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* [[Timothy Brook (historian)|Brook, Timothy]]. (1998). ''[[The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China]]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-22154-0}} |
* [[Timothy Brook (historian)|Brook, Timothy]]. (1998). ''[[The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China]]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-22154-0}} |
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* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. |
* Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering''. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. |
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Revisi terkini sejak 29 Juni 2022 02.54
Tiangong Kaiwu (天工開物), atau Eksploitasi Karya Alam adalah ensiklopedia Tiongkok yang dikompilasi oleh Song Yingxing. Buku ini bisa diterbitkan pada Mei 1637 berkat seorang pejabat dinasti Song, Tu Shaokui yang bersedia menjadi penyandang dana.[1][2][3][2][3]
Tiangong Kaiwu adalah sebuah ensiklopedia yang mencakup berbagai masalah teknis, termasuk penggunaan berbagai senjata bubuk mesiu. Salinan buku itu sangat langka di Tiongkok selama dinasti Qing (1644–1911) (karena pemerintah Qing memonopoli industri-industri tertentu yang dijelaskan dalam buku tersebut), tetapi salinan asli buku itu disimpan di Jepang.[4]
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Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Tiangong Kaiwu.
- Brook, Timothy. (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- Song, Yingxing, translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou-Chuan Sun (1966). T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- ^ Song, Yingxing (1637). [[[:Templat:Wdl]] "Tiangong Kaiwu"] Periksa nilai
|url=(bantuan) [The Exploitation of the Works of Nature]. World Digital Library (dalam bahasa Chinese). Jiangxi Sheng, China. Diakses tanggal 28 May 2013. - ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 36.
- ^ a b Song, xiv.
- ^ Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 172.