Yahudi Mesianik: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 11 Desember 2022 10.28

Yahudi Mesianik adalah suatu gerakan sinkretisme^[1] keagamaan yang muncul dari Yudaisme terutama pada tahun 1960-an dan 70-an.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Gerakan keagamaan ini memadukan teologi Kristen evangelis dengan unsur Yahudi dan terminologi ritual. Mesianik Yudaisme umumnya menyatakan bahwa Yesus adalah Mesias Yahudi dan "Anak Allah" (satu orang dari Trinitas),^[9]^[10]^[11] meskipun beberapa di dalam gerakan ini tidak percaya pada keyakinan Trinitarian. keselamatan di Mesianik Yudaisme dicapai hanya melalui penerimaan Yesus sebagai penyelamat seseorang. Setiap hukum Yahudi atau kebiasaan yang diikuti adalah budaya dan tidak memberikan kontribusi untuk mencapai keselamatan. Kepercayaan pada kemesiasan dan keilahian Yesus, yang Mesianik Yudaisme pahami, dipandang oleh banyak denominasi Kristen, dan gerakan keagamaan Yahudi sebagai perbedaan mendefinisikan antara Kristen dan Yudaisme.^[12]

Kebanyakan anggota gerakan ini adalah dari etnis Yahudi, dan beberapa dari mereka berpendapat bahwa Yudaisme Mesianik adalah sekte dari Yudaisme. Organisasi-organisasi dan gerakan keagamaan Yahudi, maupun Mahkamah Agung Israel (mengenai Hukum), menolak pandangan ini, dan menganggap Yudaisme Mesianik ini suatu bentuk agama Kristen. Kelompok Kristen umumnya juga menerima Yudaisme Mesianik sebagai bentuk agama Kristen. Dari tahun 2003 sampai 2007, gerakan ini tumbuh dari 150 rumah ibadah Mesianik di Amerika Serikat menjadi sebanyak 438, dengan lebih dari 100 di Israel dan di seluruh dunia. Sering suatu jemaat menjadi anggota organisasi Mesianik yang lebih besar atau aliansi pada tahun 2008, gerakan itu dilaporkan memiliki antara 6.000 dan 15.000 anggota di Israel dan 250.000 di Amerika Serikat. ^[13]^[14]

Sejarah

Pra-abad ke-19

Upaya Yahudi dan kerasulan Yahudi kembali ke abad pertama ketika Paulus berbicara pertama di rumah-rumah ibadah di setiap kota yang dikunjunginya.^[15] Namun berkhutbah kepada orang Yahudi pada abad-abad awal yang diikuti, seperti misalnya dalam Epiphanius dari Salamis akun dari. konversi Count Yusuf dari Tiberias, atau Sozomen tentang konversi Yahudi, tidak menyebutkan orang Yahudi diubah memainkan setiap peran utama dalam konversi.^[16] Konversi terkemuka dari Yudaisme yang mereka sendiri berusaha untuk mengubah orang-orang Yahudi lain yang lebih terlihat dari setidaknya 13 abad, ketika Yahudi masuk Kristen Pablo Christiani mencoba untuk mengkonversi orang Yahudi lainnya. Kegiatan ini, bagaimanapun, biasanya kurang memiliki Yahudi-Kristen jemaat independen, dan sering dipaksakan dengan kekerasan.^[17]

Pada abad 15 dan 16, orang Kristen Yahudi yang menduduki jabatan guru besar di universitas-universitas Eropa mulai menyediakan terjemahan dari teks Ibrani. Pria seperti Paul Nuñez Coronel, Alfonso de Zamora, Alfonso de Alcalá, Domenico Gerosolimitano dan Giovanni Battista Jona terlibat secara aktif dalam menyebarkan pembelajaran Yahudi.^[18]^[19]

Abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20

Pada abad ke-19, beberapa kelompok berusaha untuk membuat jemaat dan masyarakat Yahudi konversi menjadi Kristen, meskipun sebagian besar dari jemaat awal hanya bertahan sebentar, organisasi formal Awal dijalankan oleh Yahudi yang telah konversi:. Masyarakat Anglikan London mempromosikan agama Kristen di antara orang Yahudi, Yusuf Frey (1809), yang menerbitkan Perjanjian Baru pertama dalam bahasa Yiddish pada 1821; "Beni Abraham" asosiasi, yang didirikan oleh Frey tahun 1813 dengan sekelompok 41 orang Kristen Yahudi yang memulai pertemuan di Yahudi Chapel, London untuk sembayang sabbat Jumat malam dan sabtu pagi;. dan London Ibrani Aliansi Kristen dari Inggris yang didirikan oleh Dr Carl Schwartz pada 1866.

Para September 1813 pertemuan Frey itu jemaat "Abraham Beni" di "Kapel" Yahudi "kontrakan di Spitalfields kadang-kadang menunjuk sebagai kelahiran gerakan semi-otonom Kristen Ibrani dalam gereja-gereja yang didirikan Anglikan dan lainnya di Inggris, meskipun menteri kapel non-Anglikan di Spitalfields mengusir Frey dan jemaatnya, tiga tahun kemudian, dan Frey terputus koneksinya dengan Masyarakat. Sebuah lokasi baru ditemukan dan Yahudi Episkopal di Kapel Ibrahim Masyarakat terdaftar di 1835.

Di Eropa Timur, Yusuf Rabinowitz membentuk misi Kristen dan jemaat Ibrani disebut "Israel dari Perjanjian Baru" di Kishinev, Ukraina tahun 1884 . Rabinowitz didukung dari luar negeri oleh teolog Kristen Franz Delitzsch, penerjemah modern pertama Ibrani Perjanjian Baru. Pada tahun 1865, Rabinowitz membuat pesanan sampel ibadah kebaktian pagi hari Sabat didasarkan pada campuran dari unsur-unsur Yahudi dan Kristen. Mark John Levy mengusulkan Gereja Inggris untuk memungkinkan anggotanya untuk memakai lagi kebiasaan Yahudi.

Di Amerika Serikat, jemaat bertobat Yahudi ke Kristen mendirikan Messianik di New York City pada 1885. Pada 1890-an, petobat Yahudi imigran ke Kristen beribadah pada gereja Metodis "Hope of Israel" . Misi Metodis di Lower East Side New York sementara mempertahankan beberapa ritual Yahudi dan adat Pada tahun 1895., edisi 9 "Harapan kami" pada majalah Hope of Israel memuat subjudul "Sebuah Bulanan Mengabdi pada Studi Nubuat dan Mesianik Yudaisme", penggunaan pertama dari istilah "Mesianik Yudaisme". "Hope of Israel" menjadi kontroversial. Kelompok misionaris lain menuduh anggotanya menjadi Yahudi, dan salah satu dari dua editor majalah ini, Arno C. Gaebelein, akhirnya menolak pandangan-pandangannya, dan, sebagai hasilnya, kemudian menjadi pemimpin dalam gerakan evangelikal arus utama Kristen.

Misi kepada orang Yahudi melihat masa pertumbuhan antara tahun 1920 dan 1960-an. Pada tahun 1940-an dan 50-an, para misionaris di Israel seperti Baptis Selatan mengadopsi istilah "meshichyim" (משיחיים "Messianics") untuk melawan konotasi negatif kata "notsrim" (נוצרים "Kristen", dari "Nasrani"); istilah ini digunakan untuk menunjuk semua orang Yahudi yang telah menjadi Kristen injili Protestan.

Organisasi Mesianik

Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA).^[20]
Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations (UMJC).^[21]
Chosen People Ministries (CPM).^[22]
Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations (CTOMC).^[23]
Union of Nazarene Yisraelite Congregations (UONYC).
Union of Conservative Messianic Synagogues (UCMJS).^[24]
The International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS).^[25]
HaYesod ("the foundation") is a discipleship course that respectfully explores the Jewish foundation of Christianity. There are currently 259 HaYesod study groups of 5 or more members.^[26]
The Jerusalem Council, an organization seeking to become a ruling council for Messianic believers worldwide.^[27] Dalam proses penerbitan satu set halakha Mesianik yang "diterima oleh mayoritas orang Yahudi Mesianik".^[28]
The Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council, many of whose members are affiliated with the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, has published its standards of Messianic Torah observance.^[29]

Organisasi berafiliasi

Organisasi-organisasi yang bersimpati terhadap Yudaisme Mesianik tetapi berada di luar arus utama gerakan Mesianik:

Jews for Jesus, suatu organisasi evangelikal yang tidak menciptakan atau mensponsori kongregasi Mesianik.^[30]
Church's Ministry Among Jewish People ("Pelayanan gereja di antara orang Yahudi"), didirikan tahun 1809. [2]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Kessler, Edward (2005). "Messianic Jews". In Edward Kessler and Neil Wenborn (eds.) A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 292. "Sinkretisme [Yudaisme Mesianik] membingungkan orang Kristen dan orang Yahudi ...".
^ Feher, Shoshanah. Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism, Rowman Altamira, 1998, ISBN 978-0-7619-8953-0, p. 140. "Ketertarikan untuk mengembangkan identitas etnis Yahudi tidak mengherankan jika kita mempertimbangkan tahun 1960-an ketika Yudaisme Mesianik muncul."
^ Ariel, Yaakov (2006). "Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism". Dalam Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 191. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, baik orang Yahudi maupun orang Kristen di Amerika Serikat terkejut melihat bangkitnya gerakan kuat Kristen Yahudi atau Yahudi Kristen.
^ Ariel, Yaakov (2006). "Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism". Dalam Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 194. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Kebangkitan Yudaisme Mesianik. Dalam fase pertama gerakan ini, selama permulaan dan pertengahan tahun 1970-an, orang Yahudi yang menjadi Kristen mendirikan beberapa Kongregasi atas inisiatif sendiri. Tidak seperti komunitas Yahudi Kristen sebelumnya, kongregasi-kongregasi Yahudi Mesianik ini kebanyakan tidak tergantung dari kontrol yayasan misionaris atau denominasi Kristen, meskipun mereka masih menginginkan diterima oleh komunitas evangelikal yang lebih luas. line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 31 (bantuan)
^ Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8160-5456-5, p. 373. "Yudaisme Mesianik adalah suatu gerakan Protestan yang muncul pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-20 di antara orang-orang percaya yang secara etnis dari bangsa Yahudi tetapi telah mengadopsi iman Kristen Evangelikal ... Sampai tahun 1960-an, sebuah usaha baru untuk menciptakan suatu budaya Kekristenan Protestan Yahudi di antara individu-individu yang mulai menyebut diri mereka sendiri. Yahudi Mesianik."
^ Lewis, James R. (2001). Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy. Prometheus Books. hlm. 179. ISBN 978-1-57392-842-7. The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity.
^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2010). Judaism Today. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 100. "In the 1970s a number of American Jewish converts to Christianity, known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals... In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."
^ Dr. Bülent Şenay. "Messianic Judaism/Jewish Christianity". University of Cumbria. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2011. Hebrew Christians are quite happy to be integrated into local Christian churches, but Messianic Jews seek an 'indigenous' expression of theology, worship and lifestyle within the whole church. The latter group emerged in the 1960s when some Christian Jews adopted the name Messianic Jews...
^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2000). "Messianic Jewish theology". Messianic Judaism. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. hlm. 170. ISBN 978-0-8264-5458-4. OCLC 42719687. Diakses tanggal August 10, 2010. Regarding the doctrine of God, Messianic Jews are united in their belief in the Trinity. Despite the use of the Shema in the liturgy, the conviction that God is triune is a central feature of the faith.…For Messianic Jews the concept of the trinity sounds overly Gentile; hence, within Messianic Judaism, a different terminology is used to depict the same divine reality. Nonetheless, the belief God is triune is based on the conviction that Yeshua is God.
^ "What are the Standards of the UMJC?". FAQ. Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. 2004. Diakses tanggal September 13, 2010. 1. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
2. We believe in the deity of the L-RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and glory.
^ "Our Beliefs". Memphis, Tennessee: B'rit Hadasha Messianic Jewish Synagogue. 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-08. Diakses tanggal October 20, 2010. WE BELIEVE:…
*There is one God as declared in the Shema [Deuteronomy 6:4], who is “Echad,” a compound unity, eternally existent in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit [Isaiah 48:16-17; Ephesians 4:4-6]. *In the Deity of our Lord, Messiah Yeshua, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious atoning death, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, in His personal future return to this earth in power and glory to rule.
^ Lotker, Michael (2004). "It's More About What is the Messiah than Who is the Messiah". A Christian’s guide to Judaism. New York, New York: Paulist Press. hlm. g. 35. ISBN 0-8091-4232-5. LCCN 2003024813. It should now be clear to you why Jews have such a problem with ‘Jews for Jesus’ or other presentations of Messianic Judaism. I have no difficulty with Christianity. I even accept those Christians who would want me to convert to Christianity so long as they don't use coercion or duplicity and are willing to listen in good faith to my reasons for being Jewish. I do have a major problem with those Christians who would try to mislead me and other Jews into believing that one can be both Jewish and Christian.
^ McGirk, Tim (June 6, 2008). "Israel's Messianic Jews Under Attack". Time. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-11. Diakses tanggal August 4, 2010.
^ Wagner, Matthew (June 26, 2006). "Messianic Jews to protest 'discrimination'". The Jerusalem Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008. Diakses tanggal August 9, 2010. There are an estimated 12,000 Messianic Jews living in Israel, most of whom made aliya under the Law of Return. There are about a quarter of a million Messianic Jews living in the US.
^ Paul Barnett Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament- 2002 p367 Nonetheless, Paul appears always to have preached first in the synagogues to offer his fellow Israelites the first opportunity to hear about their Messiah (cf. Rom 1:16).
^ Günter Stemberger Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century 2000 "For example, Sozomen reports that in Constantinople (under Constantine?) countless Jews also converted to Christianity.92 The question remains to what extent it could still be expected of Jewish converts of this period that they should join a Jewish Christian congregation. Would they not rather attempt to make a radical break with their past? The Judaizers mentioned again and again, for example, in Jerome, are not automatically Jewish Christians."
^ Edward H. Flannery The anguish of the Jews: twenty-three centuries of antisemitism 1985 p129 "One of his more famous converts was Pablo Christiani, who became a Dominican brother and a zealous missionary to the Jews. He was authorized to preach in all Jewish synagogues."
^ Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2000). Messianic Judaism. Continuum. hlm. 12. [1]
^ jewishencyclopedia.com
^ "The Association of Messianic Congregations (AMC) homepage". Diakses tanggal 8 December 2010.
^ "UMJC homepage". Diakses tanggal 15 January 2011.
^ "Chosen People Ministries". Diakses tanggal 15 January 2011.
^ "Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations (CTOMC) homepage".
^ "Union of Conservative Messianic Synagogues (UCMJS)".
^ "The International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS) homepage".
^ "HaYesod homepage".
^ "Mission, Vision, & Purpose of the Jerusalem Council". JerusalemCouncil.org. JerusalemCouncil.org. 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-23. Our vision also includes the hope of re-appointing a beit din for Messianic believers worldwide, to be called the Jerusalem Council, or Beit HaDin HaYerushalmi, modeled after the original, and submitted to the new Jewish Sanhedrin in issues that do not contradict obedient faith to Messiah Yeshua or his teachings; to provide guidance in issues that may conflict with the Sanhedrin, or in issues that contradict the primacy of the written Word of God, or in issues which may divide the Body of Messiah; to promote the unity of the Body of Messiah worldwide by Spirit-led direction through means of accountability, open dialogue, reasoned doctrine, and sound leadership; and to provide corporate and individual edification by providing apologetic, midrashic, and halakhic guidance for the Body of Messiah.
^ "The Jerusalem Council–Messianic Halakha–About". JerusalemCouncil.org. JerusalemCouncil.org. 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-17. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-07. This section will detail common halakha accepted by the known orthodox Messianic Jewish community. References will be provided, and links back to the discussion forum will be available for continued discussion. Accepted halakha follows the centrality of the written Torah as the final arbiter and standard for behavior and right living. Primary consideration is given to the teachings of the Messiah, Yeshua, and those of his immediate disciples. Other sources include traditional rabbinic Judaism, with emphasis on understandings and traditions accepted during the period of the Taanitic Sages (Jewish teachers that existed during the time of the 2nd Temple period), as well as accepted halakha practiced by the majority of the Israelite community today. It is hoped that by organizing a code of law that is at a glance a reflection of who the Messiah is and what he does, that the community of the Body of Messiah at large can better imitate Him, and thus mature in their love of HaShem and of people in the way HaShem has intended since the foundation of the world. In short, what follows is a short behavioral description of what it means to be a member of the Jewish sect of HaDerech–the Way (Gen 18:19, Ex 18:20, Deut 5:33, Deut 11:28, Psalm 32:8, Psalm 85:13, Psalm 119:30, Prov 2:8, Prov 4:11, Prov 6:23, Prov 8:20, Prov 9:6, Prov 10:17, Prov 12:28, Isa 26:7, Isa 26:8, Isa 30:21, Isa 40:3, Isa 48:17, Isa 62:10, Jer 5:4, Jer 21:8, Eze 18:25, Micah 2:13, Mal 3:1, Matt 3:3, Matt 21:32, Matt 22:16, John 14:4, John 14:6, Acts 9:2, Acts 18:25, Acts 18:26, Acts 24:14, Rom 3:17, 1 Cor 14:1, 2 Pet 2:2, 2 Pet 2:21).
^ "Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council Standards of Observance". ourrabbis.org. Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-27. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-30. At that time a set of Messianic Jewish leaders from New England invited some of their colleagues from outside the region to join them in working on a common set of halakhic standards for themselves and their congregations. While other areas of Messianic Jewish life are of profound importance, such as worship, ethics, education, and social concern, we believed that halakhic standards had received far less attention than their place in Messianic Jewish life warranted.
^
- "what we do". jewsforjesus.org. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-21. Pekerjaan misionaris reguler kami - bersaksi di jalanan - dengan mengirimkan staf kami sendiri dan banyak sukarelawan pada sorties (ekspedisi pembagian traktat) empat kali sehari masing-masing selama dua jam … Saat seseorang datang kepada iman, kami terus belajar bersama mereka, menyediakan pelajaran pemuridan sampai orang Yahudi yang baru percaya benar-benar mapan dalam kongregasi setempat.

Pranala luar

UMJC Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations, sebuah denominasi Mesianik besar
IAMCS The International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues

[Kessler2005p292-1] Kessler, Edward (2005). "Messianic Jews". In Edward Kessler and Neil Wenborn (eds.) A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 292. "Sinkretisme [Yudaisme Mesianik] membingungkan orang Kristen dan orang Yahudi ...".

[Feher1998p140-2] Feher, Shoshanah. Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism, Rowman Altamira, 1998, ISBN 978-0-7619-8953-0, p. 140. "Ketertarikan untuk mengembangkan identitas etnis Yahudi tidak mengherankan jika kita mempertimbangkan tahun 1960-an ketika Yudaisme Mesianik muncul."

[Ariel2006p191b-3] Ariel, Yaakov (2006). "Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism". Dalam Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 191. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, baik orang Yahudi maupun orang Kristen di Amerika Serikat terkejut melihat bangkitnya gerakan kuat Kristen Yahudi atau Yahudi Kristen.

[Ariel2006p194a-4] Ariel, Yaakov (2006). "Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism". Dalam Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 194. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Kebangkitan Yudaisme Mesianik. Dalam fase pertama gerakan ini, selama permulaan dan pertengahan tahun 1970-an, orang Yahudi yang menjadi Kristen mendirikan beberapa Kongregasi atas inisiatif sendiri. Tidak seperti komunitas Yahudi Kristen sebelumnya, kongregasi-kongregasi Yahudi Mesianik ini kebanyakan tidak tergantung dari kontrol yayasan misionaris atau denominasi Kristen, meskipun mereka masih menginginkan diterima oleh komunitas evangelikal yang lebih luas. line feed character di |quote= pada posisi 31 (bantuan)

[Meltonp373a-5] Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8160-5456-5, p. 373. "Yudaisme Mesianik adalah suatu gerakan Protestan yang muncul pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-20 di antara orang-orang percaya yang secara etnis dari bangsa Yahudi tetapi telah mengadopsi iman Kristen Evangelikal ... Sampai tahun 1960-an, sebuah usaha baru untuk menciptakan suatu budaya Kekristenan Protestan Yahudi di antara individu-individu yang mulai menyebut diri mereka sendiri. Yahudi Mesianik."

[Lewis2001p179-6] Lewis, James R. (2001). Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy. Prometheus Books. hlm. 179. ISBN 978-1-57392-842-7. The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity.

[Cohn-Sherbok2010p100-7] Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2010). Judaism Today. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 100. "In the 1970s a number of American Jewish converts to Christianity, known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals... In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism."

[philtar-8] Dr. Bülent Şenay. "Messianic Judaism/Jewish Christianity". University of Cumbria. Diakses tanggal 8 November 2011. Hebrew Christians are quite happy to be integrated into local Christian churches, but Messianic Jews seek an 'indigenous' expression of theology, worship and lifestyle within the whole church. The latter group emerged in the 1960s when some Christian Jews adopted the name Messianic Jews...

[Sherbok_170-9] Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2000). "Messianic Jewish theology". Messianic Judaism. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. hlm. 170. ISBN 978-0-8264-5458-4. OCLC 42719687. Diakses tanggal August 10, 2010. Regarding the doctrine of God, Messianic Jews are united in their belief in the Trinity. Despite the use of the Shema in the liturgy, the conviction that God is triune is a central feature of the faith.…For Messianic Jews the concept of the trinity sounds overly Gentile; hence, within Messianic Judaism, a different terminology is used to depict the same divine reality. Nonetheless, the belief God is triune is based on the conviction that Yeshua is God.

[UMJC-3-10] "What are the Standards of the UMJC?". FAQ. Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. 2004. Diakses tanggal September 13, 2010. 1. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
2. We believe in the deity of the L-RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and glory.

[BritChadasha-11] "Our Beliefs". Memphis, Tennessee: B'rit Hadasha Messianic Jewish Synagogue. 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-08. Diakses tanggal October 20, 2010. WE BELIEVE:…
*There is one God as declared in the Shema [Deuteronomy 6:4], who is “Echad,” a compound unity, eternally existent in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit [Isaiah 48:16-17; Ephesians 4:4-6]. *In the Deity of our Lord, Messiah Yeshua, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious atoning death, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, in His personal future return to this earth in power and glory to rule.

[Lotker-12] Lotker, Michael (2004). "It's More About What is the Messiah than Who is the Messiah". A Christian’s guide to Judaism. New York, New York: Paulist Press. hlm. g. 35. ISBN 0-8091-4232-5. LCCN 2003024813. It should now be clear to you why Jews have such a problem with ‘Jews for Jesus’ or other presentations of Messianic Judaism. I have no difficulty with Christianity. I even accept those Christians who would want me to convert to Christianity so long as they don't use coercion or duplicity and are willing to listen in good faith to my reasons for being Jewish. I do have a major problem with those Christians who would try to mislead me and other Jews into believing that one can be both Jewish and Christian.

[Time-IMJUA-13] McGirk, Tim (June 6, 2008). "Israel's Messianic Jews Under Attack". Time. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-10-11. Diakses tanggal August 4, 2010.

[Wagner-14] Wagner, Matthew (June 26, 2006). "Messianic Jews to protest 'discrimination'". The Jerusalem Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008. Diakses tanggal August 9, 2010. There are an estimated 12,000 Messianic Jews living in Israel, most of whom made aliya under the Law of Return. There are about a quarter of a million Messianic Jews living in the US.

[15] Paul Barnett Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament- 2002 p367 Nonetheless, Paul appears always to have preached first in the synagogues to offer his fellow Israelites the first opportunity to hear about their Messiah (cf. Rom 1:16).

[16] Günter Stemberger Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the fourth century 2000 "For example, Sozomen reports that in Constantinople (under Constantine?) countless Jews also converted to Christianity.92 The question remains to what extent it could still be expected of Jewish converts of this period that they should join a Jewish Christian congregation. Would they not rather attempt to make a radical break with their past? The Judaizers mentioned again and again, for example, in Jerome, are not automatically Jewish Christians."

[17] Edward H. Flannery The anguish of the Jews: twenty-three centuries of antisemitism 1985 p129 "One of his more famous converts was Pablo Christiani, who became a Dominican brother and a zealous missionary to the Jews. He was authorized to preach in all Jewish synagogues."

[18] Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (2000). Messianic Judaism. Continuum. hlm. 12. [1]

[19] wishencyclopedia.com

[20] "The Association of Messianic Congregations (AMC) homepage". Diakses tanggal 8 December 2010.

[21] "UMJC homepage". Diakses tanggal 15 January 2011.

[22] "Chosen People Ministries". Diakses tanggal 15 January 2011.

[23] "Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations (CTOMC) homepage".

[24] "Union of Conservative Messianic Synagogues (UCMJS)".

[25] "The International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues (IAMCS) homepage".

[26] "HaYesod homepage".

[JC1-27] "Mission, Vision, & Purpose of the Jerusalem Council". JerusalemCouncil.org. JerusalemCouncil.org. 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-23. Our vision also includes the hope of re-appointing a beit din for Messianic believers worldwide, to be called the Jerusalem Council, or Beit HaDin HaYerushalmi, modeled after the original, and submitted to the new Jewish Sanhedrin in issues that do not contradict obedient faith to Messiah Yeshua or his teachings; to provide guidance in issues that may conflict with the Sanhedrin, or in issues that contradict the primacy of the written Word of God, or in issues which may divide the Body of Messiah; to promote the unity of the Body of Messiah worldwide by Spirit-led direction through means of accountability, open dialogue, reasoned doctrine, and sound leadership; and to provide corporate and individual edification by providing apologetic, midrashic, and halakhic guidance for the Body of Messiah.

[JC2-28] "The Jerusalem Council–Messianic Halakha–About". JerusalemCouncil.org. JerusalemCouncil.org. 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-17. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-07. This section will detail common halakha accepted by the known orthodox Messianic Jewish community. References will be provided, and links back to the discussion forum will be available for continued discussion. Accepted halakha follows the centrality of the written Torah as the final arbiter and standard for behavior and right living. Primary consideration is given to the teachings of the Messiah, Yeshua, and those of his immediate disciples. Other sources include traditional rabbinic Judaism, with emphasis on understandings and traditions accepted during the period of the Taanitic Sages (Jewish teachers that existed during the time of the 2nd Temple period), as well as accepted halakha practiced by the majority of the Israelite community today. It is hoped that by organizing a code of law that is at a glance a reflection of who the Messiah is and what he does, that the community of the Body of Messiah at large can better imitate Him, and thus mature in their love of HaShem and of people in the way HaShem has intended since the foundation of the world. In short, what follows is a short behavioral description of what it means to be a member of the Jewish sect of HaDerech–the Way (Gen 18:19, Ex 18:20, Deut 5:33, Deut 11:28, Psalm 32:8, Psalm 85:13, Psalm 119:30, Prov 2:8, Prov 4:11, Prov 6:23, Prov 8:20, Prov 9:6, Prov 10:17, Prov 12:28, Isa 26:7, Isa 26:8, Isa 30:21, Isa 40:3, Isa 48:17, Isa 62:10, Jer 5:4, Jer 21:8, Eze 18:25, Micah 2:13, Mal 3:1, Matt 3:3, Matt 21:32, Matt 22:16, John 14:4, John 14:6, Acts 9:2, Acts 18:25, Acts 18:26, Acts 24:14, Rom 3:17, 1 Cor 14:1, 2 Pet 2:2, 2 Pet 2:21).

[MJRC-29] "Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council Standards of Observance". ourrabbis.org. Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-27. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-30. At that time a set of Messianic Jewish leaders from New England invited some of their colleagues from outside the region to join them in working on a common set of halakhic standards for themselves and their congregations. While other areas of Messianic Jewish life are of profound importance, such as worship, ethics, education, and social concern, we believed that halakhic standards had received far less attention than their place in Messianic Jewish life warranted.

[What_We_Do-30] 
"what we do". jewsforjesus.org. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-21. Pekerjaan misionaris reguler kami - bersaksi di jalanan - dengan mengirimkan staf kami sendiri dan banyak sukarelawan pada sorties (ekspedisi pembagian traktat) empat kali sehari masing-masing selama dua jam … Saat seseorang datang kepada iman, kami terus belajar bersama mereka, menyediakan pelajaran pemuridan sampai orang Yahudi yang baru percaya benar-benar mapan dalam kongregasi setempat.

[31] "what we do". jewsforjesus.org. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-21. Pekerjaan misionaris reguler kami - bersaksi di jalanan - dengan mengirimkan staf kami sendiri dan banyak sukarelawan pada sorties (ekspedisi pembagian traktat) empat kali sehari masing-masing selama dua jam … Saat seseorang datang kepada iman, kami terus belajar bersama mereka, menyediakan pelajaran pemuridan sampai orang Yahudi yang baru percaya benar-benar mapan dalam kongregasi setempat.

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