tahun 1201 dan mulai dan mulai belajar pada usia dini. Di Hamadan dan Tus dia mempelajari Quran, Hadis, fikih Ja'fari, logika, filsafat, matematika, kedokteran, dan astronomi.[19]

Dia tampaknya dilahirkan dalam keluarga Syiah dan kehilangan ayahnya di usia muda. Memenuhi keinginan ayahnya, Muhammad muda mengikuti pembelajaran dan pendidikan dengan sangat serius dan menempuh perjalanan jauh untuk menghadiri kuliah para cendekiawan terkenal dan memperoleh pengetahuan, sebuah amalan yang sangat dianjurkan dalam iman Islamnya. Pada usia muda, dia pindah ke Nishapur untuk belajar filsafat di bawah Farid al-Din Damad dan matematika di bawah Muhammad Hasib.[20] Dia juga bertemu Attar Nishapur, sang guru sufi legendaris yang kemudian dibunuh oleh pasukan Mongol, dan menghadiri kuliah Qutb al-Din al-Misri.

Di Mosul, dia belajar matematika dan astronomi dengan Kamaluddin bin Yunus (meninggal 639 H/1242 M), seorang murid Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi.[1] Kemudian dia berkorespondensi dengan Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, menantu dari Ibnu Arabi, dan kelihatannya bahwa mistisisme, sebagaimana yang disebarluaskan oleh para guru sufi pada masanya, tidak menarik bagi pemikirannya dan begitu kesempatan cocok, dia menyusun buku petunjuk Sufisme filosofisnya sendiri dalam bentuk buklet kecil berjudul Awsaf al-Ashraf, "Tanda-Tanda Kemuliaan".

Ketika tentara Jenghis Khan menghancurkan tanah airnya, dia dipekerjakan oleh negara Nizari Ismaili dan memberikan kontribusi terpenting dalam ilmu pengetahuan selama masa ini ketika dia berpindah dari satu benteng ke benteng lainnya.[21] Dia ditawan setelah penyerbuan Puri Alamut oleh pasukan Mongol.[22]

Lihat pula

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Referensi

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  1. ^ a b Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi biography - MacTutor History of Mathematics
  2. ^ Nashiruddin ath-Thusi di Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ "Tusi". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  4. ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2009). The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. hlm. 204. ISBN 978-0-300-15227-2. Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi. 
  5. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur; Boum, Aomar (2015). A Concise History of the Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4963-3. Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ... 
  6. ^ Bar Hebraeus; Joosse, Nanne Pieter George (2004). A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries. Brill. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-14133-9. the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 
  7. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. hlm. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works. 
  8. ^ Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"
  9. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7914-6799-6. page 199
  10. ^ Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). ISBN 1-86064-523-2. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"
  11. ^ Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi. 
  12. ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. hlm. 908. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi. 
  13. ^ Mirchandani, Vinnie (2010). The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 300. ISBN 978-0-470-76845-7. Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ... 
  14. ^ "Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Diakses tanggal 2018-08-05. One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth. 
  15. ^ "the cambridge history of science". 
  16. ^ electricpulp.com. "ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-08-05. His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles. 
  17. ^ Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad; Badakchani, S. J. (2005), Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought, Ismaili Texts and Translations, 5, London: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies, hlm. 2–3, ISBN 1-86064-436-8 
  18. ^ James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [1] Diarsipkan 2010-06-20 di Wayback Machine. excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn: dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah: Markaz Ibn Khaldūn: Dār al-Amīn, 1998. ISBN 977-19-6070-9. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.
  19. ^ Dabashi, Hamid. "Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times". Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I. History of Islamic Philosophy. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.) London: Routledge. 1996. p. 529
  20. ^ Siddiqi, Bakhtyar Husain. "Nasir al-Din Tusi". A History of Islamic Philosophy. Vol 1. M. M. Sharif (ed.). Wiesbaden:: Otto Harrossowitz. 1963. p. 565
  21. ^ Peter Willey, The Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, (I.B. Tauris, 2005), 172.
  22. ^ Michael Axworthy, A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind, (Basic Books, 2008), 104.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

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Pranala luar

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