Wiracarita Raja Gesar: Perbedaan antara revisi
rev |
Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.4 |
||
(10 revisi perantara oleh 5 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
[[Berkas:Gesar Gruschke.jpg| |
[[Berkas:Gesar Gruschke.jpg|jmpl|300px|ka|Mural yang menggambarkan Gesar]] |
||
''' |
'''Wiracarita Raja Gesar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|z|ər|,_|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|s|-}}; {{bo|t=གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ་|w=ge sar rgyal po}}, "Raja Gesar"; {{lang-mn|Гэсэр Хаан}}, {{lang|mn-latn|Geser [[Khagan]]}}, "Raja Geser", {{lang-ru|Гесар-хан}} atau Кесар), juga dieja '''Geser''' (khususnya dalam konteks bahasa Mongolia) atau '''Kesar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|z|ər|,_|ˈ|k|ɛ|s|-}}), adalah sebuha siklus wiracarita, diyakini berasal dari abad ke-12, yang berhubungan dengan perbuatan heroik [[pahlawan budaya]] Gesar,{{sfn|Samuel|1993|pp=68–9}} raja yang tidak mengenal takut dari kerajaan Ling yang legendaris ({{bo|w=gling}}). Wiracarita ini dicatat secara beragam dalam puisi dan prosa, [[Aucassin dan Nicolette|fabel nyanyian]] atau ''[[shuochang]]'' yang menjadi ragam pertunjukan tradisional,{{sfn|Samuel|2005|p=166}} dan dinyanyikan secara luas di seluruh [[Asia Tengah]] dan Timur Laut [[Asia Selatan]]. Versi klasiknya dapat ditemukan di Tibet bagian tengah.{{sfn|Chadwick|Chadwick|1968|pp=48–9,215–6}} Sekitar 100 orang ''[[bard]]'' dari wiracarita ini ({{bo|w=sgrung}}, "dongeng"){{sfn|Maconi|2004|p=372}} masih aktif saat ini di sabuk Gesar di Tiongkok.{{sfn|Jiàngbiān Jiācuò|1998|p=222}} Para penyanyi [[bangsa Tibet|Tibet]], [[suku Mongol|Mongol]], [[suku Buryat|Buryat]], [[suku Balti|Balti]], [[Ladakh]], dan [[suku Monguor|Monguor]] mempertahankan tradisi lisan dan wiracarita ini telah menarik rasa ingin tahu ilmiah yang kuat sebagai salah satu dari sedikit tradisi wiracarita lisan yang bertahan sebagai sebuah seni pertunjukan. Selain cerita yang dilestarikan oleh [[etnis minoritas di Tiongkok]] seperti [[suku Bai|Bai]], [[suku Nakhi|Naxi]], [[suku Pumi|Pumi]], [[suku Lisu|Lisu]], dan [[Yugur]],{{sfn|Maconi|2004|p=373}} versi wiracarita ini juga tercatat di antara masyarakat [[suku Balti|Balti]] di [[Baltistan]], [[suku Burusho]] di [[Hunza (negara pangeran)|Hunza]] dan [[Gilgit]],{{sfn|Maconi|2004|p=373}} dan masyarakat [[suku Kalmuk|Kalmuk]] dan [[Ladakh]],{{sfn|Penick|2009|p=vii}}{{sfn|Herrmann|1990|p=485}} di [[Sikkim]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], dan di kalangan berbagai suku [[rumpun bahasa Tibeto-Burma|Tibeto-Burma]], Turki, dan [[suku Tungus|Tungus]].{{sfn|Harvilahti|1996|p=40}} Versi cetak pertama adalah naskah berbahasa Mongol yang diterbitkan di Beijing pada tahun 1716.{{sfn|Harvilahti|1996|p=43}} |
||
Wiracarita ini terdiri dari sejumlah besar kelompok versi, masing-masing dengan banyak varian, dan dianggap oleh beberapa kalangan sebagai yang terpanjang di dunia.{{sfn|Maconi|2004|p=372}} Meskipun tidak ada satu pun naskah yang pasti, kompilasi berbahasa Tionghoa sejauh ini dari versi Tibetnya saja telah mengisi sekitar 120 volume, lebih dari satu juta bait,{{sfn|Maconi|2004|p=372}} dibagi menjadi 29 "bab".{{sfn|Harvilahti|1996|p=42}} Perhitungan Barat menyatakan lebih dari 50 buku yang berbeda yang disunting sejauh ini di Tiongkok, India, dan Tibet.{{sfn|Maconi|2004|p=372}} |
|||
⚫ | |||
Seorang akademikus Tibet telah menulis: |
|||
<blockquote>Seperti wiracarita Yunani yang luar biasa, wiracarita India, dan [[Kalevala]], Raja Gesar adalah mutiara cemerlang dalam khazanah budaya dunia dan merupakan sumbangsih penting yang dibuat oleh negara kita untuk peradaban manusia.{{sfn|'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho|1990|p=472}}</blockquote> |
|||
⚫ | |||
{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
||
==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
||
{{Refbegin|30em}} |
{{Refbegin|30em}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = The Singers of the King Gesar Epic |
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Singers of the King Gesar Epic |
||
| last = 'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho |
| last = 'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho |
||
| title = Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors |
| title = Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors |
||
Baris 21: | Baris 26: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = The classical Tibetan language |
* {{Cite book| title = The classical Tibetan language |
||
| last = Beyer, | first = Stephan V |
| last = Beyer, | first = Stephan V |
||
| year = 1992 |
| year = 1992 |
||
Baris 30: | Baris 35: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = The Growth of Literature |
* {{Cite book| title = The Growth of Literature |
||
| last1 = Chadwick | first1 = Hector Munro |
| last1 = Chadwick | first1 = Hector Munro |
||
| last2 = Chadwick | first2 = Nora Kershaw |
| last2 = Chadwick | first2 = Nora Kershaw |
||
Baris 44: | Baris 49: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Oral Epics of Central Asia |
* {{Cite book| title = Oral Epics of Central Asia |
||
| last1 = Chadwick | first1 = Nora Kershaw |
| last1 = Chadwick | first1 = Nora Kershaw |
||
| last2 = Zhirmunsky | first2 = Viktor |
| last2 = Zhirmunsky | first2 = Viktor |
||
Baris 57: | Baris 62: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas |
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas |
||
| last = Chayet | first = Anne |
| last = Chayet | first = Anne |
||
| title = Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas |
| title = Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas |
||
Baris 68: | Baris 73: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling |
* {{Cite book| title = The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling |
||
| last1 = David-Néel | first1 = Alexandra |
| last1 = David-Néel | first1 = Alexandra |
||
| last2 = Yongden | first2 = Lama |
| last2 = Yongden | first2 = Lama |
||
Baris 79: | Baris 84: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology. |
* {{Cite book| title = Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology. |
||
| last = Dwyer | first = Arienne M. |
| last = Dwyer | first = Arienne M. |
||
| year = 2007 |
| year = 2007 |
||
Baris 90: | Baris 95: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga |
* {{Cite book| title = A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga |
||
| last = Francke | first = August Hermann |
| last = Francke | first = August Hermann |
||
| author-link = August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |
| author-link = August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |
||
Baris 101: | Baris 106: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750) |
* {{Cite book| chapter = Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750) |
||
| last1 = Harmatta | first1 = J. |
| last1 = Harmatta | first1 = J. |
||
| last2 = Litvinsky | first2 = B. A. |
| last2 = Litvinsky | first2 = B. A. |
||
Baris 114: | Baris 119: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite journal| title = Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations |
* {{Cite journal |
||
| title = Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations |
|||
| last = Harvilahti |
| last = Harvilahti |
||
| first = Lauri |
|||
| journal = Oral Tradition |
| journal = Oral Tradition |
||
| location = Beijing |
| location = Beijing |
||
| year = 1996 |
| year = 1996 |
||
| volume = 11 |
|||
| issue = 1 |
|||
| pages = 37–49 |
|||
| url = http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf |
| url = http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf |
||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
| access-date = 2018-11-28 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| archive-date = 2011-05-25 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204100/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/11i/7_harvilahti.pdf |
|||
| dead-url = yes |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| last = Helffer | first = Mireille |
| last = Helffer | first = Mireille |
||
| year = 1977 |
| year = 1977 |
||
Baris 131: | Baris 145: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar |
* {{Cite book| title = Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar |
||
| last = Hermanns | first = Matthias |
| last = Hermanns | first = Matthias |
||
| author-link = Matthias Hermanns |
| author-link = Matthias Hermanns |
||
Baris 140: | Baris 154: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh |
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh |
||
| last = Herrmann | first = Silke |
| last = Herrmann | first = Silke |
||
| title = Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors |
| title = Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors |
||
Baris 152: | Baris 166: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar |
* {{Cite book| title = Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar |
||
| last = Hummel | first = Siegbert |
| last = Hummel | first = Siegbert |
||
| author-link = Siegbert Hummel |
| author-link = Siegbert Hummel |
||
Baris 162: | Baris 176: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture |
* {{Cite book| chapter = Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture |
||
| last1 = Jiàngbiān Jiācuò | first1 = (降邊嘉措) |
| last1 = Jiàngbiān Jiācuò | first1 = (降邊嘉措) |
||
| title = The Epic: Oral and Written. |
| title = The Epic: Oral and Written. |
||
Baris 176: | Baris 190: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa |
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa |
||
| last = Kornman | first = Robin |
| last = Kornman | first = Robin |
||
| title = Recalling Chögyam Trungpa |
| title = Recalling Chögyam Trungpa |
||
Baris 188: | Baris 202: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism |
* {{Cite book |
||
| title = Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism |
|||
| last1 = Lati Rinbochay |
| last1 = Lati Rinbochay |
||
| last2 = Paṅ-chen Sö-nam-drak-ba |
| last2 = Paṅ-chen Sö-nam-drak-ba |
||
| last3 = Denma Lo-chö Rinbochay |
| last3 = Denma Lo-chö Rinbochay |
||
| editor1-last = Zahler |
| editor1-last = Zahler |
||
| editor1-first = Leah |
|||
| editor2-last = Hopkins. |
| editor2-last = Hopkins. |
||
| editor2-first = Jeffrey |
|||
| year = 1997 |
| year = 1997 |
||
| orig-year = First published 1983 |
| orig-year = First published 1983 |
||
| publisher = Wisdom Publications |
| publisher = Wisdom Publications |
||
| location = Somerville Massachusetts |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsbSqhlL9YC |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsbSqhlL9YC |
||
| isbn = 0-86171-119-X |
| isbn = 0-86171-119-X |
||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
|||
⚫ | |||
*{{Cite book| title = Religions of Tibet in Practice |
* {{Cite book| title = Religions of Tibet in Practice |
||
| last = Lopez Jr | first = Donald S |
| last = Lopez Jr | first = Donald S |
||
| year = 2007 |
| year = 2007 |
||
Baris 209: | Baris 227: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite journal| title = History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar |
* {{Cite journal |
||
| title = History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar |
|||
| last = Lǐ Liánróng |
| last = Lǐ Liánróng |
||
| first = (李連榮) |
|||
| journal = Oral Tradition |
| journal = Oral Tradition |
||
| location = Beijing |
| location = Beijing |
||
| year = 2001 |
| year = 2001 |
||
| volume = 16 |
|||
| issue = 2 |
|||
| pages = 317–342 |
|||
| url = http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf |
| url = http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf |
||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
| access-date = 2018-11-28 |
|||
}} |
|||
| archive-date = 2017-12-02 |
|||
⚫ | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171202101746/http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/16ii/Li_Lianrong.pdf |
|||
| dead-url = yes |
|||
⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
| last = Maconi | first = Lara. |
| last = Maconi | first = Lara. |
||
| title = Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches |
| title = Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches |
||
Baris 229: | Baris 256: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet |
* {{Cite book| chapter = Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet |
||
| last1 = Martin | first1 = Dan |
| last1 = Martin | first1 = Dan |
||
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes |
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes |
||
Baris 243: | Baris 270: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Science and Civilization in China |
* {{Cite book| title = Science and Civilization in China |
||
| last = Needham | first = Joseph |
| last = Needham | first = Joseph |
||
| author-link = Joseph Needham |
| author-link = Joseph Needham |
||
Baris 254: | Baris 281: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space |
* {{Cite book| chapter = So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space |
||
| last1 = Papas | first1 = Alexandre |
| last1 = Papas | first1 = Alexandre |
||
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes |
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes |
||
Baris 268: | Baris 295: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = The warrior song of King Gesar |
* {{Cite book |
||
| title = The warrior song of King Gesar |
|||
| last = Penick |
| last = Penick |
||
| first = Douglas J |
|||
| year = 1996 |
| year = 1996 |
||
| publisher = Wisdom Publications |
| publisher = Wisdom Publications |
||
| location = Boston, Massachusetts |
|||
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1LuZZLvdDyQC&printsec=frontcover&dq |
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1LuZZLvdDyQC&printsec=frontcover&dq |
||
| isbn = 978-0-86171-113-0 |
| isbn = 978-0-86171-113-0 |
||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
|||
}} |
|||
*{{Cite book| title = Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death |
* {{Cite book| title = Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death |
||
| last = Penick | first = Douglas J |
| last = Penick | first = Douglas J |
||
| year = 2009 |
| year = 2009 |
||
Baris 284: | Baris 314: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = The Teaching of Shambhala |
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Teaching of Shambhala |
||
| last = Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche |
| last = Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche |
||
| title = Recalling Chögyam Trungpa |
| title = Recalling Chögyam Trungpa |
||
Baris 296: | Baris 326: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Tantric revisionings: new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion |
* {{Cite book| title = Tantric revisionings: new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion |
||
| last = Samuel | first = Geoffrey |
| last = Samuel | first = Geoffrey |
||
| year = 2005 |
| year = 2005 |
||
Baris 304: | Baris 334: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies |
* {{Cite book| title = Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies |
||
| last = Samuel | first = Geoffrey |
| last = Samuel | first = Geoffrey |
||
| year = 1993 |
| year = 1993 |
||
Baris 312: | Baris 342: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = One Hundred Thousand Moons |
* {{Cite book| title = One Hundred Thousand Moons |
||
| last = Shakabpa | first = Wangchuk Deden |
| last = Shakabpa | first = Wangchuk Deden |
||
| author-link = Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa |
| author-link = Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa |
||
Baris 323: | Baris 353: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling |
* {{Cite book| title = L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling |
||
| last = Stein | first = Rolf A |
| last = Stein | first = Rolf A |
||
| author-link = Rolf Stein |
| author-link = Rolf Stein |
||
Baris 331: | Baris 361: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet |
* {{Cite book| title = Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet |
||
| last = Stein | first = Rolf A. |
| last = Stein | first = Rolf A. |
||
| author-link = Rolf Stein |
| author-link = Rolf Stein |
||
Baris 339: | Baris 369: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| chapter = Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D. |
* {{Cite book| chapter = Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D. |
||
| last1 = Vohra | first1 = Rohit |
| last1 = Vohra | first1 = Rohit |
||
| title = Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh |
| title = Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh |
||
Baris 352: | Baris 382: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual |
* {{Cite book| title = Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual |
||
| last = Young | first = Serinity |
| last = Young | first = Serinity |
||
| year = 2004 |
| year = 2004 |
||
Baris 360: | Baris 390: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.) |
* {{Cite book| title = Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.) |
||
| last1 = Сахаровска | first1 = Александра |
| last1 = Сахаровска | first1 = Александра |
||
| last2 = Солоухин | first2 = Владимир Алексеевич |
| last2 = Солоухин | first2 = Владимир Алексеевич |
||
Baris 368: | Baris 398: | ||
| ref = harv |
| ref = harv |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{Cite book| title = Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре (Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar) |
* {{Cite book| title = Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре (Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar) |
||
| last = Сэцэнмунч | first = Ульдзийт |
| last = Сэцэнмунч | first = Ульдзийт |
||
| year = 2004 |
| year = 2004 |
||
Baris 378: | Baris 408: | ||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
==Pranala luar== |
== Pranala luar == |
||
{{Portal|Mythology}} |
|||
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/38836.htm King Gessar] |
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/38836.htm King Gessar] |
||
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/36652.htm King Gessar preserved] |
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/36652.htm King Gessar preserved] |
||
Baris 393: | Baris 422: | ||
[[Kategori:Bon]] |
[[Kategori:Bon]] |
||
[[Kategori:Wiracarita]] |
[[Kategori:Wiracarita]] |
||
[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Mahakarya Warisan Budaya Lisan dan Takbenda Manusia]] |
||
[[Kategori:Mitologi Mongol]] |
[[Kategori:Mitologi Mongol]] |
||
[[Kategori:Kesusastraan Mongolia]] |
[[Kategori:Kesusastraan Mongolia]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 30 Mei 2023 05.41
Wiracarita Raja Gesar (/ˈɡɛzər, ˈɡɛs-/; Tibet: གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ་; Wylie: ge sar rgyal po, "Raja Gesar"; bahasa Mongol: Гэсэр Хаан, Geser Khagan, "Raja Geser", bahasa Rusia: Гесар-хан atau Кесар), juga dieja Geser (khususnya dalam konteks bahasa Mongolia) atau Kesar (/ˈkɛzər, ˈkɛs-/), adalah sebuha siklus wiracarita, diyakini berasal dari abad ke-12, yang berhubungan dengan perbuatan heroik pahlawan budaya Gesar,[1] raja yang tidak mengenal takut dari kerajaan Ling yang legendaris (Wylie: gling). Wiracarita ini dicatat secara beragam dalam puisi dan prosa, fabel nyanyian atau shuochang yang menjadi ragam pertunjukan tradisional,[2] dan dinyanyikan secara luas di seluruh Asia Tengah dan Timur Laut Asia Selatan. Versi klasiknya dapat ditemukan di Tibet bagian tengah.[3] Sekitar 100 orang bard dari wiracarita ini (Wylie: sgrung, "dongeng")[4] masih aktif saat ini di sabuk Gesar di Tiongkok.[5] Para penyanyi Tibet, Mongol, Buryat, Balti, Ladakh, dan Monguor mempertahankan tradisi lisan dan wiracarita ini telah menarik rasa ingin tahu ilmiah yang kuat sebagai salah satu dari sedikit tradisi wiracarita lisan yang bertahan sebagai sebuah seni pertunjukan. Selain cerita yang dilestarikan oleh etnis minoritas di Tiongkok seperti Bai, Naxi, Pumi, Lisu, dan Yugur,[6] versi wiracarita ini juga tercatat di antara masyarakat Balti di Baltistan, suku Burusho di Hunza dan Gilgit,[6] dan masyarakat Kalmuk dan Ladakh,[7][8] di Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, dan di kalangan berbagai suku Tibeto-Burma, Turki, dan Tungus.[9] Versi cetak pertama adalah naskah berbahasa Mongol yang diterbitkan di Beijing pada tahun 1716.[10]
Wiracarita ini terdiri dari sejumlah besar kelompok versi, masing-masing dengan banyak varian, dan dianggap oleh beberapa kalangan sebagai yang terpanjang di dunia.[4] Meskipun tidak ada satu pun naskah yang pasti, kompilasi berbahasa Tionghoa sejauh ini dari versi Tibetnya saja telah mengisi sekitar 120 volume, lebih dari satu juta bait,[4] dibagi menjadi 29 "bab".[11] Perhitungan Barat menyatakan lebih dari 50 buku yang berbeda yang disunting sejauh ini di Tiongkok, India, dan Tibet.[4]
Seorang akademikus Tibet telah menulis:
Seperti wiracarita Yunani yang luar biasa, wiracarita India, dan Kalevala, Raja Gesar adalah mutiara cemerlang dalam khazanah budaya dunia dan merupakan sumbangsih penting yang dibuat oleh negara kita untuk peradaban manusia.[12]
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Samuel 1993, hlm. 68–9.
- ^ Samuel 2005, hlm. 166.
- ^ Chadwick & Chadwick 1968, hlm. 48–9,215–6.
- ^ a b c d Maconi 2004, hlm. 372.
- ^ Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998, hlm. 222.
- ^ a b Maconi 2004, hlm. 373.
- ^ Penick 2009, hlm. vii.
- ^ Herrmann 1990, hlm. 485.
- ^ Harvilahti 1996, hlm. 40.
- ^ Harvilahti 1996, hlm. 43.
- ^ Harvilahti 1996, hlm. 42.
- ^ 'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho 1990, hlm. 472.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- 'Jam-dpal rgyal-mtsho (1990). "The Singers of the King Gesar Epic". Dalam Honko, Lauri. Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 471–484. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Beyer,, Stephan V (1992). The classical Tibetan language. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1099-8. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Chadwick, Hector Munro; Chadwick, Nora Kershaw (2010) [First published 1940]. The Growth of Literature. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01615-5. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Chadwick, Nora Kershaw; Zhirmunsky, Viktor (2010) [First published 1968]. Oral Epics of Central Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14828-3. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Chayet, Anne (2003). "The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas". Dalam Pommaret, Françoise. Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12866-8. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- David-Néel, Alexandra; Yongden, Lama (2004) [First published 1933]. The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-8686-6.
- Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology. Turcologia 31,7. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4. Diakses tanggal 17 July 2011.
- Francke, August Hermann (2000) [1905/1909]. A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga. Dehli: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1507-6. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Harmatta, J.; Litvinsky, B. A. (1999). "Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750)". Dalam Dani, Ahmad Hasan. History of civilizations of Central Asia. 3. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 367–402. ISBN 978-81-208-1540-7. Diakses tanggal 15 July 2011.
- Harvilahti, Lauri (1996). "Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations" (PDF). Oral Tradition. Beijing. 11 (1): 37–49. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2011-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2018-11-28.
- Helffer, Mireille (1977). Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin. Paris: Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-03309-1. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Hermanns, Matthias (1965). Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar. Regensburg.: Josef Habbel Verlag. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Herrmann, Silke (1990). "The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh". Dalam Honko, Lauri. Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 485–501. ISBN 978-3-11-012253-4. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Hummel, Siegbert (1998). Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar. Guido Vogliotti (trans.). Dharamsala: The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. ISBN 978-81-86470-20-6.
- Jiàngbiān Jiācuò, (降邊嘉措) (1998). "Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture". Dalam Honko, Lauri; Handoo, Jawaharlal; Foley, John Miles. The Epic: Oral and Written. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. hlm. 220–225. ISBN 81-7342-055-6. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Kornman, Robin (2005). "The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa". Dalam Midal, Fabrice. Recalling Chögyam Trungpa. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. hlm. 347–379. ISBN 978-1-59030-207-1. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Lati Rinbochay; Paṅ-chen Sö-nam-drak-ba; Denma Lo-chö Rinbochay (1997) [First published 1983]. Zahler, Leah; Hopkins., Jeffrey, ed. Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism. Somerville Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-119-X.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Lopez Jr, Donald S (2007). Religions of Tibet in Practice. Princeton, Massachusetts: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12972-3.
- Lǐ Liánróng, (李連榮) (2001). "History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar" (PDF). Oral Tradition. Beijing. 16 (2): 317–342. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-12-02. Diakses tanggal 2018-11-28.
- Maconi, Lara. (2004). "Theatrical Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chinese (post-)maoïste". Dalam Labarthe, Judith. Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. hlm. 371–419. ISBN 978-90-5201-196-7. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Martin, Dan (2011). "Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet". Dalam Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 117–144. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Needham, Joseph (1988) [First published 1954]. Science and Civilization in China. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05799-X.
- Papas, Alexandre (2011). "So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space". Dalam Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. hlm. 261–280. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Penick, Douglas J (1996). The warrior song of King Gesar. Boston, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-113-0.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Penick, Douglas J (2009). Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death. Minneapolis: Mill City Press. ISBN 978-1-934937-99-0.
- Sakyong Mipham Rinpoche (2005). "The Teaching of Shambhala". Dalam Midal, Fabrice. Recalling Chögyam Trungpa. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. hlm. 329–336. ISBN 978-1-59030-207-1. Diakses tanggal 14 July 2011.
- Samuel, Geoffrey (2005). Tantric revisionings: new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-2752-3.
- Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-620-1.
- Shakabpa, Wangchuk Deden (2011) [First published 1976]. One Hundred Thousand Moons. Derek F. Maher (trans.). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17788-8.
- Stein, Rolf A (1956). L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Stein, Rolf A. (1959). Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- Vohra, Rohit (1996). "Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D.". Dalam Osmaston, Henry; Denwood, Philip. Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh. Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 216–234. ISBN 978-81-208-1404-2. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2011.
- Young, Serinity (2004). Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91483-3.
- Сахаровска, Александра; Солоухин, Владимир Алексеевич (1986). Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.). Бурятское Книжное Издательство.
- Сэцэнмунч, Ульдзийт (2004). Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре (Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar). Санкт-Петербург.: Астерион. ISBN 978-5-94856-085-4.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- King Gessar
- King Gessar preserved
- King Gessar and Samzhug
- English Translation of Geser Epic - Buryat version di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan tanggal 29 June 2007)
- An 1835 German translation of the Mongolian version at the Internet Archive
- The Mongolian version in Mongolian (Khalkha Cyrillic)
- The Buryat version in Russian translation