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'''Laodikia''' atau '''Laodikea di tepi sungai Lycus''' ({{lang-el|Λαοδίκεια πρός τοῦ Λύκου}}; {{lang-la|Laodicea ad Lycum}}; {{Lang-en|Laodicea on the Lycus}}, juga ditransliterasi menjadi |
'''Laodikia''' atau '''Laodikea di tepi sungai Lycus''' ({{lang-el|Λαοδίκεια πρός τοῦ Λύκου}}; {{lang-la|Laodicea ad Lycum}}; {{Lang-en|Laodicea on the Lycus}}, juga ditransliterasi menjadi ''Laodiceia'' atau ''Laodikeia'', dahulu juga dikenal sebagai '''Diospolis''' dan '''Rhoas'''; [[bahasa Turki]]: Laodikya) adalah kota metropolitan kuno di [[Phrygia]] Pacatiana (juga diatribusikan ke [[Caria]] dan [[Lydia]]), yang dibangun di tepi sungai [[Lycus]] (Çürüksu), di [[Anatolia]] dekat desa modern [[Eskihisar, Denizli|Eskihisar]] (Eski Hissar), [[Denizli]], [[Turki]]. |
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== Sejarah == |
== Sejarah == |
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Laodikea terletak di perbukitan memanjang yang diapit oleh dua lembah sempit sungai |
Laodikea terletak di perbukitan memanjang yang diapit oleh dua lembah sempit sungai [[Asopus]] dan [[Caprus]], yang bermuara ke sungai Lycus. Kota ini semula disebut ''Diospolis'', "Kota [[Zeus]]", dan kemudian ''Rhodas'',<ref>[[Plinius yang Tua]]. v. 29.</ref> dan Laodikea, dikatakan didirikan oleh [[Antiokhos II Theos]], pada tahun 261-253 SM, untuk menghormati istrinya [[Laodice I|Laodice]], kemungkinan di lokasi kota tua sebelumnya. Kira-kira 17 km di sebelah barat [[Kolose]], 10 km di selatan [[Hierapolis]],<ref>''[[Antonine Itinerary]]'' p. 337; ''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]''; [[Strabo]] xiii. p. 629.</ref> sekitar 160 km di timur [[Efesus]] dan, menurut Strabo, berada di jalan utama.<ref>14.2.19.</ref> Terletak di daerah [[Phrygia]], meskipun beberapa penulis purba menempatkannya di wilayah provinsi lain – tidak heran mengingat batas-batas wilayah ini sering tidak jelas dan tidak konsisten – misalnya [[Ptolemaeus]]<ref>v. 2. § 18.</ref> dan [[Philostratus]]<ref>''[[Lives of the Sophists]]'' i. 25</ref> menyebutnya kota di daerah Caria, sedangkan [[Stefanus dari Byzantium]] (s. v.) menulis termasuk ke dalam wilayah Lydia. |
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Pada tahun 220 SM, Jenderal Achaeus menjadi rajanya. Kemudian tahun 188 SM, di bawah kekuasaan Kerajaan [[Pergamon]], dan setelah 133 SM dikuasai oleh [[Kekaisaran Romawi]]. |
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It suffered greatly during the [[Mithridatic Wars]],<ref>[[Appian]], ''Bell. Mithr.'' 20; Strabo xii. p. 578.</ref> but quickly recovered under the dominion of Rome; and towards the end of the [[Roman Republic]] and under the first emperors, Laodicea, benefiting from its advantageous position on a trade route, became one of the most important and flourishing commercial cities of Asia Minor, in which large money transactions and an extensive trade in black wool were carried on.<ref>[[Cicero]] ''[[Epistulae ad Familiares]]'' ii. 1. 7, iii. 5; Strab. xii.8.16; comp. [[Vitruvius]] viii. 3.</ref> |
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The place often suffered from earthquakes, especially from the great shock in the reign of [[Nero]] (60 AD), in which it was completely destroyed. But the inhabitants declined imperial assistance to rebuild the city and restored it from their own means.<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin///ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+14.27 xiv. 27].</ref> The wealth of its inhabitants created among them a taste for the arts of the [[Ancient Greeks|Greeks]], as is manifest from its ruins; and that it did not remain behind in science and literature is attested by the names of the sceptics [[Antiochus of Laodicea|Antiochus]] and [[Theiodas]], the successors of [[Aenesidemus]]<ref>[[Diogenes Laertius]] ix. 11. § 106, 12. § 116.</ref> and by the existence of a great medical school.<ref>Strabo xii. p. 580.</ref> Its wealthy citizens embellished Laodicea with beautiful monuments. One of the chief of them, [[Polemon]], became King of [[Armenian Pontus]] |
The place often suffered from earthquakes, especially from the great shock in the reign of [[Nero]] (60 AD), in which it was completely destroyed. But the inhabitants declined imperial assistance to rebuild the city and restored it from their own means.<ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin///ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+14.27 xiv. 27].</ref> The wealth of its inhabitants created among them a taste for the arts of the [[Ancient Greeks|Greeks]], as is manifest from its ruins; and that it did not remain behind in science and literature is attested by the names of the sceptics [[Antiochus of Laodicea|Antiochus]] and [[Theiodas]], the successors of [[Aenesidemus]]<ref>[[Diogenes Laertius]] ix. 11. § 106, 12. § 116.</ref> and by the existence of a great medical school.<ref>Strabo xii. p. 580.</ref> Its wealthy citizens embellished Laodicea with beautiful monuments. One of the chief of them, [[Polemon]], became King of [[Armenian Pontus]] – called after him "Polemoniacus" – and of the coast round [[Trebizond]]. The city minted its own coins, the inscriptions of which show evidence of the worship of [[Zeus]], [[Aesculapius|Æsculapius]], [[Apollo]], and the emperors. |
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It received from Rome the title of free city. During the Roman period Laodicea was the chief city of a Roman [[conventus]], which comprised twenty-four cities besides itself; Cicero records holding assizes there ca. 50 BC.<ref>Cicero ''ad Fam.'' iii. 7, ix. 25, xiii. 54, 67, xv. 4, ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|ad Att.]]'' v. 15, 16, 20, 21, vi. 1, 2, 3, 7, ''[[In Verrem]]'' i. 30.</ref> |
It received from Rome the title of free city. During the Roman period Laodicea was the chief city of a Roman [[conventus]], which comprised twenty-four cities besides itself; Cicero records holding assizes there ca. 50 BC.<ref>Cicero ''ad Fam.'' iii. 7, ix. 25, xiii. 54, 67, xv. 4, ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum|ad Att.]]'' v. 15, 16, 20, 21, vi. 1, 2, 3, 7, ''[[In Verrem]]'' i. 30.</ref> |
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It was fortified by the emperor [[Manuel Comnenus]].<ref>Nicet. ''Chon. Ann.'' pp. 9, 81.</ref> The city was destroyed during the invasions of the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Mongols]]. |
It was fortified by the emperor [[Manuel Comnenus]].<ref>Nicet. ''Chon. Ann.'' pp. 9, 81.</ref> The city was destroyed during the invasions of the [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Mongols]]. |
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==Kristen Laodikea== |
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{{seealso|Early centers of Christianity#Anatolia}} |
{{seealso|Early centers of Christianity#Anatolia}} |
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It was probably owing to its large Jewish community, that at a very early period it became one of the chief seats of [[Christianity]], and the [[Episcopal see|see]] of a bishop.<ref>Josephus ''Ant. Jud.'' xiv. 10, 20; [[Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)|Hierocl]]. p. 665.</ref> Laodicea receives passing mention in the [[epistle to the Colossians]] and is one of the [[Seven churches of Asia]] mentioned in the [[Book of Revelation]].<ref>[[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]], ''Ep. ad Coloss.'' ii. 1, iv. 15, foll.; ''Apocal.'' iii. 14, foll.</ref> The [[Laodicean Church]] had probably been founded by the [[Colossae|Colossian]] [[Epaphras]], who shared the care of it with [[Nymphas]], in whose house the faithful used to assemble. Paul asks the Colossians to communicate to the Church of Laodicea the letter which he sends to them, and to read publicly that which should come to them from Laodicea, that is, no doubt, a letter which he had written, or was to write, to the Laodiceans.<ref>''Ep. ad Coloss.'' ii. 1 ''et seq.''.</ref> An [[apocrypha]]l epistle purporting to be from Paul to the Laodiceans is extant in Latin and Arabic (see [[Epistle to the Laodiceans]]). Some of the Greek manuscripts end the [[First Epistle to Timothy]] with these words: "Written at Laodicea, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana". |
It was probably owing to its large Jewish community, that at a very early period it became one of the chief seats of [[Christianity]], and the [[Episcopal see|see]] of a bishop.<ref>Josephus ''Ant. Jud.'' xiv. 10, 20; [[Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)|Hierocl]]. p. 665.</ref> Laodicea receives passing mention in the [[epistle to the Colossians]] and is one of the [[Seven churches of Asia]] mentioned in the [[Book of Revelation]].<ref>[[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]], ''Ep. ad Coloss.'' ii. 1, iv. 15, foll.; ''Apocal.'' iii. 14, foll.</ref> The [[Laodicean Church]] had probably been founded by the [[Colossae|Colossian]] [[Epaphras]], who shared the care of it with [[Nymphas]], in whose house the faithful used to assemble. Paul asks the Colossians to communicate to the Church of Laodicea the letter which he sends to them, and to read publicly that which should come to them from Laodicea, that is, no doubt, a letter which he had written, or was to write, to the Laodiceans.<ref>''Ep. ad Coloss.'' ii. 1 ''et seq.''.</ref> An [[apocrypha]]l epistle purporting to be from Paul to the Laodiceans is extant in Latin and Arabic (see [[Epistle to the Laodiceans]]). Some of the Greek manuscripts end the [[First Epistle to Timothy]] with these words: "Written at Laodicea, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana". |
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The first bishops attributed to the See of Laodicea are very uncertain: [[Archippus of Laodicea|St. Archippus]] (Colossians 4:17); [[Nymphas of Laodicea|St. Nymphas]];<ref>Colossians 4:15; already indicated as bishop of Laodicea by the Apostolic Constitutions, 7:46.</ref> [[Diotrephes]] (III John, 9). Next comes [[St. Sagaris]], martyr (c. 166). [[Sisinnius of Laodicea|Sisinnius]] is mentioned in the Acts of the martyr [[St. Artemon]], a priest of his Church. [[Nunechius]] assisted at the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] (325). [[Eugenius of Laodicea|Eugenius]], known by an inscription, was probably his successor. The Arian Cecropius was transferred by Constantius to the See of Nicomedia. When Phrygia was divided into two parts, Laodicea became the metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana: it figures under this title in all the ''[[Notitiae Episcopatuum]]''. Some twenty incumbents are known besides those already enumerated; the last occupied the see in 1450. The city remains a [[ |
The first bishops attributed to the See of Laodicea are very uncertain: [[Archippus of Laodicea|St. Archippus]] (Colossians 4:17); [[Nymphas of Laodicea|St. Nymphas]];<ref>Colossians 4:15; already indicated as bishop of Laodicea by the Apostolic Constitutions, 7:46.</ref> [[Diotrephes]] (III John, 9). Next comes [[St. Sagaris]], martyr (c. 166). [[Sisinnius of Laodicea|Sisinnius]] is mentioned in the Acts of the martyr [[St. Artemon]], a priest of his Church. [[Nunechius]] assisted at the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] (325). [[Eugenius of Laodicea|Eugenius]], known by an inscription, was probably his successor. The Arian Cecropius was transferred by Constantius to the See of Nicomedia. When Phrygia was divided into two parts, Laodicea became the metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana: it figures under this title in all the ''[[Notitiae Episcopatuum]]''. Some twenty incumbents are known besides those already enumerated; the last occupied the see in 1450. The city remains a [[tituler see]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], ''Laodicensis in Phrygia''; the seat has been vacant since 1968.<ref> [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2l20.html ''Laodicea in Phrygia'']</ref> |
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There are extant, in Greek, sixty canons of a [[Council of Laodicea]]. That this assembly was actually held, we have the testimony of [[Theodoret]].<ref>''In Coloss.'', ii, 18, ''[[Patrologia Latina]]'', LXXXII, 619.</ref> There has been much discussion as to the date: some have even thought that the council must have preceded that of Nicaea (325), or at least that of [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople]] (381). It seems safer to consider it as subsequent to the latter. The canons are, undoubtedly, only a resume of an older text, and indeed appear to be derived from two distinct collections. They are of great importance in the history of discipline and liturgy; some [[Protestant]]s have invoked one of them in opposition to the veneration of [[angels]]. |
There are extant, in Greek, sixty canons of a [[Council of Laodicea]]. That this assembly was actually held, we have the testimony of [[Theodoret]].<ref>''In Coloss.'', ii, 18, ''[[Patrologia Latina]]'', LXXXII, 619.</ref> There has been much discussion as to the date: some have even thought that the council must have preceded that of Nicaea (325), or at least that of [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople]] (381). It seems safer to consider it as subsequent to the latter. The canons are, undoubtedly, only a resume of an older text, and indeed appear to be derived from two distinct collections. They are of great importance in the history of discipline and liturgy; some [[Protestant]]s have invoked one of them in opposition to the veneration of [[angels]]. |
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== Reruntuhan == |
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[[File:Turquie 2009 177 Laodicee.jpg|thumb]] |
[[File:Turquie 2009 177 Laodicee.jpg|thumb]] |
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The existing remains still attest its former greatness. The ruins near [[Denizli]] (Denisli) are relatively well preserved. Its [[stadium]], gymnasium, and theatres (one of which is in a state of great preservation, with its seats still perfectly horizontal, though merely laid upon the gravel), are well deserving of notice. Other buildings, also, on the top of the hill, are full of interest; and on the east the line of the ancient wall may be distinctly traced, with the remains of a gateway; there is also a street within and without the town, flanked by the ruins of a colonnade and numerous pedestals, leading to a confused heap of fallen ruins on the brow of the hill, about 200 meters outside the walls. North of the town, towards the Lycus, are many [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], with their covers lying near them, partly imbedded in the ground, and all having been long since rifled. Amongst other interesting objects are the remains of an [[aqueduct]], commencing near the summit of a low hill to the south, whence it is carried on arches of small square stones to the edge of the hill. The water must have been much charged with calcareous matter, as several of the arches are covered with a thick incrustation. From this hill the aqueduct crossed a valley before it reached the town, but, instead of being carried over it on lofty arches, as was the usual practice of the Romans, the water was conveyed down the hill in stone barrel-pipes; some of these also are much incrusted, and some completely choked up. It traversed the plain in pipes of the same kind. The aqueduct appears to have been destroyed by an [[earthquake]], as the remaining arches lean bodily on one side, without being much broken. |
The existing remains still attest its former greatness. The ruins near [[Denizli]] (Denisli) are relatively well preserved. Its [[stadium]], gymnasium, and theatres (one of which is in a state of great preservation, with its seats still perfectly horizontal, though merely laid upon the gravel), are well deserving of notice. Other buildings, also, on the top of the hill, are full of interest; and on the east the line of the ancient wall may be distinctly traced, with the remains of a gateway; there is also a street within and without the town, flanked by the ruins of a colonnade and numerous pedestals, leading to a confused heap of fallen ruins on the brow of the hill, about 200 meters outside the walls. North of the town, towards the Lycus, are many [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]], with their covers lying near them, partly imbedded in the ground, and all having been long since rifled. Amongst other interesting objects are the remains of an [[aqueduct]], commencing near the summit of a low hill to the south, whence it is carried on arches of small square stones to the edge of the hill. The water must have been much charged with calcareous matter, as several of the arches are covered with a thick incrustation. From this hill the aqueduct crossed a valley before it reached the town, but, instead of being carried over it on lofty arches, as was the usual practice of the Romans, the water was conveyed down the hill in stone barrel-pipes; some of these also are much incrusted, and some completely choked up. It traversed the plain in pipes of the same kind. The aqueduct appears to have been destroyed by an [[earthquake]], as the remaining arches lean bodily on one side, without being much broken. |
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The stadium, which is in a good state of preservation, is near the southern extremity of the city. The seats, almost perfect, are arranged along two sides of a narrow valley, which appears to have been taken advantage of for this purpose, and to have been closed up at both ends. Towards the west are considerable remains of a subterranean passage, by which chariots and horses were admitted into the arena, with a long inscription over the entrance. The whole area of the ancient city is covered with ruined buildings, and one could distinguish the sites of several temples, with the bases of the columns still ''in situ''. The ruins bear the stamp of Roman extravagance and luxury, rather than of the stern and massive solidity of the Greeks. Strabo attributes the celebrity of the place to the fertility of the soil and the wealth of some of its inhabitants: amongst whom [[Hiero of Laodicea|Hiero]], having adorned the city with many beautiful buildings, bequeathed to it more than 2000 [[talent (weight)|talents]] at his death.<ref>Comp. Fellows, Journal written in Asia Minor, p. 280, foll.; [[William Martin Leake]], Asia Minor, p. 251, foll.</ref> |
The stadium, which is in a good state of preservation, is near the southern extremity of the city. The seats, almost perfect, are arranged along two sides of a narrow valley, which appears to have been taken advantage of for this purpose, and to have been closed up at both ends. Towards the west are considerable remains of a subterranean passage, by which chariots and horses were admitted into the arena, with a long inscription over the entrance. The whole area of the ancient city is covered with ruined buildings, and one could distinguish the sites of several temples, with the bases of the columns still ''in situ''. The ruins bear the stamp of Roman extravagance and luxury, rather than of the stern and massive solidity of the Greeks. Strabo attributes the celebrity of the place to the fertility of the soil and the wealth of some of its inhabitants: amongst whom [[Hiero of Laodicea|Hiero]], having adorned the city with many beautiful buildings, bequeathed to it more than 2000 [[talent (weight)|talents]] at his death.<ref>Comp. Fellows, Journal written in Asia Minor, p. 280, foll.; [[William Martin Leake]], Asia Minor, p. 251, foll.</ref> |
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== Lihat pula == |
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* [[Tujuh Jemaat di Asia Kecil]] |
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* Bagian [[Alkitab]] yang berkaitan: [[Wahyu 1]], [[Wahyu 3]] |
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== Referensi == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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*{{SmithDGRG}} |
* {{SmithDGRG}} |
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*{{Catholic|wstitle=Laodicea}} |
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Laodicea}} |
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*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0198.html Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Laodicea"] |
* [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0198.html Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Laodicea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602084633/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0198.html |date=2006-06-02 }} |
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*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]] (editor); ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]]'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064&query=head%3D%236023 "Laodiceia"], [[London]], (1854) |
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]] (editor); ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]]'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064&query=head%3D%236023 "Laodiceia"], [[London]], (1854) |
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*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=65&letter=L&pid=0 Jewish Encyclopedia, "Laodicea"] |
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=65&letter=L&pid=0 Jewish Encyclopedia, "Laodicea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115004024/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view_page.jsp?artid=65&letter=L&pid=0 |date=2007-11-15 }} |
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*{{Cite Collier's|Laodicea}} |
* {{Cite Collier's|Laodicea}} |
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[[ar:لاوديكيا]] |
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[[bg:Лаодикея]] |
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[[ca:Laodicea del Licos]] |
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[[de:Laodikeia am Lykos]] |
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[[el:Λαοδίκεια η εν Φρυγία]] |
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[[en:Laodicea on the Lycus]] |
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[[eu:Laodizea]] |
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[[fi:Laodikea (Lykos)]] |
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[[fr:Laodicée du Lycos]] |
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[[it:Laodicea al Lico]] |
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[[ja:ラオディキア]] |
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[[la:Laodicea ad Lycum]] |
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[[pl:Laodycea (Frygia)]] |
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[[pt:Laodiceia (Frígia)]] |
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[[ru:Лаодикея]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 28 Januari 2022 22.45
Laodikia atau Laodikea di tepi sungai Lycus (bahasa Yunani: Λαοδίκεια πρός τοῦ Λύκου; bahasa Latin: Laodicea ad Lycum; bahasa Inggris: Laodicea on the Lycus, juga ditransliterasi menjadi Laodiceia atau Laodikeia, dahulu juga dikenal sebagai Diospolis dan Rhoas; bahasa Turki: Laodikya) adalah kota metropolitan kuno di Phrygia Pacatiana (juga diatribusikan ke Caria dan Lydia), yang dibangun di tepi sungai Lycus (Çürüksu), di Anatolia dekat desa modern Eskihisar (Eski Hissar), Denizli, Turki.
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Laodikea terletak di perbukitan memanjang yang diapit oleh dua lembah sempit sungai Asopus dan Caprus, yang bermuara ke sungai Lycus. Kota ini semula disebut Diospolis, "Kota Zeus", dan kemudian Rhodas,[1] dan Laodikea, dikatakan didirikan oleh Antiokhos II Theos, pada tahun 261-253 SM, untuk menghormati istrinya Laodice, kemungkinan di lokasi kota tua sebelumnya. Kira-kira 17 km di sebelah barat Kolose, 10 km di selatan Hierapolis,[2] sekitar 160 km di timur Efesus dan, menurut Strabo, berada di jalan utama.[3] Terletak di daerah Phrygia, meskipun beberapa penulis purba menempatkannya di wilayah provinsi lain – tidak heran mengingat batas-batas wilayah ini sering tidak jelas dan tidak konsisten – misalnya Ptolemaeus[4] dan Philostratus[5] menyebutnya kota di daerah Caria, sedangkan Stefanus dari Byzantium (s. v.) menulis termasuk ke dalam wilayah Lydia.
Pada tahun 220 SM, Jenderal Achaeus menjadi rajanya. Kemudian tahun 188 SM, di bawah kekuasaan Kerajaan Pergamon, dan setelah 133 SM dikuasai oleh Kekaisaran Romawi.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Tujuh Jemaat di Asia Kecil
- Bagian Alkitab yang berkaitan: Wahyu 1, Wahyu 3
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Plinius yang Tua. v. 29.
- ^ Antonine Itinerary p. 337; Tabula Peutingeriana; Strabo xiii. p. 629.
- ^ 14.2.19.
- ^ v. 2. § 18.
- ^ Lives of the Sophists i. 25
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Artikel ini memadukan teks dari suatu publikasi yang sekarang dalam ranah publik: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "butuh nama artikel". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
Artikel ini memuat teks dari suatu penerbitan yang sekarang berada dalam ranah publik: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Laodicea". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.- Hazlitt, Classical Gazetteer, "Laodicea" Diarsipkan 2006-06-02 di Wayback Machine.
- Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, "Laodiceia", London, (1854)
- Jewish Encyclopedia, "Laodicea" Diarsipkan 2007-11-15 di Wayback Machine.
- "Laodicea". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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