Amarna: Perbedaan antara revisi

|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->

==Nama==

Situs ini harus dibedakan dari '''Tell Amarna''' di [[Suriah]], suatu [[:en:Tell (archaeology)|''tell'' ("gundukan")]] [[arkeologi]] dari [[:en:Halaf culture|periode Halaf]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/1032531/Tell_Amarna_in_the_General_Framework_of_the_Halaf_Period]</ref>

Egyptologis Inggris, Sir [[:en:John Gardner Wilkinson|John Gardner Wilkinson]], mengunjungi Amarna di Mesir ini dua kali pada tahun 1820-an dan mengidentifikasi sebagai '''''Alabastron''''',<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/amarna/index.html University College London website, ''Digital Egypt for Universities: Amarna'', accessed 26 July 2016]</ref> mengikuti deskripsi yang kadang-kadang berkontradiksi dari para penulis zaman Romawi [[Plinius Yang Tua|Plinius]] (''On Stones'') dan [[Klaudius Ptolemaeus|Ptolemaeus]] (''[[:en:Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]''),<ref name="MatHyer">{{cite book |title= Materia hieroglyphica |author=Sir John Gardner Wilkinson |year=1828 |location=Malta |publisher=privately printed |page=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nWgGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA22&lpg=RA1-PA22&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=hKes9f72Hn&sig=brxS2b3VzBGYagHv_xVRkShhKdI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinn-iOgpHOAhXMvBoKHe4BACsQ6AEIOTAJ#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="MatInd">{{cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries |author= Alfred Lucas, John Richard Harris |year=2011 |edition=reprint of 4th edition (1962), revised from first (1926) |location=Mineola, NY |publisher= Dover Publications |page=60 |isbn=9780486404462 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8dIoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=p-SL65uxH6&sig=4t3Zvp7hXMlGTMEPOFuve9yVCNI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmk9ONg5HOAhVLmBoKHew1B7I4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref> meskipun ia tidak yakin mengenai identifikasi ini dan mengusulkan [[:en:Nekhen|Kom el-Ahmar (''Nekhen'')]] sebagai lokasi alternatif.<ref name="ModEg">{{cite book |title=Modern Egypt and Thebes: being a description of Egypt; including the information required for travellers in that country |volume= II |year=1843 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |pages=43-44 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fLsMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&source=bl&ots=_RD2l1YPyN&sig=wu5P0tY05k85W_Gix5LdUOvYz24&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinn-iOgpHOAhXMvBoKHe4BACsQ6AEINDAH#v=onepage&q=Amarna%20%22alabastron%22&f=false |accessdate=26 July 2016 }}</ref>

== Kota Akhetaten==

{{Amarna Image Map|width=425}}

[[Image:Amarna boundary stela U 02.JPG|thumb|Patung-patung di sebelah kiri Stela Perbatasan U di Amarna]]

Terletak di tepi timur [[sungai Nil]], reruntuhan kota terbentang dari utara ke selatan di sepanjang suatu "Jalan Kerajaan" ("Royal Road"), sekarang dinamai "''Sikhet es-Sultan''".<ref name="waterson81">Waterson (1999), p.81</ref><ref name="grundon92">Grundon (2007), p.92</ref> Kediaman raja umumnya di sebelah utara, yang dikenal sebagai [[:en:North City, Amarna|"Kota Utara" (''North City'')]], dengan area pusat administrasi dan agamawi, sedangkan bagian selatan kota merupakan daerah-daerah perumahan.

[[File:Egyptian - Seal Ring with the Name of Akhenaten - Walters 42201 - Side A.jpg|jmpl|ka|100px|Cincin meteraI Akhenaten dari faience biru. [[:en:Walters Art Museum|Walters Art Museum]]]]

Jika mendatangi kota Amarna dari sebelah utara melalui sungai, maka bangunan-bangunan pertama setelah melewati stela perbatasan utara merupakan kompleks [[:en:North Riverside Palace|''North Riverside Palace'' ("Istana Tepi Sungai Utara")]]. Bangunan ini terentang sampai di tepi sungai dan kemungkinan merupakan kediaman utama keluarga raja.<ref>Kemp, Barry, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People, Thames and Hudson, 2012, pg 151-153</ref> <!--Located within the North City area is the [[Northern Palace (Amarna)|Northern Palace]], the main residence of the Royal Family. Between this and the central city, the Northern Suburb was initially a prosperous area with large houses, but the house size decreased and became poorer the further from the road they were.<ref name="grundon92"/>

====Central City====

Most of the important ceremonial and administrative buildings were located in the central city. Here the [[Great Temple of the Aten]] and the [[Small Aten Temple]] were used for religious functions and between these the Great Royal Palace and Royal Residence were the ceremonial residence of the King and Royal Family, and were linked by a bridge or ramp.<ref>Waterson (1999), p.82</ref> Located behind the Royal Residence was the [[Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh]], where the [[Amarna Letters]] were found.<ref>Moran (1992), p.xiv</ref>

This area was probably the first area to be completed, and had at least two phases of construction.<ref name="waterson81"/>

==Kehidupan di Amarna/Akhetaten kuno ==

[[File:TutankhamunBerlin.jpg|jmpl|200px|ki|Portret Tutankamun Amarna. [[Altes Museum]], [[Berlin]]]]

<!--

To make the move from Thebes to Amarna, Akhenaten needed the support of the military. Ay, one of Akhenaten's principal advisors, exercised great influence in this area because his father [[Yuya]] had been an important military leader. Additionally, everyone in the military had grown up together, they had been a part of the richest and most successful period in Egypt's history under Akhenaten's father, so loyalty among the ranks was strong and unwavering. Perhaps most importantly, "it was a military whose massed ranks the king took every opportunity to celebrate in temple reliefs, first at Thebes and later at Amarna."<ref>Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet, Reeves, Nicholas, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, copyright 2001</ref>

-->

[[File:Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|left|Fragmen kolom limestone menunjukkan ''reeds'' dan sebuah ''cartouche'' Aten awal dari masa pemerintahan Akhenaten. Asal: Amarna, Mesir. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]

[[File:Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Fragmen patung dari ''siliceous limestone''. Ada sejumlah cartouche Aten akhir pada bahu kanan yang ditutup pakaian. Masa pemerintahan Akhenaten. Asal: Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]

[[File:Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Ukiran ''alabaster sunken'' menggambarkan Akhenaten, Nefertiti, dan putri Meritaten. Cartouche Aten awal pada lengan dan dada raja. Asal: Amarna, Mesir. Dinasti ke-18. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]

[[Image:Amarna Akkadian letter.png|thumb|150px|Salah satu [[Surat Amarna]]]]

Dari tahun 2005 sampai 2013, "Amarna Project" telah menggali sebuah [[:en:Southern Tombs Cemetery|pekuburan]] yang berada di dekat, Pekuburan Selatan untuk para bangsawan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city|accessdate=2008-10-01|author=John Hayes-Fisher|work=BBC Timewatch | date=2008-01-25}}</ref>