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Baris 7: Baris 7:
|leaders= [[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]],{{br}} [[Hassan Dahir Aweys]]
|leaders= [[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]],{{br}} [[Hassan Dahir Aweys]]
|clans= [[Habar Gidir]], [[Abgaal]], [[Rahanweyn]], [[Ogaden]], [[Marehan]] dan sejumlah dukungan dari banyak klan lainnya
|clans= [[Habar Gidir]], [[Abgaal]], [[Rahanweyn]], [[Ogaden]], [[Marehan]] dan sejumlah dukungan dari banyak klan lainnya
|active= [[6 Juni] [[2006]]–sekarang
|active= [[6 Juni] [[2006]]–sekarang
|headquarters= [[Mogadishu]]
|headquarters= [[Mogadishu]]
|area= [[Somalia]] Tengah dan Selatan </br>[[Berkas:Icu map.png|200px]]{{br}}Wilayah yang dikuasai oleh UPI pada puncak kekuasaan mereka, Desember 2006.
|area= [[Somalia]] Tengah dan Selatan <br>[[Berkas:Icu map.png|200px]]{{br}}Wilayah yang dikuasai oleh UPI pada puncak kekuasaan mereka, Desember 2006.
|previous= Gerakan pengadilan Islam [[syariah]] yang tak menyatu
|previous= Gerakan pengadilan Islam [[syariah]] yang tak menyatu
|next=
|next=
|allies= Organisasi [[Mujahidin]], termasuk [[Al Qaeda]],{{br}} Berbagai negara Islam dan anti-Ethiopia termasuk [[Eritrea]] (tuduhan)
|allies= Organisasi [[Mujahidin]], termasuk [[Al Qaeda]],{{br}} Berbagai negara Islam dan anti-Ethiopia termasuk [[Eritrea]] (tuduhan)
Baris 17: Baris 17:
{{Campaignbox Somali Civil War}}-->
{{Campaignbox Somali Civil War}}-->


'''Uni Pengadilan Islam''' ('''UPI''', [[bahasa Somali]]: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, [[bahasa Arab]]: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية ''Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya'') adalah sebuah kelompok Pengadilan [[Syariah]] yang bersatu untuk membentuk pemerintahan tandingan dari [[Parlemen Federal Sementara|Pemerintah Federal Sementara]] (PFS) di [[Somalia]], dengan [[Sharif Ahmed|Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]] sebagai pemimpin UPI. Mereka juga dikenal sebagai '''Pengadilan Islam Bersama''', '''Persatuan Pengadilan Islam''' ('''PPI'''), '''Dewan Pengadilan Islam Somalia''' ('''DPIS''')<ref name=TROOPS-DIG-IN>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L13220054.htm Troops dig in as Somalia war fears grow] Reuters</ref> atau '''Dewan Tertinggi Pengadilan Islam''' ('''DTPI''')<ref name=EU-CONCERNED-SOMALIA-WAR>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/16/content_5497181.htm EU concerned about risk of war in Somalia] Xinhua</ref> dan media Barat sering menyebut kelompok ini sebagai [[Islam]]is '''[[Somali]]'''.
'''Uni Pengadilan Islam''' ('''UPI''', [[bahasa Somali]]: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, [[bahasa Arab]]: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية ''Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya'') adalah sebuah kelompok Pengadilan [[Syariah]] yang bersatu untuk membentuk pemerintahan tandingan dari [[Parlemen Federal Sementara|Pemerintah Federal Sementara]] (PFS) di [[Somalia]], dengan [[Sharif Ahmed|Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]] sebagai pemimpin UPI. Mereka juga dikenal sebagai '''Pengadilan Islam Bersama''', '''Persatuan Pengadilan Islam''' ('''PPI'''), '''Dewan Pengadilan Islam Somalia''' ('''DPIS''')<ref name=TROOPS-DIG-IN>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L13220054.htm Troops dig in as Somalia war fears grow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205170712/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L13220054.htm |date=2008-12-05 }} Reuters</ref> atau '''Dewan Tertinggi Pengadilan Islam''' ('''DTPI''')<ref name=EU-CONCERNED-SOMALIA-WAR>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-12/16/content_5497181.htm EU concerned about risk of war in Somalia] Xinhua</ref> dan media Barat sering menyebut kelompok ini sebagai [[Islam]]is '''[[Somali]]'''.


Hingga baru-baru ini, mereka menguasai sebagian besar wilayah Somalia selatan dan kebanyakan penduduknya, termasuk sebagian besar kota-kota penting seperti [[Jowhar]], [[Kismayo]], [[Beledweyne]], dan ibu kota [[Mogadishu]]. Hanya wilayah Utara yang kering ([[Puntland]], [[Somaliland]]), dan daerah pedalaman yang terjauh dari selatan tidak mereka kuasai. Pada [[Desember]] [[2006]], UPI kehilangan banyak wilayahnya setelah kalah dalam pertempuran [[Pertempuran Baidoa|Baidoa]], [[Pertempuran Bandiradley|Bandiradley]], dan [[Pertempuran Beledweyne|Beledweyne]], dan mengundurkan diri ke ibu kota, [[Mogadishu]]. Pada 28 Desember mereka meninggalkan Mogadishu dalam keadaan kacau, sementara mereka pindah ke selatan menuju [[Kismayo]], yang memungkinkan Pemerintah Federal Sementara (PFS) dan pasukan-pasukan [[Ethiopia]] mengambil alih kota itu.<ref name=MOGADISHU-FALLS-TO-ETHIOPIAN-BACKED-GOVERNMENT-TROOPS>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/28/somalia.reut/index.html Mogadishu falls to Ethiopian-backed government troops] CNN</ref> Setelah mencoba bertahan dalam [[Pertempuran Jilib]], UPI meninggalkan kota [[Kismayo]] pada [[1 Januari]] [[2007]]. Setelah kehilangan hampir semua wilayahnya, diperkirakan bahwa UPI akan melakukan perang [[perang gerilya]] melawan pemerintah.<ref name=SOMALIAS-ISLAMIC-COURTS-FIGHTERS-ABANDON-KISMAYO>[http://voanews.com/english/2007-01-01-voa8.cfm Somalia's Islamic Courts Fighters Abandon Kismayo] ''[Voice of America]''</ref>
Hingga baru-baru ini, mereka menguasai sebagian besar wilayah Somalia selatan dan kebanyakan penduduknya, termasuk sebagian besar kota-kota penting seperti [[Jowhar]], [[Kismayo]], [[Beledweyne]], dan ibu kota [[Mogadishu]]. Hanya wilayah Utara yang kering ([[Puntland]], [[Somaliland]]), dan daerah pedalaman yang terjauh dari selatan tidak mereka kuasai. Pada [[Desember]] [[2006]], UPI kehilangan banyak wilayahnya setelah kalah dalam pertempuran [[Pertempuran Baidoa|Baidoa]], [[Pertempuran Bandiradley|Bandiradley]], dan [[Pertempuran Beledweyne|Beledweyne]], dan mengundurkan diri ke ibu kota, [[Mogadishu]]. Pada 28 Desember mereka meninggalkan Mogadishu dalam keadaan kacau, sementara mereka pindah ke selatan menuju [[Kismayo]], yang memungkinkan Pemerintah Federal Sementara (PFS) dan pasukan-pasukan [[Ethiopia]] mengambil alih kota itu.<ref name=MOGADISHU-FALLS-TO-ETHIOPIAN-BACKED-GOVERNMENT-TROOPS>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/africa/12/28/somalia.reut/index.html Mogadishu falls to Ethiopian-backed government troops] CNN</ref> Setelah mencoba bertahan dalam [[Pertempuran Jilib]], UPI meninggalkan kota [[Kismayo]] pada [[1 Januari]] [[2007]]. Setelah kehilangan hampir semua wilayahnya, diperkirakan bahwa UPI akan melakukan perang [[perang gerilya]] melawan pemerintah.<ref name=SOMALIAS-ISLAMIC-COURTS-FIGHTERS-ABANDON-KISMAYO>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070101220325/http://voanews.com/english/2007-01-01-voa8.cfm Somalia's Islamic Courts Fighters Abandon Kismayo] ''[Voice of America]''</ref>


== Sejarah ==
== Sejarah ==
{{main|Bangkitnya Uni Pengadilan Islam (2006)}}
{{main|Bangkitnya Uni Pengadilan Islam (2006)}}
=== Sebelum pertempuran Mogadishu kedua ===
=== Sebelum pertempuran Mogadishu kedua ===
Setelah jatuhnya pemerintah Somali pada 1991, sebuah sistem pengadilan Islam berdasarkan [[syariah]] menjadi [[sistem peradilan]] yang utama, yang didanai oleh pihak yang mengadu. Di kemudian hari, pengadilan ini mulai menawarkan pelayanan-pelayanan lain seperti [[pendidikan]] dan [[pemeliharaan kesehatan]]. Pengadilan ini juga bertindak sebagai pasukn kepolisian setempat, yang dibiayai oleh para pengusaha setempat, untuk mengurangi kejahatan. Pengadilan Islam ini juga bertanggung jawab dallam mencegah perampokan dan penjualan [[obat terlarang]], serta menghentikan pertunjukan dari apa yang dianggapnya sebagai film-film [[pornografi|porno]] di bioskop-biskop setempat. Penduduk Somalia hampir seluruhnya Muslim, dan lembaga-lembaga ini mulanya mendapat dukungan luas dari masyarakat. <!--Tahun-tahun pertama pengadilan ini these institutions initially had wide public support. The early years of the courts include such outfits as Sheikh Ali Dheere's, established in north Mogadishu in 1994 and the Beled Weyene court initiated in 1996. They soon saw the sense in working together through a joint committee to promote security. This move was initiated by four of the courts - Ifka Halan, Circolo, Warshadda and Hararyaale - who formed a committee to co-ordinate their affairs, to exchange criminals from different clans and to integrate security forces. In 1999 the group began to assert its authority. Supporters of the Islamic courts and other institutions united to form the ICU, an armed [[militia]]. In April of that year they took control of the main market in Mogadishu and, in July, captured the road from Mogadishu to [[Afgoi]].<ref name="CSMonitor 1999">Santoro, Lara, [http://csmonitor.com/cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/1999/07/13/text/p1s2.html Islamic clerics combat lawlessness in Somalia], ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', [[13 July]] [[1999]]</ref> Their system of government, controlled by judges, is known as a [[krytocracy]].
Setelah jatuhnya pemerintah Somali pada 1991, sebuah sistem pengadilan Islam berdasarkan [[syariah]] menjadi [[sistem peradilan]] yang utama, yang didanai oleh pihak yang mengadu. Di kemudian hari, pengadilan ini mulai menawarkan pelayanan-pelayanan lain seperti [[pendidikan]] dan [[pemeliharaan kesehatan]]. Pengadilan ini juga bertindak sebagai pasukn kepolisian setempat, yang dibiayai oleh para pengusaha setempat, untuk mengurangi kejahatan. Pengadilan Islam ini juga bertanggung jawab dallam mencegah [[perampokan]] dan penjualan [[obat terlarang]], serta menghentikan pertunjukan dari apa yang dianggapnya sebagai film-film [[pornografi|porno]] di bioskop-biskop setempat. Penduduk Somalia hampir seluruhnya Muslim, dan lembaga-lembaga ini mulanya mendapat dukungan luas dari masyarakat.<!--Tahun-tahun pertama pengadilan ini these institutions initially had wide public support. The early years of the courts include such outfits as Sheikh Ali Dheere's, established in north Mogadishu in 1994 and the Beled Weyene court initiated in 1996. They soon saw the sense in working together through a joint committee to promote security. This move was initiated by four of the courts - Ifka Halan, Circolo, Warshadda and Hararyaale - who formed a committee to co-ordinate their affairs, to exchange criminals from different clans and to integrate security forces. In 1999 the group began to assert its authority. Supporters of the Islamic courts and other institutions united to form the ICU, an armed [[militia]]. In April of that year they took control of the main market in Mogadishu and, in July, captured the road from Mogadishu to [[Afgoi]].<ref name="CSMonitor 1999">Santoro, Lara, [http://csmonitor.com/cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/1999/07/13/text/p1s2.html Islamic clerics combat lawlessness in Somalia], ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', [[13 July]] [[1999]]</ref> Their system of government, controlled by judges, is known as a [[krytocracy]].


===After conquering Mogadishu===
===After conquering Mogadishu===
Baris 37: Baris 37:
|accessdate=2007-01-09 }}</ref>
|accessdate=2007-01-09 }}</ref>


As the courts began to assert themselves as the dispensers of justice they came into conflict with the [[secular]] [[warlord]]s who controlled most of the city. In reaction to the growing power of the ICU, a group of Mogadishu warlords formed the [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism]] (ARPCT). This was a major change, as these warlords had been fighting each other for many years. By the beginning of 2006, these two groups had repeatedly clashed, and in May 2006 it escalated into [[Second Battle of Mogadishu|street fighting in the capital]], claiming the lives of more than 300 people. On [[5 June]] [[2006]], the ICU claimed that they were in control of Mogadishu.<ref name="NYTimes take control">Lacey, Mark, [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/05/africa/web.0605mogadishu.php Islamic militias take control of Somali capital], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[5 June]] [[2006]]</ref>
As the courts began to assert themselves as the dispensers of justice they came into conflict with the [[secular]] [[warlord]]s who controlled most of the city. In reaction to the growing power of the ICU, a group of Mogadishu warlords formed the [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism]] (ARPCT). This was a major change, as these warlords had been fighting each other for many years. By the beginning of 2006, these two groups had repeatedly clashed, and in May 2006 it escalated into [[Second Battle of Mogadishu|street fighting in the capital]], claiming the lives of more than 300 people. On [[5 June]] [[2006]], the ICU claimed that they were in control of Mogadishu.<ref name="NYTimes take control">Lacey, Mark, [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/05/africa/web.0605mogadishu.php Islamic militias take control of Somali capital], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[5 June]] [[2006]]</ref>


Meanwhile, in the [[United States]] the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] [[George W. Bush administration|administration]] neither confirmed nor denied support for either side. However, American officials have anonymously confirmed that the U.S. government was funding the ARPCT, due to concerns that the ICU is linked to [[al-Qaeda]] and is sheltering three al-Qaeda leaders involved in past terror attacks, including the 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]]. <ref name="NYTimes warlords run">Lacey, Mark, [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/world/africa/06somalia.html Somali Islamists Declare Victory; Warlords on Run], ''New York Times'', 6 June 2006</ref>
Meanwhile, in the [[United States]] the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] [[George W. Bush administration|administration]] neither confirmed nor denied support for either side. However, American officials have anonymously confirmed that the U.S. government was funding the ARPCT, due to concerns that the ICU is linked to [[al-Qaeda]] and is sheltering three al-Qaeda leaders involved in past terror attacks, including the 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings in [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]].<ref name="NYTimes warlords run">Lacey, Mark, [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/world/africa/06somalia.html Somali Islamists Declare Victory; Warlords on Run], ''New York Times'', 6 June 2006</ref>


On [[6 June]] [[2006]] the ICU further claimed it was in control of all the lands up to 100 kilometers (62 miles) inland from Mogadishu. The warlords were reported to have either been captured or to have fled the city, abandoning most of their weapons, with the majority fleeing to [[Jowhar]], which was taken by the ICU militia on [[14 June]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5078534.stm Somali Islamists capture key town], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[13 June]] [[2006]]</ref> This brought ICU in control of much of the weaponry in the country, which made a resurgence by the warlords difficult without outside support. The ICU also controlled significant territory outside the capital, which included the important town of [[Balad, Somalia|Balad]]. In mid-August, ICU militiamen swept into the port town of [[Hobyo]] 500 kilometers north of Mogadishu, meeting no opposition.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/&articleid=280964 Somali Islamists seize key port] ''South African Mail and Guardian'', 16 August 2006</ref> The ICU organized a clean-up campaign for the streets of Mogadishu on [[20 July]]. This was the first time litter and rubbish had been collected in the entire city since it collapsed into chaos over a decade previously.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5198338.stm Ethiopian troops on Somali soil], ''BBC News'', 20 July 2006</ref>
On [[6 June]] [[2006]] the ICU further claimed it was in control of all the lands up to 100 kilometers (62 miles) inland from Mogadishu. The warlords were reported to have either been captured or to have fled the city, abandoning most of their weapons, with the majority fleeing to [[Jowhar]], which was taken by the ICU militia on [[14 June]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5078534.stm Somali Islamists capture key town], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[13 June]] [[2006]]</ref> This brought ICU in control of much of the weaponry in the country, which made a resurgence by the warlords difficult without outside support. The ICU also controlled significant territory outside the capital, which included the important town of [[Balad, Somalia|Balad]]. In mid-August, ICU militiamen swept into the port town of [[Hobyo]] 500 kilometers north of Mogadishu, meeting no opposition.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/&articleid=280964 Somali Islamists seize key port] ''South African Mail and Guardian'', 16 August 2006</ref> The ICU organized a clean-up campaign for the streets of Mogadishu on [[20 July]]. This was the first time litter and rubbish had been collected in the entire city since it collapsed into chaos over a decade previously.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5198338.stm Ethiopian troops on Somali soil], ''BBC News'', 20 July 2006</ref>


On [[July 15]] [[2006]], the Islamic Courts opened Mogadishu international airport, which had been closed since the withdrawal of the international forces in 1995. The first airplane chartered by the [[Arab League]] flew from the airport for the first time in 11 years picking up Islamic Courts delegates to Sudanese capital [[Khartoum]]. <ref name="Somalinet">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalinet.com/news/world/English/3290 Somalia: Reopening of Mogadishu's airport welcomed], ''[[Somalinet]]'', [[July 15]] [[2006]]</ref>
On [[July 15]] [[2006]], the Islamic Courts opened Mogadishu international airport, which had been closed since the withdrawal of the international forces in 1995. The first airplane chartered by the [[Arab League]] flew from the airport for the first time in 11 years picking up Islamic Courts delegates to Sudanese capital [[Khartoum]].<ref name="SomaliSpot">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: Reopening of Mogadishu's airport welcomed], ''[[Somalispot]]'', [[July 15]] [[2006]]</ref>


On [[August 15]] [[2006]], the ICU captured Haradhere, some 500km northeast of Mogadishu, which had become a safe haven for pirates, who had forced shipping firms and international organisations to pay large ransoms for the release of vessels and crews. <ref name="IRIN"> [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55122&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=SOMALIA SOMALIA: Transitional govt, Islamic courts agree to talks], ''[[IRIN]]'', [[August 15]] [[2006]]</ref>
On [[August 15]] [[2006]], the ICU captured Haradhere, some 500km northeast of Mogadishu, which had become a safe haven for pirates, who had forced shipping firms and international organisations to pay large ransoms for the release of vessels and crews.<ref name="IRIN"> [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55122&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=SOMALIA SOMALIA: Transitional govt, Islamic courts agree to talks], ''[[IRIN]]'', [[August 15]] [[2006]]</ref>


On [[August 25]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts reopened historical Mogadishu seaport, which was formerly one of the busiest in [[East Africa]] but had been shut down for 10 years.<ref name="BBC"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5279414.stm First ship arrives in Mogadishu], ''[[BBC]]'', [[August 25]] [[2006]]</ref>
On [[August 25]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts reopened historical Mogadishu seaport, which was formerly one of the busiest in [[East Africa]] but had been shut down for 10 years.<ref name="BBC"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5279414.stm First ship arrives in Mogadishu], ''[[BBC]]'', [[August 25]] [[2006]]</ref>

On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province, ending all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital. <ref name="Somalinet3">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalinet.com/news/world/English/4145 Somalia: Islamists set up central Islamic court in the capital], ''[[Somalinet]]'', [[October 2]] [[2006]]</ref>
On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province, ending all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital.<ref name="SomaliSpot">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: Islamists set up central Islamic court in the capital], ''[[SomaliSpot]]'', [[October 2]] [[2006]]</ref>


=== War with Ethiopia ===
=== War with Ethiopia ===
Baris 75: Baris 75:
4. The ICU fighters are responsible for establishing the security and stability in the Somalian capital Mogadishu.
4. The ICU fighters are responsible for establishing the security and stability in the Somalian capital Mogadishu.
{{br}}
{{br}}
5. Lastly, the ICU is calling on all the Islamic fighters in Somalia, where ever they may be, to maintain security and stability in their localities and get ready in the police stations and other security installations.<ref name=SOMALIA-ICU-LEADERS-RESIGN-AS_ETHIOPIAN-ARMY-NEARS-CAPITAL>[http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6223 Somalia: ICU leaders resign as Ethiopian army nears the capital] SomaliNet</ref></blockquote>
5. Lastly, the ICU is calling on all the Islamic fighters in Somalia, where ever they may be, to maintain security and stability in their localities and get ready in the police stations and other security installations.<ref name=SOMALIA-ICU-LEADERS-RESIGN-AS_ETHIOPIAN-ARMY-NEARS-CAPITAL>[http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: ICU leaders resign as Ethiopian army nears the capital] SomaliSpot</ref></blockquote>


On [[December 28]], the ICU [[Fall of Mogadishu|withdrew from the capital]]. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohamad Gedi stated the legislature would shortly declare a period of martial law.
On [[December 28]], the ICU [[Fall of Mogadishu|withdrew from the capital]]. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohamad Gedi stated the legislature would shortly declare a period of martial law.
Baris 119: Baris 119:
The [[Hizbul Shabaab]], also known as Al-Shabaab, or simply as "Shabaab", is the Youth Wing of the ICU. It is a radical and somewhat independent organization under the ICU umbrella which is integrated quite tightly with the ICU armed forces, acting as a sort of "special forces" for the ICU.
The [[Hizbul Shabaab]], also known as Al-Shabaab, or simply as "Shabaab", is the Youth Wing of the ICU. It is a radical and somewhat independent organization under the ICU umbrella which is integrated quite tightly with the ICU armed forces, acting as a sort of "special forces" for the ICU.


The Shabab has caused difficulties for the ICU in maintaining a good international image on a number of occasions due to their hot-headedness and zealousness, such as abducting critical journalists, harassing overly-hip youngsters, and most infamously, murdering wounded [[Juba Valley Alliance|JVA]] soldiers in a [[Bu'aale]] hospital.<ref name="BUALE_HOSPITAL_MURDERS">[http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/4553 Sorry is not enough for barbaric killing in hospital beds] Somalinet</ref>
The Shabab has caused difficulties for the ICU in maintaining a good international image on a number of occasions due to their hot-headedness and zealousness, such as abducting critical journalists, harassing overly-hip youngsters, and most infamously, murdering wounded [[Juba Valley Alliance|JVA]] soldiers in a [[Bu'aale]] hospital.<ref name="BUALE_HOSPITAL_MURDERS">[http://www.somalispot.com/ Sorry is not enough for barbaric killing in hospital beds] SomaliSpot</ref>


The ICU formally apologized for each of the incidents, and attempted to make it clear that these actions did not reflect ICU policy. Nevertheless, these incidents gave their opponents excellent propaganda ammunition, and aided the global perception of the ICU being like the [[Taliban]].
The ICU formally apologized for each of the incidents, and attempted to make it clear that these actions did not reflect ICU policy. Nevertheless, these incidents gave their opponents excellent propaganda ammunition, and aided the global perception of the ICU being like the [[Taliban]].
Baris 126: Baris 126:
The major powers in Somalia included the [[Transitional Federal Government]], the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA) in the south, plus the autonomous [[Puntland]] in the northeast and self-declared independent [[Somaliland]] in the northwest. In the midst of the conflict, [[Galmudug]] was formed in direct response to stem the rise of the ICU. The ICU was opposed by all the other factions, except for Somaliland, which remained generally neutral throughout the conflict.
The major powers in Somalia included the [[Transitional Federal Government]], the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA) in the south, plus the autonomous [[Puntland]] in the northeast and self-declared independent [[Somaliland]] in the northwest. In the midst of the conflict, [[Galmudug]] was formed in direct response to stem the rise of the ICU. The ICU was opposed by all the other factions, except for Somaliland, which remained generally neutral throughout the conflict.


As a result of the collapse of the warlords' power, the four warlord representatives in the transitional government were stripped of their cabinet posts. The transitional government is based in [[Baidoa]], 250 kilometers from Mogadishu. After the ICU victory in Mogadishu, the transitional government voted to request foreign peacekeepers from the [[African Union]] in a mission known as [[IGASOM]]. The African Union supports the transitional government, though it did not provide forces to defend it against the advances of the ICU. The ICU rejected the need for [[peacekeeper]]s, arguing Somalia needs aid, not more external troops. The Interim Prime Minister [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]] stated he wished to meet with the ICU leaders.<ref>[http://somalinet.com/news/world/English/2888 Somalia: Islamic courts again warn of foreign troops in Somalia], ''SomaliNet News'', [[15 June]] 2006</ref> This resulted in the [[Treaty of Khartoum]] of [[5 September]] [[2006]], in which it was agreed the ICU and the Transitional Government would be merged; however, the ICU insisted on the precondition [[Ethiopia]]n troops would leave the country beforehand. Ethiopian forces did not withdraw, and the treaty agreement fell apart.
As a result of the collapse of the warlords' power, the four warlord representatives in the transitional government were stripped of their cabinet posts. The transitional government is based in [[Baidoa]], 250 kilometers from Mogadishu. After the ICU victory in Mogadishu, the transitional government voted to request foreign peacekeepers from the [[African Union]] in a mission known as [[IGASOM]]. The African Union supports the transitional government, though it did not provide forces to defend it against the advances of the ICU. The ICU rejected the need for [[peacekeeper]]s, arguing Somalia needs aid, not more external troops. The Interim Prime Minister [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]] stated he wished to meet with the ICU leaders.<ref>[http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: Islamic courts again warn of foreign troops in Somalia], ''SomaliSpot Forum'', [[15 June]] 2006</ref> This resulted in the [[Treaty of Khartoum]] of [[5 September]] [[2006]], in which it was agreed the ICU and the Transitional Government would be merged; however, the ICU insisted on the precondition [[Ethiopia]]n troops would leave the country beforehand. Ethiopian forces did not withdraw, and the treaty agreement fell apart.


The JVA was overrun in the south, and Kismayo was taken. The remaining JVA forces aligned themselves immediately with the TFG. In [[December 2006]]—[[January 2007]], as part of the TFG's army, they retook the lost territory of the south.
The JVA was overrun in the south, and Kismayo was taken. The remaining JVA forces aligned themselves immediately with the TFG. In [[December 2006]]—[[January 2007]], as part of the TFG's army, they retook the lost territory of the south.
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| Various
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|-
| Court of Banadir Province
| Court of Banadir Province
| Various
| Various
| 12 judges chaired by Dr. Hussein Abdi Elmi
| 12 judges chaired by Dr. Hussein Abdi Elmi
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*'''Shaykh [[Hassan Dahir Aweys]]''' is the head of the [[shura]] council of the ICU. Aweys is former leader of [[al-Itihaad al-Islamiya]] (AIAI). Since [[November 2001]], he has been named under [[Executive Order 13224]] as a supporter of terrorist activities.
*'''Shaykh [[Hassan Dahir Aweys]]''' is the head of the [[shura]] council of the ICU. Aweys is former leader of [[al-Itihaad al-Islamiya]] (AIAI). Since [[November 2001]], he has been named under [[Executive Order 13224]] as a supporter of terrorist activities.


*'''Shaykh [[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]]''' is the leader of the ICU. Ahmed was born in [[Chabila]], Somalia and studied at [[Libyan]] and [[Sudan|Sudanese]] universities. He is from the Abgaal branch of the [[Hawiye]] clan. He has also worked as a secondary school teacher of geography, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and religious studies. He speaks Arabic, Somali, and English.
*'''Shaykh [[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]]''' is the leader of the ICU. Ahmed was born in [[Chabila]], Somalia and studied at [[Libyan]] and [[Sudan|Sudanese]] universities. He is from the Abgaal branch of the [[Hawiye]] clan. He has also worked as a secondary school teacher of geography, [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and religious studies. He speaks Arabic, Somali, and English.


* '''Shaykh [[Hasan Hersi "Al-Turki"]]''' is formerly leader of [[Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya]] (AIAI); he goes by the name of "Al-Turki" or "The Turk". Since 2004, Hassan Al-Turki has been designated under US Presidential [[Executive Order 13224]] for terrorist financing.<ref name=DESIGNATION-OF-HASSAN-ABDULLAH-HERSI-AL-TURKI-EO-13224>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/33128.htm Designation of Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki under Executive Order 13224] US Department of State</ref>
* '''Shaykh [[Hasan Hersi "Al-Turki"]]''' is formerly leader of [[Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya]] (AIAI); he goes by the name of "Al-Turki" or "The Turk". Since 2004, Hassan Al-Turki has been designated under US Presidential [[Executive Order 13224]] for terrorist financing.<ref name=DESIGNATION-OF-HASSAN-ABDULLAH-HERSI-AL-TURKI-EO-13224>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/33128.htm Designation of Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki under Executive Order 13224] US Department of State</ref>


* '''Shaykh [[Yusuf Siad Inda'ade]]''' (or '''Inda Ade''') served as deputy and financier for Hasan Dahir Aweys. He had been the chief security of Islamic Courts.<ref name=SOMALI-HARDLINER-CALLS-FOR-FOREIGN-JIHADISTS>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1978424,00.html Somali hardliner calls for foreign jihadists]</ref> He is controversial for the fact that he was a former warlord who occupied [[Shabeellaha Hoose|Lower Shabeele]] in 2003. He later allied himself with the Islamic Courts. The Islamic Courts advanced to central and south Somalia regions, including the Kismayo area, before Inda'ade pledged his support, giving them control of Lower Shabelle region. <ref name="Reuters 2006">[http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=L30863894&WTmodLoc=World-R5-Alertnet-2 Islamists extend authority in Somalia], ''Reuters '', 30 Sept 2006</ref> In December 2006, during the intense fighting with Ethiopia, he was not present and was in pilgrimage in [[Mecca]].
* '''Shaykh [[Yusuf Siad Inda'ade]]''' (or '''Inda Ade''') served as deputy and financier for Hasan Dahir Aweys. He had been the chief security of Islamic Courts.<ref name=SOMALI-HARDLINER-CALLS-FOR-FOREIGN-JIHADISTS>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1978424,00.html Somali hardliner calls for foreign jihadists]</ref> He is controversial for the fact that he was a former warlord who occupied [[Shabeellaha Hoose|Lower Shabeele]] in 2003. He later allied himself with the Islamic Courts. The Islamic Courts advanced to central and south Somalia regions, including the Kismayo area, before Inda'ade pledged his support, giving them control of Lower Shabelle region.<ref name="Reuters 2006">[http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=L30863894&WTmodLoc=World-R5-Alertnet-2 Islamists extend authority in Somalia], ''Reuters '', 30 Sept 2006</ref> In December 2006, during the intense fighting with Ethiopia, he was not present and was in pilgrimage in [[Mecca]].
* '''Shaykh Mukhtar Robow''' who goes by the name of "Abu Mansur", was the deputy chief of security for the Islamic Courts. He had been credited with being instrumental in the victory of the [[Second Battle of Mogadishu]] against the [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism|ARPCT]] ([[CIA]]-backed warlords). In December 2006, during the intense fighting with Ethiopia, he was not present and was in pilgrimage in Mecca.
* '''Shaykh Mukhtar Robow''' who goes by the name of "Abu Mansur", was the deputy chief of security for the Islamic Courts. He had been credited with being instrumental in the victory of the [[Second Battle of Mogadishu]] against the [[Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism|ARPCT]] ([[CIA]]-backed warlords). In December 2006, during the intense fighting with Ethiopia, he was not present and was in pilgrimage in Mecca.
* '''Professor [[Ibrahim Hassan Addow]]''' (M.Ed, Ph.D) was the head of foreign affairs department for the ICU. He lived in the United States and worked as an administrator at [[American University]] in Washington, D.C., before returning to Somalia in 1999. He is the dean of [[Benadir University]] in Mogadishu and had respresented the Islamic courts in its negotiations with the Somali transitional government. <ref name="Seattle News"> Edmund Sanders, [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003305401_somalia15.html Islamists bring order to Somalia, but justice is far from uniform], ''Seattle Times'', October 15, 2006</ref>
* '''Professor [[Ibrahim Hassan Addow]]''' (M.Ed, Ph.D) was the head of foreign affairs department for the ICU. He lived in the United States and worked as an administrator at [[American University]] in Washington, D.C., before returning to Somalia in 1999. He is the dean of [[Benadir University]] in Mogadishu and had respresented the Islamic courts in its negotiations with the Somali transitional government.<ref name="Seattle News"> Edmund Sanders, [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003305401_somalia15.html Islamists bring order to Somalia, but justice is far from uniform], ''Seattle Times'', October 15, 2006</ref>


== Social policies ==
== Social policies ==
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The Islamic Courts' original mission was to bring social justice and combat iniquity. However, after capturing Mogadishu, its mission transformed into imposing Sharia law all over Somalia and changing the constitution.
The Islamic Courts' original mission was to bring social justice and combat iniquity. However, after capturing Mogadishu, its mission transformed into imposing Sharia law all over Somalia and changing the constitution.


In the year [[2000]], the courts formed a union of Islamic courts, partly to consolidate resources and power and partly to aid in handing down decisions across, rather than within, clan lines. <ref name="Online NewsHour">Kristina Nwazota, [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa/jan-june06/somalia_06-08.html Islamist Control of Mogadishu Raises Concern of Extremist Future for Somalia], ''[[Online NewsHour]]'', [[June 8]] [[2006]]</ref>
In the year [[2000]], the courts formed a union of Islamic courts, partly to consolidate resources and power and partly to aid in handing down decisions across, rather than within, clan lines.<ref name="Online NewsHour">Kristina Nwazota, [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/africa/jan-june06/somalia_06-08.html Islamist Control of Mogadishu Raises Concern of Extremist Future for Somalia], ''[[Online NewsHour]]'', [[June 8]] [[2006]]</ref>


In an interview featured in the [[BBC Online]] Somali section in [[June 2006]], Sheik Sharif Shaykh Ahmed said "the union of Islamic courts was established to ensure that Somali people suffering for 15 years would gain peace and full justice and freedom from the anarchic rule of warlords who refuted their people to no direction."
In an interview featured in the [[BBC Online]] Somali section in [[June 2006]], Sheik Sharif Shaykh Ahmed said "the union of Islamic courts was established to ensure that Somali people suffering for 15 years would gain peace and full justice and freedom from the anarchic rule of warlords who refuted their people to no direction."
After capturing Mogadishu, the Islamic Courts had enacted a series of decrees and laws that had temporarily brought hope for Somali expatriates, local minorities and women.
After capturing Mogadishu, the Islamic Courts had enacted a series of decrees and laws that had temporarily brought hope for Somali expatriates, local minorities and women.


* On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts had declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province. The announcement ceremony was attended by all Islamic officials; both consultative and executive councils, intellectuals and civil society members and took place in the former Somalian presidential palace in central Mogadishu. That announcement from the central Islamic Court was destined to end all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital. <ref name="Somalinet3">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalinet.com/news/world/English/4145 Somalia: Islamists set up central Islamic court in the capital], ''[[Somalinet]]'', [[October 2]] [[2006]]</ref>
* On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts had declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province. The announcement ceremony was attended by all Islamic officials; both consultative and executive councils, intellectuals and civil society members and took place in the former Somalian presidential palace in central Mogadishu. That announcement from the central Islamic Court was destined to end all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital.<ref name="SomaliSpot">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalispot.com/ Board Somalia: Islamists set up central Islamic court in the capital], ''[[SomaliSpot]]'', [[October 2]] [[2006]]</ref>


* On [[November 17]] [[2006]], the ICU had banned the use, sale and transportation of ''[[khat]]'' altogether and the Islamic Court of Kismayo banned the sale of cigarettes. This was a controversial move as it was the main source of income for many war widows and orphans and a huge import-export business.
* On [[November 17]] [[2006]], the ICU had banned the use, sale and transportation of ''[[khat]]'' altogether and the Islamic Court of Kismayo banned the sale of cigarettes. This was a controversial move as it was the main source of income for many war widows and orphans and a huge import-export business.
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*{{flagcountry|Libya}}: Furthermore, the UN monitoring report states that the Libyan government has sent military aircraft to Somalia and has provided training, funds and at least a consignment of arms in support of ICU. On July 24, 2006, a delegation of military officers arrived at the Baledogle airport and on July 26, 2006, participated in a meeting in Mogadishu with ICU officials and visiting Egyptian and Eritrean senior military officers at the house of ICU finance chief Abdulkadir Abukar Omar Adani. On [[July 31]], 2006, a vessel with arms and foods for ICU docked early in the morning at the seaport of El-Ma'an.
*{{flagcountry|Libya}}: Furthermore, the UN monitoring report states that the Libyan government has sent military aircraft to Somalia and has provided training, funds and at least a consignment of arms in support of ICU. On July 24, 2006, a delegation of military officers arrived at the Baledogle airport and on July 26, 2006, participated in a meeting in Mogadishu with ICU officials and visiting Egyptian and Eritrean senior military officers at the house of ICU finance chief Abdulkadir Abukar Omar Adani. On [[July 31]], 2006, a vessel with arms and foods for ICU docked early in the morning at the seaport of El-Ma'an.


*{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}: Furthermore, the document states that Saudi Arabia has given logistical support in the form of foodstuff and medicines intended for use by the ICU. On [[June 11]], 2006, a [[C-130]] aircraft left Jazan for the Baledogle airport. But the government said the flight had taken place for "medical" reasons. On [[August 14]], 2006 , seven trucks containing logistical supplies, including foods and ammunition, left Mogadishu for an ICU location in the central regions of Somalia. Accompanying the convoy were 320 ICU fighters sent to reinforce fighters in the central regions.
*{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}: Furthermore, the document states that Saudi Arabia has given logistical support in the form of foodstuff and medicines intended for use by the ICU. On [[June 11]], 2006, a [[C-130]] aircraft left Jazan for the Baledogle airport. But the government said the flight had taken place for "medical" reasons. On [[August 14]], 2006, seven trucks containing logistical supplies, including foods and ammunition, left Mogadishu for an ICU location in the central regions of Somalia. Accompanying the convoy were 320 ICU fighters sent to reinforce fighters in the central regions.


*{{flagcountry|Syria}}: On [[July 27]], 2006, 200 ICU fighters were transported by aircraft to Syria for training in [[guerrilla warfare]].
*{{flagcountry|Syria}}: On [[July 27]], 2006, 200 ICU fighters were transported by aircraft to Syria for training in [[guerrilla warfare]].
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|accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref>
|accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref>
-->
-->

== Catatan dan rujukan ==
== Catatan dan rujukan ==
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== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/01/10/somalia.strike.ap/index.html Abdirahman Janaqow reported killed], AP/CNN, [[10 Januari]] 2007
* {{en}} [http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/01/10/somalia.strike.ap/index.html Abdirahman Janaqow reported killed], AP/CNN, [[10 Januari]] 2007
* {{en}} [http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/yearman/somalia.htm Conoco-Somalia Declassification Project], Conoco-Somalia Declassification Project, 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/yearman/somalia.htm Conoco-Somalia Declassification Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010130702/http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/yearman/somalia.htm |date=2006-10-10 }}, Conoco-Somalia Declassification Project, 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4839726.stm Somali deaths in fierce clashes], BBC News, [[24 Maret]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4839726.stm Somali deaths in fierce clashes], BBC News, [[24 Maret]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0510/dailyUpdate.html Despite ceasefire call, fighting continues in Mogadishu], Christian Science Monitor, [[10 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0510/dailyUpdate.html Despite ceasefire call, fighting continues in Mogadishu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708231456/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0510/dailyUpdate.html |date=2009-07-08 }}, Christian Science Monitor, [[10 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4768857.stm Warring Somali ministers warned], BBC News, 13 Mei 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4768857.stm Warring Somali ministers warned], BBC News, 13 Mei 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051601625_pf.html U.S. Secretly Backing Warlords in Somalia], [[Washington Post]], [[17 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/16/AR2006051601625_pf.html U.S. Secretly Backing Warlords in Somalia], [[Washington Post]], [[17 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060527/ap_on_re_af/somalia_fighting_14 Islamic Force, Warlords Clash in Somalia], [[Associated Press]], [[27 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060527/ap_on_re_af/somalia_fighting_14 Islamic Force, Warlords Clash in Somalia], [[Associated Press]], [[27 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.ogrish.com/archives/violence_flares_in_somalia_Mei_28_2006.html Violence Flares in Somalia (VIDEO)], ogrish.com, pemutakhiran [[28 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.ogrish.com/archives/violence_flares_in_somalia_Mei_28_2006.html Violence Flares in Somalia (VIDEO)], ogrish.com, pemutakhiran [[28 Mei]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://somalinet.com/news/world/English/2745 New power emerges from the south], Somalinet.com, [[4 Juni]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.somalispot.com/ New power emerges from the south], Somalispot.com, [[4 Juni]] 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5046402.stm Islamists seize key Somali town], BBC News, 4 Juni 2006
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5046402.stm Islamists seize key Somali town], BBC News, 4 Juni 2006
* {{en}} [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7A0C3366-B729-4A01-9E88-388D03259697.htm Islamists claim control of Mogadishu], [[Al Jazeera]] News, 5 Juni 2006
* {{en}} [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7A0C3366-B729-4A01-9E88-388D03259697.htm Islamists claim control of Mogadishu], [[Al Jazeera]] News, 5 Juni 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.irinnews.org/film/ ''Somalia: a State of Need''], ''[[IRIN]]'' Film (18 min streaming video), Desember 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.irinnews.org/film/ ''Somalia: a State of Need''], ''[[IRIN]]'' Film (18 min streaming video), Desember 2006
* {{en}} [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3830&l=1 ''Somalia’s Islamists''], Laporan [[International Crisis Group]], 12 Desember 2005
* {{en}} [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3830&l=1 ''Somalia’s Islamists''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227010458/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3830&l=1 |date=2006-12-27 }}, Laporan [[International Crisis Group]], 12 Desember 2005


[[Kategori:Organisasi Islam|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi Islam|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok milisi pemberontak|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok milisi pemberontak|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Pemberontakan di Afrika|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Pemberontakan di Afrika|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Politik di Somalia|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Politik Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Hukum Somali]]
[[Kategori:Hukum Somali]]
[[Kategori:Agama di Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Agama di Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi 1990-an|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi yang didirikan tahun 1990-an|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Gerakan Pembebasan Nasional|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]
[[Kategori:Gerakan Pembebasan Nasional|Pengadilan Islam Somalia]]

[[ar:اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية]]
[[ca:Unió de Corts Islàmiques de Somàlia]]
[[cs:Svaz islámských soudů]]
[[da:Rådet af Islamiske Domstole]]
[[de:Union islamischer Gerichte]]
[[en:Islamic Courts Union]]
[[eo:Islamaj Kortumoj]]
[[es:Unión de Tribunales Islámicos]]
[[fa:اتحادیه محاکم شریعت اسلامی سومالی]]
[[fi:Islamilaisten oikeusistuinten liitto]]
[[fr:Union des tribunaux islamiques]]
[[it:Unione delle Corti Islamiche]]
[[ja:イスラム法廷会議]]
[[nl:Unie van Islamitische Rechtbanken]]
[[no:Den islamistiske rettsunion]]
[[pl:Unia Trybunałów Islamskich]]
[[pt:Conselho Supremo das Cortes Islâmicas]]
[[ru:Союз исламских судов]]
[[sh:Unija islamskih sudova]]
[[so:Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga]]
[[sr:Унија исламских судова]]
[[sv:Islamiska domstolarnas högsta råd]]
[[zh:伊斯蘭法庭聯盟]]

Revisi terkini sejak 26 Oktober 2022 15.41

Uni Pengadilan Islam (UPI, bahasa Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, bahasa Arab: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya) adalah sebuah kelompok Pengadilan Syariah yang bersatu untuk membentuk pemerintahan tandingan dari Pemerintah Federal Sementara (PFS) di Somalia, dengan Sharif Sheikh Ahmed sebagai pemimpin UPI. Mereka juga dikenal sebagai Pengadilan Islam Bersama, Persatuan Pengadilan Islam (PPI), Dewan Pengadilan Islam Somalia (DPIS)[1] atau Dewan Tertinggi Pengadilan Islam (DTPI)[2] dan media Barat sering menyebut kelompok ini sebagai Islamis Somali.

Hingga baru-baru ini, mereka menguasai sebagian besar wilayah Somalia selatan dan kebanyakan penduduknya, termasuk sebagian besar kota-kota penting seperti Jowhar, Kismayo, Beledweyne, dan ibu kota Mogadishu. Hanya wilayah Utara yang kering (Puntland, Somaliland), dan daerah pedalaman yang terjauh dari selatan tidak mereka kuasai. Pada Desember 2006, UPI kehilangan banyak wilayahnya setelah kalah dalam pertempuran Baidoa, Bandiradley, dan Beledweyne, dan mengundurkan diri ke ibu kota, Mogadishu. Pada 28 Desember mereka meninggalkan Mogadishu dalam keadaan kacau, sementara mereka pindah ke selatan menuju Kismayo, yang memungkinkan Pemerintah Federal Sementara (PFS) dan pasukan-pasukan Ethiopia mengambil alih kota itu.[3] Setelah mencoba bertahan dalam Pertempuran Jilib, UPI meninggalkan kota Kismayo pada 1 Januari 2007. Setelah kehilangan hampir semua wilayahnya, diperkirakan bahwa UPI akan melakukan perang perang gerilya melawan pemerintah.[4]

Sejarah

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Artikel utama: Bangkitnya Uni Pengadilan Islam (2006)

Sebelum pertempuran Mogadishu kedua

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Setelah jatuhnya pemerintah Somali pada 1991, sebuah sistem pengadilan Islam berdasarkan syariah menjadi sistem peradilan yang utama, yang didanai oleh pihak yang mengadu. Di kemudian hari, pengadilan ini mulai menawarkan pelayanan-pelayanan lain seperti pendidikan dan pemeliharaan kesehatan. Pengadilan ini juga bertindak sebagai pasukn kepolisian setempat, yang dibiayai oleh para pengusaha setempat, untuk mengurangi kejahatan. Pengadilan Islam ini juga bertanggung jawab dallam mencegah perampokan dan penjualan obat terlarang, serta menghentikan pertunjukan dari apa yang dianggapnya sebagai film-film porno di bioskop-biskop setempat. Penduduk Somalia hampir seluruhnya Muslim, dan lembaga-lembaga ini mulanya mendapat dukungan luas dari masyarakat.

Catatan dan rujukan

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  1. ^ Troops dig in as Somalia war fears grow Diarsipkan 2008-12-05 di Wayback Machine. Reuters
  2. ^ EU concerned about risk of war in Somalia Xinhua
  3. ^ Mogadishu falls to Ethiopian-backed government troops CNN
  4. ^ Somalia's Islamic Courts Fighters Abandon Kismayo [Voice of America]

Lihat pula

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Pranala luar

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