Néstor Kirchner: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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k →Governor of Santa Cruz: clean up |
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{{Infobox_President |
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{| align="right" {{prettyinfobox}} |
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|name =Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić |
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|image = Kirchner_marzo_2007_Congreso.jpg |
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|caption = President Néstor Kirchner in March of 2007 |
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| style="background:#efefef"" align="center" colspan=2 | |
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|nationality = [[Argentina]] |
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[[Image:NestorKirchner.jpeg|250px|Néstor Kirchner]] |
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|order = [[Presiden Argentina]] ke-52 |
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|term_start = [[25 Mei]] [[2003]] |
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!align=right|Menjabat Sejak: |
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|term_end = [[10 Desember]] [[2007]] |
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|[[May 25]], [[2003]]–Sekarang |
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|vicepresident = [[Daniel Scioli]] |
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|predecessor = [[Eduardo Duhalde]] |
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!align=right|Pendahulu: |
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|successor = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] |
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|[[Eduardo Duhalde]] |
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|order2= Sekretaris Jenderal Unasur |
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|- |
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|term_start2= [[4 Mei]] [[2010]] |
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!align=right|Pengganti: |
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|term_end2= [[27 Oktober]] [[2010]] |
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|belum ada |
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|predecessor2= |
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|successor2= |
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!align=right|Wakil Presiden: |
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|order3 = [[Ibu/Bapak negara Argentina|Bapak Negara Argentina]] |
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|[[Daniel Scioli]] |
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|term_start3 = 10 Desember 2007 |
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|term_end3 = 27 Oktober 2010 |
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!align=right|Tanggal lahir: |
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|predecessor3 = [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] |
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|[[25 Februari]] [[1950]] |
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|successor3 = ''Kosong'' |
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|- |
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|order4 = [[Gubernur Santa Cruz]] |
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!align=right|Kota Kelahiran: |
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|term_start4 = 10 Desember 1991 |
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|[[Río Gallegos]] |
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|term_end4 = 25 Mei 2003 |
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|- |
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|vicegovernor4 =[[Sergio Acevedo]] (1991-1999)<br />[[Héctor Icazuriaga]] (1999-2003) |
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!align=right|Profesi: |
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|predecessor4 = [[Ricardo del Val]] |
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|[[Pengacara]] |
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|successor4 = [[Héctor Icazuriaga]] |
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|- |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1950|2|25}} |
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!align=right|[[List of political parties in Argentina|Political Party]]: |
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|birth_place = [[Río Gallegos]], [[Argentina]] |
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|[[Justicialist Party|Justicialist]] |
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|death_date= {{death date and age|2010|10|27|1950|2|25}} |
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|death_place=[[El Calafate]], Argentina |
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|spouse=[[Cristina Elisabeth Fernández de Kirchner|Cristina Elisabeth Fernández]] |
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|party = [[Front for Victory]], <br />([[Partai Justisialis]]) |
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|children = [[Máximo Kirchner]]<br />Florencia Kirchner |
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|profession =[[Pengacara]] |
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|religion = [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Néstor Carlos Kirchner''' ( |
'''Néstor Kirchner''', nama lengkapnya '''Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić''' ({{lahirmati|[[Río Gallegos]], [[Argentina]]|25|2|1950|[[El Calafate]], [[Argentina]]|27|10|2010}}) adalah [[Presiden Argentina|Presiden]] [[Argentina]] yang menjabat sejak [[25 Mei]] [[2003]]. Sebelumnya, Kirchner menjabat [[Gubvernur Santa Cruz|gubernur]] [[Provinsi di Argentina|provinsi]] [[Provinsi Santa Cruz (Argentina)|Santa Cruz]] ([[1991]]-[[2003]]). |
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<ref>BBC News, Americas, Country profiles: Argentina. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1192478.stm#leaders Leaders].</ref> |
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== Masa muda == |
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Pada tahun [[1975]], dia menikah dengan [[Cristina Elisabeth Fernández de Kirchner|Cristina Elisabeth Fernández]] yang kuliah di universitas yang sama. Dari pernikahan itu, mereka mempunyai dua anak. Istrinya, dianggap banyak orang merupakan senjata rahasianya, seperti [[Eva Perón|Evita Duarte]] bagi [[Juan Perón]]. Seperti Evita, Cristina lebih suka tampil dengan suaminya. |
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Kirchner dilahirkan di [[Río Gallegos]], di provinsi [[Patagonia]], Santa Cruz. Ayahnya, seorang pejabat kantor pos, adalah keturunan [[Swiss]]; ibunya, [[Marija Ostoić]], dilahirkan di [[Chili]] selatan, berlatar belakang [[Kroasia]]. Ia belajar di SD dan sekolah menengah negeri di kota kelahirannya, dan mendapatkan ijazah SMU dari ''Colegio Nacional República de Guatemala''. |
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Sejak muda, Kirchner ikut serta dalam Gerakan Justicialist (''Movimiento Justicialista''), mula-mula sebagai anggota Peronis Muda, yang [[radikalisme]] sayap kirinya sangat keras menentang pemerintahan [[diktatur militer]]. Pada pertengahan tahun 1970-an, ia belajar ilmu hukum di [[Universitas Nasional de la Plata]] dan mendapatkan gelarnya pada 1976. Ia kembali ke Río Gallegos bersama istrinya, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner|Cristina Fernández]], yang juga seorang pengacara dan anggota [[Partai Justicialist]] (''Partido Justicialista'', PJ), untuk melakukan praktik sebagai pengacara. Pada masa rezim diktatur [[Proceso de Reorganización Nacional|Proses Reorganisasi Nasional]] di bawah [[Jorge Videla|Videla]], ia pernah dipenjarakan, namun tidak jelas alasannya dan untuk berapa lama. |
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Ia menjadi [[Presiden Argentina]] pada tahun [[2003]] setelah unggul dari 18 calon presiden, termasuk [[Carlos Menem]] yang mundur empat hari sebelum pemilu presiden babak kedua. Penampilan luar Kirchner tidak meyakinkan orang bahwa dia penerus tradisi. Keberhasilannya sebagai gubernur pun menurut para pengkritiknya bukan indikator, karena Santa Cruz yang berada di wilayah [[Patagonia]] adalah provinsi luas yang jarang penduduknya. |
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Dari pernikahannya dengan [[Cristina Elisabeth Fernández de Kirchner|Cristina Elisabeth Fernández]] mereka mempunyai dua anak. Istrinya, dianggap banyak orang merupakan senjata rahasianya, seperti [[Eva Perón|Evita Duarte]] bagi [[Juan Perón]]. Seperti Evita, Cristina lebih suka tampil dengan suaminya. |
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== Menolak membayar hutang == |
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Dengan total 102,6 milyar dolar AS hutang luar negeri, Argentina menyatakan tidak akan membayar semuanya. Presiden Nestor Kirchner mengutarakan bahwa Argentina hanya membayar US$38,5 milyar – US$41,8 milyar pada 13 Januari 2005 di Buenos Aires. “Tawaran segera diluncurkan dan tidak diubah lagi meski ada penolakan dari para kreditor. Tawaran itu benar-benar tidak diubah dan segera dilaksanakan,” tandas Presiden Kirchner. Lebih dari 600.000 kreditor Argentina di seluruh dunia diminta menerima usulannya dengan batas akhir [[25 Februari]] [[2005]]. |
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Ia menjadi [[Presiden Argentina]] pada tahun [[2003]] setelah unggul dari 18 calon presiden, termasuk [[Carlos Menem]] yang mundur empat hari sebelum pemilu presiden babak kedua. Penampilan luar Kirchner tidak meyakinkan orang bahwa dia penerus tradisi. Keberhasilannya sebagai gubernur pun menurut para pengkritiknya bukan indikator, karena Santa Cruz yang berada di wilayah [[Patagonia]] adalah provinsi luas yang jarang penduduknya. |
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Dari US$41,8 miliar utang yang rencananya dibayar, Argentina meminta kreditor, apakah dipatok berdasarkan kurs uang yang tersedia yakni peso Argentina, dolar AS, euro, atau yen. Hutang dikonversikan ke dalam bentuk obligasi baru yang memiliki jangka waktu pembayaran hingga 2045 atau 40 tahun. Pengumuman tersebut justru membuat nilai mata uang peso dan harga obligasi meningkat. Akibat gagal bayar hutang pada tahun 2001, Argentina mengalami krisis terburuk sepanjang sejarah. Setengah dari 20 juta penduduknya jatuh miskin. Awalnya, Argentina hanya akan membayar 12% dari total hutang luar negerinya. |
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== Menolak membayar utang == |
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[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1950|Kirchner]] |
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[[Berkas:NestorKirchner.jpeg|jmpl]] |
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[[Kategori:Presiden Argentina|Kirchner]] |
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Dengan total 102,6 miliar [[dolar AS]] utang luar negeri, Argentina menyatakan tidak akan membayar semuanya. Presiden Nestor Kirchner mengutarakan bahwa Argentina hanya membayar US$38,5 miliar – US$41,8 miliar pada 13 Januari 2005 di Buenos Aires. “Tawaran segera diluncurkan dan tidak diubah lagi meski ada penolakan dari para kreditor. Tawaran itu benar-benar tidak diubah dan segera dilaksanakan,” tandas Presiden Kirchner. Lebih dari 600.000 kreditor Argentina di seluruh dunia diminta menerima usulannya dengan batas akhir [[25 Februari]] [[2005]]. |
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[[ar:نيستور كيرشنير]] |
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[[da:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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Dari US$41,8 miliar utang yang rencananya dibayar, Argentina meminta kreditor, apakah dipatok berdasarkan kurs uang yang tersedia yakni peso Argentina, dolar AS, euro, atau yen. Utang dikonversikan ke dalam bentuk [[obligasi]] baru yang memiliki jangka waktu pembayaran hingga 2045 atau 40 tahun. Pengumuman tersebut justru membuat nilai mata uang peso dan harga obligasi meningkat. Akibat gagal bayar utang pada tahun 2001, Argentina mengalami krisis terburuk sepanjang sejarah. Setengah dari 20 juta penduduknya jatuh miskin. Awalnya, Argentina hanya akan membayar 12% dari total utang luar negerinya. |
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[[de:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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[[en:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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<!--After the downfall of the military dictatorship and restoration of [[democracy]] in [[1983]], Kirchner became a public officer in the provincial government. The following year, he was briefly president of the Río Gallegos [[social welfare]] fund, but was forced out by the governor because of a dispute over financial policy. The affair made him a local celebrity and laid the foundation for his subsequent political career. |
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[[eo:Néstor KIRCHNER]] |
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[[es:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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By 1986, Kirchner had developed sufficient political capital to be put forward as the PJ's candidate for [[mayor]] of Río Gallegos. He won the 1987 elections for this post by the slimmest of margins — some one hundred votes. Fellow PJ member [[Ricardo del Val]] became governor, which kept Santa Cruz firmly within the hands of the PJ. |
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[[et:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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[[fr:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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Kirchner's performance as mayor from 1987 to 1991 was satisfactory enough from both the point of view of the electorate and the party to enable him to run for governor in 1991, which he won with 61% of the votes. By this time his wife was also member of the provincial congress. |
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[[gl:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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[[nl:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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==Governor of Santa Cruz== |
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[[no:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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When Kirchner entered the governor's office, the province of [[Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)|Santa Cruz]] (pop. 200,000) only contributed one percent to Argentina's [[Measures of national income and output|gross national product]], primarily through the production of raw materials (mostly [[Petroleum|oil]]), and was being battered by the ongoing economic crisis, with high [[unemployment]] and a budget deficit equal to 1,200 million [[United States dollar|USD]]. He arranged for substantial [[investment]]s to stimulate productivity, the labor market, and consumption, and concentrated on eliminating [[hyperinflation]] through [[monetary policy]] and [[deregulation]], which [[Carlos Menem]], who was elected president in 1989, had been doing on a national level. By eliminating unproductive expenditures and cutting back on tax exemptions for the key petroleum industry, Kirchner restored the financial equilibrium of the province. Through his expansionist and social policies, Kirchner was credited with bringing a substantial measure of prosperity to Santa Cruz. Subsequent studies showed that the province had the best [[economic inequality|distribution of wealth]] and lowest levels of [[poverty]] in the country, second only to the province of [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]]. |
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[[pl:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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[[pt:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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Kirchner emerged as a center-left Peronist, critical of both Menem's far-reaching [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] model but also the [[Syndicalism|syndicalist]] bureaucracy of the PJ. He attached great importance to not only careful management of the budgetary deficits but also economic growth based on domestic production, not [[speculation]]. He was also considered a [[progressivism|progressive]] in [[human rights]] issues, voicing his opposition to Menem's decision in 1990 to grant a presidential [[pardon]] to the leaders of the last junta. |
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[[sv:Néstor Kirchner]] |
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Kirchner's tasks as governor were made easier by the modest scale of the province's economic base and its limited labor market. Critics claimed he was no different from most of the other Peronist governors, and when push came to shove, he also relied on [[personalism]] and [[authoritarianism]], above all in his handling of the provincial [[mass media|media]] and appointing his judges. Public control of job positions and a heavily-[[subsidy|subsidized]] economy also lent itself to [[political machine|clientelism]] typical in the semi-[[feudalism|feudal]] environment of the remote provinces. |
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In 1994 and 1998, Kirchner introduced amendments to the provincial constitution, so as to enable him to run for re-election indefinitely, something that Menem later tried to imitate at the national level. As a member of the [[1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution|1994 Constitutional Assembly]] organized by Menem and former president [[Raúl Alfonsín]], Kirchner participated in the elaboration of a new Argentine constitution, which made possible for the president to be re-elected to a second four-year term. |
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In 1995, with his constitutional reforms in place, Kirchner was easily re-elected to a second term in office, with 66.5% of the votes. But by now, Kirchner was distancing himself from the charismatic and controversial Menem, who was also the nominal head of the PJ; this was made particularly apparent with the launch of ''Corriente Peronista'', an initiative supported by Kirchner to create space within the Movimiento Justicialista to confront the problems facing the country. |
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In 1998, Menem's attempt to stand for re-election a second time, by means of an ad hoc interpretation of a constitutional clause, met with strong resistance among Peronist rank-and-file, who were finding themselves under increasing pressure due to the highly controversial social and economic policies of the Menem administration. Kirchner joined the camp of Menem's chief opponent within the PJ, the governor of Buenos Aires province (and later president, 2002–2003) [[Eduardo Duhalde]]. |
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Menem did not run, and the PJ nominated Duhalde. The elections of [[24 October]] [[1999]] were a major upset for the PJ; Duhalde was beaten by [[Fernando de la Rúa]], the ''Alianza'' (opposition coalition) candidate, and the party lost its majority in [[Argentine National Congress|Congress]]. The Alianza also made headway in Santa Cruz, but Kirchner nonetheless managed to be re-elected to a third term in May of that year with 45.7% of the vote. De la Rúa's victory was in part a rejection of Menem's perceived flamboyance and corruption during his last term. De la Rúa instituted austerity measures and reforms to improve the economy; taxes were increased to reduce the deficit, the government bureaucracy was trimmed, and legal restrictions on union negotiations were eased. |
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These measures did nothing to stop the [[Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)|economic collapse]]. By late 2000, Argentina was deep in [[recession]] and the country was forced in to seek help from the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) and private banks to reduce its debt. In December 2000, an aid package of nearly $40,000 million was arranged, and the government announced a $20,000 million [[public works]] program that was designed to help revive the economy. Despite measures designed to revive it, the economy remained in recession, however, aggravating the problems posed by the debt and by the restrictions that the IMF imposed in return for aid. Unemployment rose to around 20% at the end of 2001. In November, the government began restructuring the debt, putting it essentially in default. Ongoing economic problems led to a crisis of confidence as depositors began a [[bank run|run on the banks]], resulting in the highly unpopular ''[[corralito]]'', a limit, and subsequently a full ban, on withdrawals. The IMF took a hard line, insisting on a 10% cut in the budget before making further payments. |
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Nationwide [[riot]]s, [[looting]], [[Strike action|strike]]s and [[demonstration]]s erupted in late December, leading De La Rúa to resign (see ''[[December 2001 riots (Argentina)|December 2001 riots]]''). A series of [[ad interim|interim]] presidents and renewed demonstrations ended with the appointment of Duhalde as interim president in January 2002, to serve until new presidential elections in 2003. Duhalde abolished the [[fixed exchange rate]] regime that had been in place since 1991, and the [[Argentine peso]] quickly [[devaluation|devalued]] by more than two thirds of its value, decimating middle-class savings and sinking the heavily [[import]]-dependent Argentine economy even deeper. There was a strong public rejection of the entire political class, characterized by the pithy slogan ''que se vayan todos'' ("away with them all"). |
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==The 2003 presidential election== |
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Kirchner's electoral promises included "returning to a republic of equals". After the first round of the election, Kirchner visited the president of [[Brasil]], [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], who received him enthusiastically. He also declared he was proud of his radical left-wing political past. |
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Although Menem, who was president from 1989 to 1999, won the first round of the election on [[April 27]], [[2003]], he only got 24% of the valid votes — just 2% ahead of Kirchner. This was an empty victory, as Menem had by then a strongly negative image among a large segment of the Argentine population and had virtually no chance of winning the [[runoff election]]. After days of speculation, during which polls forecast a massive victory for Kirchner with about a 30%–40% difference, Menem finally decided to stand down. This automatically made Kirchner president of Argentina. He was sworn in on [[May 25]], [[2003]] to a four-year term of office. |
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==President of Argentina== |
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Kirchner came into office on the tail of a deep economic crisis. A country which once vied with [[Europe]] in levels of prosperity and considered itself a bulwark of European culture in Latin America found itself deeply impoverished, with a decimated [[middle class|middle-class]] and [[malnutrition]] appearing in the lower strata of society. The country was burdened with $178,000 million in debt, the government strapped for cash. While associated to the clientelist and feudal-like style of government of many provincial governors and the corruption of the PJ, Kirchner was comparatively unknown to the national public, and showed himself as a newcomer who arrived at the [[Casa Rosada]] without the usual whiff of scandal about him, trying not to make a point of the fact that he himself was seven times in the same electoral ballot with Menem. |
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Shortly after coming into office, Kirchner made changes to the [[Argentine Supreme Court]]. He denounced blackmailing on the part of certain justices and pressured them to resign, while also fostering the [[impeachment]] of two others. In place of a majority of politically right-wing and religiously conservative justices, he appointed new ones who were ideologically closer to him, including two women (one of them an avowed atheist). Kirchner also retired dozens of generals, admirals, and brigadiers from the armed forces, a few of them with reputations tainted by the atrocities of the [[Dirty War]]. |
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Kirchner kept the Minister of the Economy of the Duhalde administration, [[Roberto Lavagna]], who piloted Argentina through the unpopular ''corralito'' and the painful devaluation, but Lavagna also declared his first priority now was social problems. Argentina's [[default (finance)|default]] was the largest in financial history, and ironically it gave Kirchner and Lavagna a certain bargaining power with the IMF, which loathes having bad debts in its books. During his first year of office, Kirchner achieved a difficult agreement to reschedule $84,000 million in debts with international organizations, for three years. In the first half of 2005, the government launched a [[Argentine debt restructuring|bond exchange]] to restructure the approximately $81,000 million of private debt (there were an additional $20,000 million in past defaulted interest not recognized). Over 76% of the debt was tendered and restructured for a recovery value of approximately one third of its nominal value. |
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It is Kirchner's resistance to international financial institutions such as the IMF and his objections to free-markets that has perhaps surprised observers most. He has been encouraged in this regard by such figures as the iconoclastic ex-[[World Bank]] economist [[Joseph Stiglitz]], who opposes the IMF's measures as recessionary and has urged Argentina to take an independent path. In doing so, Kirchner has broken ranks with recent and current Latin American leaders such as Peru's [[Alejandro Toledo]], who maintain a center-right economic policy. In this context, Kirchner can best be seen as part of a spectrum of new Latin American leaders, spanning from [[Hugo Chávez|Chávez]] in [[Venezuela]] to [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]] in [[Brasil]] and [[Tabaré Vázquez]] in [[Uruguay]], who are actively searching for an alternative to the [[Washington consensus]], which in the eyes of many has proven to be an unsuccessful model for economic development in the region. |
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Kirchner saw the [[Elections in Argentina, 2005|2005 parliamentary elections]] as a means to confirm his political power, since Carlos Menem's defection in the second round of the 2003 presidentials did not allow Kirchner to receive the large amount of votes that surveys predicted. Kirchner explicitly stated that the 2005 elections would be a mid-term [[referendum|plebiscite]] for his administration, and actively participated in the campaign in most provinces. This strategy paid off in most cases: among the important districts, Kirchner-backed candidates only lost in Buenos Aires City and in Santa Fe, and his wife Cristina was elected Senator for the province of [[Buenos Aires]] by a very large margin. |
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On [[15 December]] [[2005]], following [[Brasil]]'s initiative, Kirchner announced the cancellation of Argentina's debt to the IMF in full and in a single payment, in a historical decision.--> |
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== Rujukan == |
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{{reflist}} |
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* Guareschi, Roberto (5 Nov. 2005). "Not quite the Evita of Argentine legend". ''New Straits Times'', hlm. 21. |
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== Pranala luar == |
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* {{es}} [http://www.presidencia.gov.ar/ Situs resmi kepresidenan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113081118/http://www.presidencia.gov.ar/ |date=2010-11-13 }} |
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* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3746379.stm "Argentine revival marks Kirchner first year"], ''BBC News'' |
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{{kotak mulai}} |
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{{succession box |before=[[Héctor Marcelino García]] |title=[[Gubernur Santa Cruz]]|after=[[Héctor Icazuriaga]] |years=[[1991]]–[[2003]]}} |
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{{succession box |before=[[Eduardo Duhalde]] |title=[[Presiden Argentina]]|after=[[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] |years=[[2003]]–2007}} |
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{{kotak selesai}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirchner, Nestor}} |
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[[Kategori:Presiden Argentina]] |
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[[Kategori:Pasangan presiden Argentina]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 4 Desember 2022 11.35
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Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić | |
|---|---|
 President Néstor Kirchner in March of 2007 | |
| Presiden Argentina ke-52 | |
| Masa jabatan 25 Mei 2003 – 10 Desember 2007 | |
| Wakil Presiden | Daniel Scioli |
| Sekretaris Jenderal Unasur | |
| Masa jabatan 4 Mei 2010 – 27 Oktober 2010 | |
| Bapak Negara Argentina | |
| Masa jabatan 10 Desember 2007 – 27 Oktober 2010 | |
| Gubernur Santa Cruz | |
| Masa jabatan 10 Desember 1991 – 25 Mei 2003 | |
| Wakil Gubernur | Sergio Acevedo (1991-1999) Héctor Icazuriaga (1999-2003) |
| Informasi pribadi | |
| Lahir | 25 Februari 1950 Río Gallegos, Argentina |
| Meninggal | 27 Oktober 2010 (umur 60) El Calafate, Argentina |
| Kebangsaan | Argentina |
| Partai politik | Front for Victory, (Partai Justisialis) |
| Suami/istri | Cristina Elisabeth Fernández |
| Anak | Máximo Kirchner Florencia Kirchner |
| Profesi | Pengacara |
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Néstor Kirchner, nama lengkapnya Néstor Carlos Kirchner Ostoić (25 Februari 1950 – 27 Oktober 2010) adalah Presiden Argentina yang menjabat sejak 25 Mei 2003. Sebelumnya, Kirchner menjabat gubernur provinsi Santa Cruz (1991-2003). [1]
Masa muda
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kirchner dilahirkan di Río Gallegos, di provinsi Patagonia, Santa Cruz. Ayahnya, seorang pejabat kantor pos, adalah keturunan Swiss; ibunya, Marija Ostoić, dilahirkan di Chili selatan, berlatar belakang Kroasia. Ia belajar di SD dan sekolah menengah negeri di kota kelahirannya, dan mendapatkan ijazah SMU dari Colegio Nacional República de Guatemala.
Sejak muda, Kirchner ikut serta dalam Gerakan Justicialist (Movimiento Justicialista), mula-mula sebagai anggota Peronis Muda, yang radikalisme sayap kirinya sangat keras menentang pemerintahan diktatur militer. Pada pertengahan tahun 1970-an, ia belajar ilmu hukum di Universitas Nasional de la Plata dan mendapatkan gelarnya pada 1976. Ia kembali ke Río Gallegos bersama istrinya, Cristina Fernández, yang juga seorang pengacara dan anggota Partai Justicialist (Partido Justicialista, PJ), untuk melakukan praktik sebagai pengacara. Pada masa rezim diktatur Proses Reorganisasi Nasional di bawah Videla, ia pernah dipenjarakan, namun tidak jelas alasannya dan untuk berapa lama.
Dari pernikahannya dengan Cristina Elisabeth Fernández mereka mempunyai dua anak. Istrinya, dianggap banyak orang merupakan senjata rahasianya, seperti Evita Duarte bagi Juan Perón. Seperti Evita, Cristina lebih suka tampil dengan suaminya.
Ia menjadi Presiden Argentina pada tahun 2003 setelah unggul dari 18 calon presiden, termasuk Carlos Menem yang mundur empat hari sebelum pemilu presiden babak kedua. Penampilan luar Kirchner tidak meyakinkan orang bahwa dia penerus tradisi. Keberhasilannya sebagai gubernur pun menurut para pengkritiknya bukan indikator, karena Santa Cruz yang berada di wilayah Patagonia adalah provinsi luas yang jarang penduduknya.
Menolak membayar utang
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Dengan total 102,6 miliar dolar AS utang luar negeri, Argentina menyatakan tidak akan membayar semuanya. Presiden Nestor Kirchner mengutarakan bahwa Argentina hanya membayar US$38,5 miliar – US$41,8 miliar pada 13 Januari 2005 di Buenos Aires. “Tawaran segera diluncurkan dan tidak diubah lagi meski ada penolakan dari para kreditor. Tawaran itu benar-benar tidak diubah dan segera dilaksanakan,” tandas Presiden Kirchner. Lebih dari 600.000 kreditor Argentina di seluruh dunia diminta menerima usulannya dengan batas akhir 25 Februari 2005.
Dari US$41,8 miliar utang yang rencananya dibayar, Argentina meminta kreditor, apakah dipatok berdasarkan kurs uang yang tersedia yakni peso Argentina, dolar AS, euro, atau yen. Utang dikonversikan ke dalam bentuk obligasi baru yang memiliki jangka waktu pembayaran hingga 2045 atau 40 tahun. Pengumuman tersebut justru membuat nilai mata uang peso dan harga obligasi meningkat. Akibat gagal bayar utang pada tahun 2001, Argentina mengalami krisis terburuk sepanjang sejarah. Setengah dari 20 juta penduduknya jatuh miskin. Awalnya, Argentina hanya akan membayar 12% dari total utang luar negerinya.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Guareschi, Roberto (5 Nov. 2005). "Not quite the Evita of Argentine legend". New Straits Times, hlm. 21.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- (Spanyol) Situs resmi kepresidenan Diarsipkan 2010-11-13 di Wayback Machine.
- (Inggris) "Argentine revival marks Kirchner first year", BBC News
| Didahului oleh: Héctor Marcelino García |
Gubernur Santa Cruz 1991–2003 |
Diteruskan oleh: Héctor Icazuriaga |
| Didahului oleh: Eduardo Duhalde |
Presiden Argentina 2003–2007 |
Diteruskan oleh: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner |