Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{About|kelompok-kelompok pemberontakan di Polandia pada [[Perang Dunia II]] yang berpihak pada [[pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Polandia]]|"negara rahasia" di Polandia pada 1860an|Pemerintahan Nasional Polandia (Kebangkitan Januari)}} |
{{About|kelompok-kelompok pemberontakan di Polandia pada [[Perang Dunia II]] yang berpihak pada [[pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Polandia]]|"negara rahasia" di Polandia pada 1860an|Pemerintahan Nasional Polandia (Kebangkitan Januari)}} |
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{{Infobox Former Country |
{{Infobox Former Country |
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|conventional_long_name = Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia |
| conventional_long_name = Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia |
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|native_name = '' |
| native_name = ''Polskie Państwo Podziemne'' |
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|common_name |
| common_name = Polskie Państwo Podziemne |
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|continent = Eropa |
| continent = Eropa |
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| |
| status = [[Pemerintahan dalam pengasingan]] |
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|image_flag = Flaga_PPP.svg |
| image_flag = Flaga_PPP.svg |
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|flag |
| flag = Bendera Polandia |
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|image_coat = Coat of arms of the Polish Government in exile (1956–1990).svg |
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Polish Government in exile (1956–1990).svg |
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| |
| symbol = Lambang Polandia |
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|national_motto = |
| national_motto = |
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|national_anthem = ''[[ |
| national_anthem = ''[[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]]''<br/><small>"Polandia Masih Belum Hilang"<small> [[File:Mazurek_Dąbrowskiego_(1939;_instrumental).ogg|220x124px|thumb|right]] |
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|image_map = |
| image_map = |
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|image_map_caption = |
| image_map_caption = |
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|common_languages = [[Bahasa Polandia|Polandia]] |
| common_languages = [[Bahasa Polandia|Polandia]] |
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|government_type = Republic |
| government_type = Republic |
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|title_leader = <small>[[Daftar kepala negara Polandia|Presiden]] [[Polish government-in-exile]]</small> |
| title_leader = <small>[[Daftar kepala negara Polandia|Presiden]] [[Polish government-in-exile]]</small> |
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|leader1 = {{nowrap|[[Władysław Raczkiewicz]] <small>(pertama)</small>}} |
| leader1 = {{nowrap|[[Władysław Raczkiewicz]] <small>(pertama)</small>}} |
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|year_leader1 = 1939–1945 |
| year_leader1 = 1939–1945 |
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|title_deputy = <small>[[Daftar Perdana Menteri Polandia|Perdana Menteri]] [[pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Polandia]]</small> |
| title_deputy = <small>[[Daftar Perdana Menteri Polandia|Perdana Menteri]] [[pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Polandia]]</small> |
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|deputy1 = [[Władysław Sikorski]] <small>(pertama)</small> |
| deputy1 = [[Władysław Sikorski]] <small>(pertama)</small> |
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|year_deputy1 = 1939–1940 |
| year_deputy1 = 1939–1940 |
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|deputy2 = [[Tomasz Arciszewski]] <small>(terakhir)</small> |
| deputy2 = [[Tomasz Arciszewski]] <small>(terakhir)</small> |
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|year_deputy2 = 1944-1945 |
| year_deputy2 = 1944-1945 |
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|era |
| era = [[Perang Dunia II]] / [[Perang Dingin]] |
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|event_pre = [[Konstitusi April Polandia|Konstitusi diadopsi]] |
| event_pre = [[Konstitusi April Polandia|Konstitusi diadopsi]] |
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|date_pre = 23 April 1935 |
| date_pre = 23 April 1935 |
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|event_start = [[Invasi Polandia (1939)|Invasi Polandia]] |
| event_start = [[Invasi Polandia (1939)|Invasi Polandia]] |
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|date_start = 17 September |
| date_start = 17 September |
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|year_start = 1939 |
| year_start = 1939 |
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|event_end = Dibubarkan |
| event_end = Dibubarkan |
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|date_end = 28 Juni |
| date_end = 28 Juni |
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|year_end = 1945 <ref name=Ostasz/><ref name=Gar253/> |
| year_end = 1945 <ref name=Ostasz/><ref name=Gar253/> |
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|currency = |
| currency = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{kenegaraan Polandia}} |
{{kenegaraan Polandia}} |
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'''Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia''' ({{lang-pl|Polskie Państwo Podziemne}}, yang juga dikenal sebagai '''Negara Rahasia Polandia'''){{Ref label|a|a|none}} adalah sebuah istilah kolektif untuk [[gerakan pemberontakan Polandia pada Perang Dunia II|organisasi-organisasi pemberontakan bawah tanah di Polandia pada Perang Dunia II]], baik secara militer maupun sipil, yang berpihak pada [[pemerintahan |
'''Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia''' ({{lang-pl|Polskie Państwo Podziemne}}, yang juga dikenal sebagai '''Negara Rahasia Polandia'''){{Ref label|a|a|none}} adalah sebuah istilah kolektif untuk [[gerakan pemberontakan Polandia pada Perang Dunia II|organisasi-organisasi pemberontakan bawah tanah di Polandia pada Perang Dunia II]], baik secara militer maupun sipil, yang berpihak pada [[pemerintahan Polandia dalam pengasingan|pemerintahan Republik Polandia dalam pengasingan]] di London. [[Służba Zwycięstwu Polski|Unsur-unsur pertama]] Negara Bawah Tanah tersebut didirikan pada hari-hari terakhir [[invasi Jerman ke Polandia]] yang dimulai pada September 1939. |
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Negara Bawah Tanah tersebut tak hanya melakukan salah satu pemberontakan militer terbesar di dunia |
Negara Bawah Tanah tersebut tak hanya melakukan salah satu pemberontakan militer terbesar di dunia,{{Ref label|b|b|none}} namun juga mendirikan struktur sipil, seperti pelayanan pendidikan, budaya dan sosial. |
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==Lihat pula== |
== Lihat pula == |
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* [[Kotwica]] |
* [[Kotwica]] |
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* [[Gerakan pemberontakan Polandia |
* [[Gerakan pemberontakan Polandia selama Perang Dunia II]] |
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* [[Sabotase |
* [[Sabotase kecil]] |
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* [[Kontribusi Polandia |
* [[Kontribusi Polandia selama Perang Dunia II]] |
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* [[Kebangkitan Warsawa]] |
* [[Kebangkitan Warsawa]] |
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==Catatan== |
== Catatan == |
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: '''a''' {{Note label|a|a|none}} Istilah ''Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia'' yang paling banyak dipakai pertama kali digunakan pada 13 Januari 1944 oleh penerbitan bawah tanah resmi otoritas bawah tanah Polandia, [[Biuletyn Informacyjny]].<ref name="google"/> ''Negara Rahasia Polandia'' (Polandia: ''Tajne państwo'') adalah sebuah istilah yang digunakan oleh [[Jan Karski]] dalam buku buatannya ''[[Story of a Secret State]]'', yang ditulis dan pertama kali diterbitkan pada paruh kedua 1944 di Amerika Serikat. |
: '''a''' {{Note label|a|a|none}} Istilah ''Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia'' yang paling banyak dipakai pertama kali digunakan pada 13 Januari 1944 oleh penerbitan bawah tanah resmi otoritas bawah tanah Polandia, [[Biuletyn Informacyjny]].<ref name="google"/> ''Negara Rahasia Polandia'' (Polandia: ''Tajne państwo'') adalah sebuah istilah yang digunakan oleh [[Jan Karski]] dalam buku buatannya ''[[Story of a Secret State]]'', yang ditulis dan pertama kali diterbitkan pada paruh kedua 1944 di Amerika Serikat. |
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: '''b''' {{Note label|b|b|none}} Beberapa sumber menyatakan bahwa [[Armia Krajowa]] merupakan gerakan pemberontakan terbesar di Eropa yang diduduki Nazi. |
: '''b''' {{Note label|b|b|none}} Beberapa sumber menyatakan bahwa [[Armia Krajowa]] merupakan gerakan pemberontakan terbesar di Eropa yang diduduki Nazi. |
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==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= |
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<ref name="Ostasz">Grzegorz Ostasz, ''[http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/17%20Article.htm The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature]''. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Diakses 4 April 2011.</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar253">Garliński, hlm. 253</ref> |
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<ref name="Korboński1981">{{cite book|author=Stefan Korboński|title=The Polish underground state: a guide to the underground, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0vzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 January 2012|date=June 1981|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-88254-517-2|page=112}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kultur2007">{{cite book|author=Simon-Dubnow-Institut für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur|title=Shared history, divided memory: Jews and others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939–1941|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BbvQbiaqAEC&pg=PA54|accessdate=27 January 2012|year=2007|publisher=Leipziger Universitätsverlag|isbn=978-3-86583-240-5|page=54}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Buszko1983">{{cite book|author=Józef Buszko|title=Historia Polski: 1864–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fI7DygAACAAJ|accessdate=3 January 2012|year=1983|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk.|isbn=978-83-01-03732-1|pages=459–460}}</ref> |
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<ref name="HayesDiefendorf2004">{{cite book|author1=Peter Hayes|author2=Jeffry M. Diefendorf|author3=Holocaust Educational Foundation (United States)|title=Lessons and Legacies: New currents in Holocaust research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJEFmQB05HUC&pg=PA267|accessdate=20 December 2011|year=2004|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-2001-3|page=267}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Koskodan2009">{{cite book|author=Kenneth K. Koskodan|title=No greater ally: the untold story of Poland's forces in World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdtDaQ4DNTMC&pg=PA63|accessdate=20 December 2011|date=23 June 2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-365-0|page=63}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Struk2004">{{cite book|author=Janina Struk|title=Photographing the Holocaust: interpretations of the evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0CnKQpDIL8C&pg=PA37|accessdate=20 December 2011|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-546-4|page=37}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Struk2011">{{cite book|author=Janina Struk|title=Private Pictures: Soldiers' Inside View of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsACYdM7VA0C&pg=PA78|accessdate=20 December 2011|date=22 November 2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-443-7|page=78}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Tismaneanu2010">{{cite book|author=Vladimir Tismaneanu|title=Stalinism revisited: the establishment of communist regimes in East-Central Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ1_G3NgPS8C&pg=PA206|accessdate=20 December 2011|date=30 June 2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9776-63-0|page=206}}</ref> |
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<ref name="google">{{cite book|author=Barbara Wachowicz|title=Kamyk na szańcu: gawęda o druhu Aleksandrze Kamińskim w stulecie urodzin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR24AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=20 December 2011|year=2002|publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm|isbn=978-83-88794-68-1|page=222}}</ref> |
<ref name="google">{{cite book|author=Barbara Wachowicz|title=Kamyk na szańcu: gawęda o druhu Aleksandrze Kamińskim w stulecie urodzin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR24AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=20 December 2011|year=2002|publisher=Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm|isbn=978-83-88794-68-1|page=222}}</ref> |
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<ref name="sejm">{{cite web|title=M.P. 1998 nr 30 poz. 414|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WMP19980300414|publisher=Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych|accessdate=20 December 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="w24">{{cite news|last=Cichocka|first=Agnieszka|title=Poznański pomnik Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego|url=http://www.wiadomosci24.pl/artykul/poznanski_pomnik_polskiego_panstwa_podziemnego_43938.html|accessdate=20 December 2011|newspaper=Wiadomosci24.pl|date=26 September 2007}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Alterman2005">{{cite book|author=Eric Alterman|title=When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndpYYUsv2u4C&pg=PA30|accessdate=8 April 2011|date=25 October 2005|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-303604-3|pages=29–30}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Biskupski2000">{{cite book|author=Mieczysław B. Biskupski|title=The history of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDgaX6q9tycC&pg=PA117|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30571-9|pages=117}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BiskupskiPula2010-141">{{cite book|author1=M. B. B. Biskupski|author2=James S. Pula|author3=Piotr J. Wrobel|title=The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&pg=PA192|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=25 May 2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1892-5|page=141}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BiskupskiPula2010-142">{{cite book|author1=M. B. B. Biskupski|author2=James S. Pula|author3=Piotr J. Wrobel|title=The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&pg=PA192|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=25 May 2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1892-5|page=142}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BiskupskiPula2010-15">{{cite book|author1=M. B. B. Biskupski|author2=James S. Pula|author3=Piotr J. Wrobel|title=The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&pg=PA15|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=25 May 2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1892-5|page=15}}</ref> |
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<ref name="BiskupskiPula2010-199">{{cite book|author1=M. B. B. Biskupski|author2=James S. Pula|author3=Piotr J. Wrobel|title=The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-ySkJHOQsIC&pg=PA199|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=25 May 2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1892-5|page=199}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Cienc-lect">[http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945]. Lecture notes of prof Anna M. Cienciala. Retrieved 21 December 2006.</ref> |
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<ref name="CloudOlson2004">{{cite book|author1=Stanley Cloud|author2=Lynne Olson|title=A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXxVXWZOsnUC&pg=PT362|accessdate=8 April 2011|date=12 October 2004|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-375-72625-5|page=362}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Cook2001">{{cite book|author=Bernard A. Cook|title=Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&pg=PA1022|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-4058-4|page=1022}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Dallas2006">{{cite book|author=Gregor Dallas|title=1945: The War That Never Ended|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTEV0CPuhRcC&pg=PA663|accessdate=28 March 2011|date=15 November 2006|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11988-6|page=663}}</ref> |
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<ref name="FT06">Kwan Yuk Pan, [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0d441dfa-ecf1-11d9-9d20-00000e2511c8.html "Polish veterans to take pride of place in victory parade"], ''[[Financial Times]]'', 5 July 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2006.</ref> |
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<ref name="Frucht2005">{{cite book|author=Richard C. Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA32|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=32}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar219-220">Garliński, pp. 219–220</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar220">Garliński, p. 220</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar221">{{cite journal | author = Józef Garliński |date=April 1975 | title = The Polish Underground State 1939–1945 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–259 | publisher = Sage Publications, Ltd. | jstor = 260146 | doi = 10.1177/002200947501000202}}, p.221</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar222">Garliński, p. 222</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar223">Garliński, p. 223</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar224">Garliński, p. 224</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar225-226">Garliński, pp. 225–226</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar226">Garliński, p. 226</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar234">Garliński, p. 234</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar235">Garliński, p. 235</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar236">Garliński, p. 236</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar238">Garliński, p. 238</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar243">Garliński, p. 243</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar245">Garliński, p. 245</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar246">Garliński, p. 246</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar250">Garliński, p. 250</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar251">Garliński, p. 251</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar252">Garliński, p. 252</ref> |
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<ref name="Gar253">Garliński, p. 253</ref> |
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<ref name="Judt2006">{{cite book|author=Tony Judt|title=Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE1hBBF37kwC&pg=PT124|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-303775-0|page=124}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Keegan2002">{{cite book|author=John Keegan|title=Who's who in World War Two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8sC4o7hODoC&pg=PA140|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26033-6|page=140}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kersten1991">{{cite book|author=Krystyna Kersten|title=The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RD3-e7Zx-rEC&pg=PA50|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06219-1|page=50}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Kersten1991-2">{{cite book|author=Krystyna Kersten|title=The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RD3-e7Zx-rEC&pg=PA51|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06219-1|pages=51–52}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Lerski1996">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Jan Lerski|title=Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA172|accessdate=28 March 2011|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26007-0|page=172}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Lerski1996-Mik">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Jan Lerski|title=Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA357|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26007-0|page=357}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Lerski1996-Mosc">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Jan Lerski|title=Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUTqE2difgC&pg=PA368|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-26007-0|page=368}}</ref> |
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<ref name="MNK">Marek Ney-Krwawicz, ''[http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)]''. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name="MNKcited">Bohdan Kwiatkowski, Sabotaż i dywersja, Bellona, London 1949, vol.1, p.21; as cited by Marek Ney-Krwawicz, [http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)]. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> |
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<ref name="NadeauBarlow2003">{{cite book|author1=Jean-Benoît Nadeau|author2=Julie Barlow|title=Sixty million Frenchmen can't be wrong: why we love France but not the French|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtUWuzzYqa8C&pg=PA89|accessdate=6 March 2011|year=2003|publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4022-0045-8|page=89}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ostasz">Grzegorz Ostasz, ''[http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/17%20Article.htm The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature]''. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</ref> |
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<ref name="Pogonowski">Based on Campaigns of Polish Armed Forces 1940–1945 Map (p.204) from [[Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski]], ''Poland: A Historical Atlas'', Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2.</ref> |
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<ref name="RJC">[[R. J. Crampton]], ''Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century'', Routledge, 1994, ISBN 0-415-05346-3, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ro-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197&dq=Armia+Krajowa+fatalities&as_brr=3&ei=CFISR5zEAY-K7QL44YTJBw&sig=Czv8K6jK_LI823CuFIk495eT-9E#PPA198,M1 Google Print, p.198]</ref> |
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<ref name="Rzecz">[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]], 02.10.04 Nr 232, ''[http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_041002/specjal_a_6.html Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej]'' (Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland). Retrieved 7 June 2006.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm10">Salmonowicz, p. 10.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm10-11">Salmonowicz, pp. 10–11.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm17-18">Salmonowicz, pp. 17–18.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm18-19">Salmonowicz, pp. 18–19.</ref> |
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<!--ref name="Salm19">Salmonowicz, p. 19.</ref--> |
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<ref name="Salm25">{{cite book|author=Stanisław Salmonowicz|title=Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ1nAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 January 2012|year=1994|publisher=Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne|isbn=978-83-02-05500-3}}, p. 25.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm26-27">Salmonowicz, pp. 26–27.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm27">Salmonowicz, p. 27.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm30-31">Salmonowicz, pp. 30–31.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm31-33">Salmonowicz, pp. 30–33.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm33-36">Salmonowicz, pp. 33–36.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm37">Salmonowicz, p. 37.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm39">Salmonowicz, p. 39.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm42">Salmonowicz, p. 42.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm44">Salmonowicz, p. 44.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm44-45">Salmonowicz, pp. 44–45.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm45">Salmonowicz, p. 45</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm45-46">Salmonowicz, pp. 45–46.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm46">Salmonowicz, p. 46.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm47">Salmonowicz, p. 47.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm48">Salmonowicz, p. 48.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm48-49">Salmonowicz, p. 48–49.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm51-53">Salmonowicz, pp. 51–53.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm55-56">Salmonowicz, pp. 55–56.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm6-7">Salmonowicz, pp.6–7.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm64">Salmonowicz, p. 64.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm75">Salmonowicz, p. 75.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm76">Salmonowicz, p. 76.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm8">Salmonowicz, p. 8.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm9-10">Salmonowicz, pp. 9–10.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm91">Salmonowicz, p. 91.</ref> |
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<ref name="Salm96">Salmonowicz, p. 96.</ref> |
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<ref name="Stachura2004">Jeffrey Bines, ''The Establishment of the Polish Section of the SOE'', in {{cite book|author=Peter D. Stachura|title=The Poles in Britain, 1940–2000: from betrayal to assimilation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjPjUBnucDcC&pg=PA27|accessdate=8 April 2011|date=4 March 2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-8444-4|page=27<!--The "Establishment" chapter is pages 17-26, according to the Google Books preview of the table of contents-->}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Taras">{{cite book|author1=Marjorie Castle|author2=Ray Taras|authorlink2=Ray Taras|title=Democracy in Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZlphcFv-LwC&pg=PA26|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=2002|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-3935-1|page=26}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Wyman">{{cite book|author=Mark Wyman|title=DPs: Europe's displaced persons, 1945–1951|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&pg=PA34|accessdate=8 April 2011|date=April 1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8542-8|page=34}}</ref> |
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<ref name="dallas">{{cite book|author=Gregor Dallas|title=1945: the war that never ended|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXdVF6LmTa8C&pg=PA79|accessdate=8 April 2011|year=2005|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-10980-1|page=79}}</ref> |
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<ref name="davies">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: 1795 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBpghdZeIwAC&pg=PA344|accessdate=8 April 2011|date=May 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12819-3|page=344}}</ref> |
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<ref name="pwn">{{cite web|title=Polskie Państwo Podziemne|url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3959896|publisher=Encyklopedia PWN|accessdate=3 January 2012|language=pl}}</ref> |
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<ref name="pwn2">{{cite web|title=Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraje|url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3891523|publisher=Encyklopedia PWN|accessdate=3 January 2012|language=pl}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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==Bacaan tambahan== |
== Bacaan tambahan == |
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*{{cite book|author=Jan Karski|title=Story of a Secret State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atAhAQAAIAAJ|year = 2001|publisher=Simon Publications|isbn=978-1-931541-39-8}} |
* {{cite book|author=Jan Karski|title=Story of a Secret State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=atAhAQAAIAAJ|year = 2001|publisher=Simon Publications|isbn=978-1-931541-39-8}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Halik Kochanski|title=The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC|year=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-06816-2}} |
* {{cite book|author=Halik Kochanski|title=The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ5vIyDBpLcC|year=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-06816-2}} |
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*{{cite book|author1=Stefan Korboński|author2=Francis Bauer Czarnomski|author3=Zofia Korbonski|title=Fighting Warsaw: The Story of the Polish Underground State, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwIDAAAACAAJ |
* {{cite book|author1=Stefan Korboński|author2=Francis Bauer Czarnomski|author3=Zofia Korbonski|title=Fighting Warsaw: The Story of the Polish Underground State, 1939–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwIDAAAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1035-7}} |
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*{{cite book|author1=Richard C. Lukas|title=The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1945|year=2012 |
* {{cite book|author1=Richard C. Lukas|title=The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1945|year=2012|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=0-7818-1302-6}} |
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*{{cite book|author1=Richard C. Lukas|title=Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation|year=2004 |
* {{cite book|author1=Richard C. Lukas|title=Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation|url=https://archive.org/details/gtu_32400006835254|year=2004|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=0-7818-0242-3}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Jan Nowak|title=Courier from Warsaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y48gaHndlg8C|year=1982|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-1725-9}} |
* {{cite book|author=Jan Nowak|title=Courier from Warsaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y48gaHndlg8C|year=1982|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-1725-9}} |
||
*{{cite book|author=Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski|title=The Secret Army: The Memoirs of General Bór-Komorowski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNOcAAACAAJ|year = 2011|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=978-1-84832-595-1}} |
* {{cite book|author=Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski|title=The Secret Army: The Memoirs of General Bór-Komorowski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNOcAAACAAJ|year = 2011|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=978-1-84832-595-1}} |
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==Pranala luar== |
== Pranala luar == |
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* [http://www.warsawuprising.com/state.htm Warsaw Uprising and The Polish Underground State] |
* [http://www.warsawuprising.com/state.htm Warsaw Uprising and The Polish Underground State] |
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{{Armia Krajowa}} |
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[[Kategori:Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia| ]] |
[[Kategori:Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia| ]] |
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[[Kategori:Pendirian 1939 |
[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1939]] |
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[[Kategori:Pembubaran 1945 |
[[Kategori:Pembubaran tahun 1945]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 10 April 2023 20.18
Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia Polskie Państwo Podziemne | |
|---|---|
| 1939–1945 [1][2] | |
| Status | Pemerintahan dalam pengasingan |
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Polandia |
| Pemerintahan | Republic |
| Presiden Polish government-in-exile | |
• 1939–1945 | Władysław Raczkiewicz (pertama) |
| Perdana Menteri pemerintahan dalam pengasingan Polandia | |
• 1939–1940 | Władysław Sikorski (pertama) |
• 1944-1945 | Tomasz Arciszewski (terakhir) |
| Era Sejarah | Perang Dunia II / Perang Dingin |
| 23 April 1935 | |
| 17 September 1939 | |
• Dibubarkan | 28 Juni 1945 [1][2] |
.svg)
Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia (bahasa Polandia: Polskie Państwo Podziemne, yang juga dikenal sebagai Negara Rahasia Polandia)[a] adalah sebuah istilah kolektif untuk organisasi-organisasi pemberontakan bawah tanah di Polandia pada Perang Dunia II, baik secara militer maupun sipil, yang berpihak pada pemerintahan Republik Polandia dalam pengasingan di London. Unsur-unsur pertama Negara Bawah Tanah tersebut didirikan pada hari-hari terakhir invasi Jerman ke Polandia yang dimulai pada September 1939.
Negara Bawah Tanah tersebut tak hanya melakukan salah satu pemberontakan militer terbesar di dunia,[b] namun juga mendirikan struktur sipil, seperti pelayanan pendidikan, budaya dan sosial.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Kotwica
- Gerakan pemberontakan Polandia selama Perang Dunia II
- Sabotase kecil
- Kontribusi Polandia selama Perang Dunia II
- Kebangkitan Warsawa
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- a ^ Istilah Negara Bawah Tanah Polandia yang paling banyak dipakai pertama kali digunakan pada 13 Januari 1944 oleh penerbitan bawah tanah resmi otoritas bawah tanah Polandia, Biuletyn Informacyjny.[3] Negara Rahasia Polandia (Polandia: Tajne państwo) adalah sebuah istilah yang digunakan oleh Jan Karski dalam buku buatannya Story of a Secret State, yang ditulis dan pertama kali diterbitkan pada paruh kedua 1944 di Amerika Serikat.
- b ^ Beberapa sumber menyatakan bahwa Armia Krajowa merupakan gerakan pemberontakan terbesar di Eropa yang diduduki Nazi.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Grzegorz Ostasz, The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Diakses 4 April 2011.
- ^ Garliński, hlm. 253
- ^ Barbara Wachowicz (2002). Kamyk na szańcu: gawęda o druhu Aleksandrze Kamińskim w stulecie urodzin. Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm. hlm. 222. ISBN 978-83-88794-68-1. Diakses tanggal 20 December 2011.
Bacaan tambahan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Jan Karski (2001). Story of a Secret State. Simon Publications. ISBN 978-1-931541-39-8.
- Halik Kochanski (2012). The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06816-2.
- Stefan Korboński; Francis Bauer Czarnomski; Zofia Korbonski (2004). Fighting Warsaw: The Story of the Polish Underground State, 1939–1945. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-1035-7.
- Richard C. Lukas (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1945. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-1302-6.
- Richard C. Lukas (2004). Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7818-0242-3.
- Jan Nowak (1982). Courier from Warsaw. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1725-9.
- Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski (2011). The Secret Army: The Memoirs of General Bór-Komorowski. Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 978-1-84832-595-1.