Endosimbion: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 27 Desember 2022 09.44

Endosimbion atau endobion^[1] adalah organisme yang hidup di dalam tubuh atau sel organisme lain dalam hubungan saling menguntungkan yang disebut endosimbiosis (bahasa Yunani: ἔνδον endon "di dalam", σύν syn "bersama" dan βίωσις biosis "hidup"). Contohnya adalah bakteri pengikat nitrogen (yang disebut rhizobia) yang tinggal di dalam bintil akar legum, alga bersel tunggal di dalam koral, dan endosimbion bakteri yang menyediakan nutrien yang diperlukan oleh sekitar 10–15% serangga.

Banyak contoh endosimbiosis yang bersifat obligat; dalam kata lain, endosimbion dan inangnya tidak dapat bertahan hidup tanpa keberadaan yang lain, seperti cacing laut tanpa usus dari genus Riftia yang mendapat nutrisi dari bakteri endosimbiotik. Contoh lain adalah mitokondria dan kloroplas. Sementara itu, beberapa parasit dalam tubuh manusia (seperti Wuchereria bancrofti dan Mansonella perstans) dapat bertahan di inang perantara serangganya berkat simbiosis obligat dengan Wolbachia spp.

Dua organel utama dalam sel eukariot (yaitu mitokondria dan plastid seperti kloroplas) berasal dari endosimbion bakteri. Simbiogenesis seperti ini pertama kali diusulkan pada tahun 1905 dan dikemukakan oleh ahli botani Rusia Konstantin Mereschkowski pada tahun 1910.^[2]^[3] Teori ini lalu dikembangkan oleh Lynn Margulis pada tahun 1960-an.

Catatan kaki

^ Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (2009). Kingdoms & domains an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth (edisi ke-4th). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. hlm. 493. ISBN 978-0-08-092014-6. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2016.
^ Mereschkowsky, Konstantin (1910). "Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Ent‐stehung der Organismen". Biol Centralbl. 30: 353‐367.
^ Mereschkowsky C (1905). "Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche". Biol Centralbl. 25: 593–604.

Daftar pustaka

Dubilier N, Mülders C, Ferdelman T, et al. (May 2001). "Endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in an oligochaete worm". Nature. 411 (6835): 298–302. doi:10.1038/35077067. PMID 11357130.
Burnett WJ, McKenzie JD (1 May 1997). "Subcuticular bacteria from the brittle star Ophiactis balli (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) represent a new lineage of extracellular marine symbionts in the alpha subdivision of the class Proteobacteria". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (5): 1721–4. PMC 168468 . PMID 9143108. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-12-13. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-21.
Wernegreen JJ (2004). "Primer – Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution". PLoS Biol. 2 (3): e68. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068. PMC 368163 . PMID 15024418. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 April 2004.
A general review of bacterial endosymbionts in insects. P. Baumann, N. A. Moran and L. Baumann, Bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts of insects in M. Dworkin, ed., The prokaryotes, Springer, New York, 2000. http://link.springer.de/link/service/books/10125/
Wernegreen JJ (November 2002). "Genome evolution in bacterial endosymbionts of insects". Nat. Rev. Genet. 3 (11): 850–61. doi:10.1038/nrg931. PMID 12415315.
Douglas AE (January 1998). "Nutritional interactions in insect-microbial symbioses: Aphids and Their Symbiotic Bacteria Buchnera". Annual Review of Entomology. 43: 17–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17. PMID 15012383. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-21.
Aksoy S, Maudlin I, Dale C, Robinson AS, O'Neill SL (January 2001). "Prospects for control of African trypanosomiasis by tsetse vector manipulation". Trends Parasitol. 17 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01850-X. PMID 11137738.
Shigenobu S, Watanabe H, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Ishikawa H (September 2000). "Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS". Nature. 407 (6800): 81–6. doi:10.1038/35024074. PMID 10993077.
Moran NA (April 1996). "Accelerated evolution and Muller's rachet in endosymbiotic bacteria". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (7): 2873–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.7.2873. PMC 39726 . PMID 8610134.

Artikel bertopik biologi ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[KingDom-1] Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael J. (2009). Kingdoms & domains an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth (edisi ke-4th). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. hlm. 493. ISBN 978-0-08-092014-6. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2016.

[Mereschkowsky2-2] Mereschkowsky, Konstantin (1910). "Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Ent‐stehung der Organismen". Biol Centralbl. 30: 353‐367.

[3] Mereschkowsky C (1905). "Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche". Biol Centralbl. 25: 593–604.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
-[[Berkas:Endosymbiosis.PNG|thumb|200px|Penggambaran [[teori endosimbiotik]].]]
+[[Berkas:Endosymbiosis.PNG|jmpl|200px|Penggambaran [[teori endosimbiotik]].]]
 '''Endosimbion''' atau '''endobion'''<ref name="KingDom">{{cite book |last1=Margulis |first1=Lynn |last2=Chapman |first2=Michael J. |title=Kingdoms & domains an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth |date=2009 |publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-0-08-092014-6 |page=493 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C&pg=PA493 |accessdate=2 August 2016}}</ref> adalah [[organisme]] yang hidup di dalam tubuh atau sel organisme lain dalam hubungan saling menguntungkan yang disebut '''endosimbiosis''' ([[bahasa Yunani]]: ἔνδον ''endon'' "di dalam", σύν ''syn'' "bersama" dan βίωσις ''biosis'' "hidup"). Contohnya adalah [[bakteri]] [[pengikat nitrogen]] (yang disebut [[rhizobia]]) yang tinggal di dalam [[bintil akar]] [[legum]], [[alga]] bersel tunggal di dalam [[koral]], dan endosimbion bakteri yang menyediakan nutrien yang diperlukan oleh sekitar 10–15% serangga.
@@ Baris 11: / Baris 11: @@
 == Daftar pustaka ==
-*{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubilier N, Mülders C, Ferdelman T |title=Endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in an oligochaete worm |journal=Nature |volume=411 |issue=6835 |pages=298–302 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11357130 |doi=10.1038/35077067 |display-authors=etal}}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Dubilier N, Mülders C, Ferdelman T |title=Endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in an oligochaete worm |journal=Nature |volume=411 |issue=6835 |pages=298–302 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11357130 |doi=10.1038/35077067 |display-authors=etal}}
-*{{cite journal |vauthors=Burnett WJ, McKenzie JD |title=Subcuticular bacteria from the brittle star ''Ophiactis balli'' (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) represent a new lineage of extracellular marine symbionts in the alpha subdivision of the class Proteobacteria |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=1721–4 |date=1 May 1997|pmid=9143108 |pmc=168468 |url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9143108 }}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Burnett WJ, McKenzie JD |title=Subcuticular bacteria from the brittle star ''Ophiactis balli'' (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) represent a new lineage of extracellular marine symbionts in the alpha subdivision of the class Proteobacteria |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=1721–4 |date=1 May 1997 |pmid=9143108 |pmc=168468 |url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9143108 |access-date=2017-09-21 |archive-date=2019-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213200810/https://aem.asm.org/content/63/5/1721.long |dead-url=yes }}
-*{{cite journal
+* {{cite journal
  |author      = Wernegreen JJ
  |title       = Primer – Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution
@@ Baris 30: / Baris 30: @@
  |df          = dmy
 }}
-* A general review of bacterial endosymbionts in insects.  P. Baumann, N. A. Moran and L. Baumann, Bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts of insects in M. Dworkin, ed., ''The prokaryotes'', Springer, New York, 2000.  http://link.springer.de/link/service/books/10125/
+* A general review of bacterial endosymbionts in insects. P. Baumann, N. A. Moran and L. Baumann, Bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts of insects in M. Dworkin, ed., ''The prokaryotes'', Springer, New York, 2000. http://link.springer.de/link/service/books/10125/
-*{{cite journal |author=Wernegreen JJ |title=Genome evolution in bacterial endosymbionts of insects |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=850–61 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12415315 |doi=10.1038/nrg931 }}
+* {{cite journal |author=Wernegreen JJ |title=Genome evolution in bacterial endosymbionts of insects |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=850–61 |date=November 2002 |pmid=12415315 |doi=10.1038/nrg931 }}
-*{{cite journal |author=Douglas AE |title=Nutritional interactions in insect-microbial symbioses: Aphids and Their Symbiotic Bacteria ''Buchnera'' |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=43 |pages=17–37 |date=January 1998 |pmid=15012383 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17 |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17 }}
+* {{cite journal |author=Douglas AE |title=Nutritional interactions in insect-microbial symbioses: Aphids and Their Symbiotic Bacteria ''Buchnera'' |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=43 |pages=17–37 |date=January 1998 |pmid=15012383 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17 |url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17 |access-date=2017-09-21 |archive-date=2020-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528215825/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17 |dead-url=yes }}
-*{{cite journal |vauthors=Aksoy S, Maudlin I, Dale C, Robinson AS, O'Neill SL |title=Prospects for control of African trypanosomiasis by tsetse vector manipulation |journal=Trends Parasitol. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11137738 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471-4922(00)01850-X |doi=10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01850-X}}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Aksoy S, Maudlin I, Dale C, Robinson AS, O'Neill SL |title=Prospects for control of African trypanosomiasis by tsetse vector manipulation |journal=Trends Parasitol. |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11137738 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471-4922(00)01850-X |doi=10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01850-X}}
-*{{cite journal |vauthors=Shigenobu S, Watanabe H, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Ishikawa H |title=Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6800 |pages=81–6 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10993077 |doi=10.1038/35024074 }}
+* {{cite journal |vauthors=Shigenobu S, Watanabe H, Hattori M, Sakaki Y, Ishikawa H |title=Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6800 |pages=81–6 |date=September 2000 |pmid=10993077 |doi=10.1038/35024074 }}
-*{{cite journal |author=Moran NA |title=Accelerated evolution and Muller's rachet in endosymbiotic bacteria |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=2873–8 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8610134 |pmc=39726 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.7.2873 }}
+* {{cite journal |author=Moran NA |title=Accelerated evolution and Muller's rachet in endosymbiotic bacteria |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=7 |pages=2873–8 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8610134 |pmc=39726 |doi=10.1073/pnas.93.7.2873 }}
-{{biologi-stub}}
+{{Ekologi}}
+{{Struktur sel}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Kategori:Simbiosis]]
+{{biologi-stub}}

l b s Struktur sel/organel
Sistem endomembran	Membran sel Inti sel Retikulum endoplasma Badan Golgi Parentesom Autofagosom Vesikel Eksosom Lisosom Endosom Fagosom Vakuola Akrosom Granula sitoplasmik Melanosom Badan mikro Gliokisom Peroksisome Badan Weibel–Palade
Sitoskeleton	Mikrofilamen Filamen intermediat Mikrotubulus Sitoskeleton prokariotik Pusat organisasi mikrotubulus Sentrosom Sentriol Badan basal Badan kutub spindel Miofibril Undulipodium Silium Flagelum Aksonema Jeruji radial Pseudopodia Lamelipodia Filopodia
Endosimbion	Mitokondria Plastid Kloroplas Kromoplas Gerontoplas Leukoplas Amiloplas Elaioplas Proteinoplas Tanosom
Internal lainnya	Kromosom Nukleolus RNA Ribosom Spliseosom Kubah Sitoplasma Sitosol Inklusi Proteasom
Eksternal	Dinding sel Matriks ekstraseluler