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(46 revisi perantara oleh 24 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
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{{other|Cf (disambiguasi)}} |
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{{Elementbox_header | number=98 | symbol=Cf | name=californium | left=[[berkelium]] | right=[[einsteinium]] | above=[[dysprosium|Dy]] | below=(Uqo) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
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{{Kotak info kalifornium}} |
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{{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} |
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'''Kalifornium''' ({{pronEng|ˌkæl<s>ɪ</s>ˈforniəm}}) adalah [[unsur kimia]] dalam [[sistem periodik unsur]] yang memiliki lambang '''Cf''' dan [[nomor atom]] 98. Atom ini dinamakan berdasarkan universitas dan negara bagian Kalifornia. Kalifornium adalah senyawa paling mahal ke-7 di dunia, dengan harga 27 juta dolar Amerika per Gram.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why Does Californium-252 Cost $27 Million Per Gram|url=https://medium.com/illumination/why-does-californium-252-cost-27-million-per-gram-91526225287|accessdate=2023-06-24|language=id-ID}}</ref> |
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{{Elementbox_periodblock | period=7 | block=f }} |
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{{Elementbox_appearance | silvery }} |
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== Kegunaan == |
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{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|(251)]] }} |
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Kalifornium bisa digunakan untuk terapi [[kanker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mastah.org/kalifornium-californium-cf-penjelasan-ciri-sifat-dan-fungsi-kegunaan/|title=Kalifornium {{!}} Californium (Cf) : Penjelasan, Ciri Sifat dan Kegunaan|date=2017-11-30|website=MASTAH|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Elemen ini adalah sumber neutron yang efisien. Karena itu banyak potensi kegunaan baru untuk elemen ini. |
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{{Elementbox_econfig | [[[radon|Rn]]] 5f<sup>10</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup> }} |
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{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 }} |
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== Referensi == |
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{{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} |
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{{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 15.1 }} |
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== Bacaan == |
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{{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1173 | c=900 | f=1652 }} |
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<!--NOTE only add URLs to places where at least some preview of the book is available --> |
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{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
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* {{cite book |
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{{Elementbox_oxistates | 2, '''3''', 4 }} |
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|last = Cotton|first = F. Albert |
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{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} |
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|coauthors = Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred |
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{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 608 }} |
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|title = Advanced Inorganic Chemistry |
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{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
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|url = https://archive.org/details/advancedinorgani0000unse|edition = 6th |
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{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-71-3 }} |
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|year = 1999 |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
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|publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=248 | sym=Cf |
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|isbn = 978-0-471-19957-1 |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|333.5 d]] |
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|chapter = |
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| dm1=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- |
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|pages = |
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| dm2=[[alpha emission|α]] | de2=6.361 | pn2=244 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
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|ref = harv |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=249 | sym=Cf |
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}} |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|351 y]] |
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* {{cite book |
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| dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- |
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|author = CRC contributors |
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| dm2=α | de2=6.295 | pn2=245 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
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|title = Handbook of Metal Etchants |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=250 | sym=Cf |
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|editor1-first = Perrin|editor1-last = Walker |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E8 s|13.08 y]] |
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|editor2-first = William H.|editor2-last = Tarn |
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| dm1=α | de1=6.128 | pn1=246 | ps1=[[curium|Cm]] |
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|edition = |
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| dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} |
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|year = 1991 |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=251 | sym=Cf |
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|publisher = CRC Press |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=898 [[year|y]] |
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|isbn = 978-0-8493-3623-2 |
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| dm=α | de=6.176 | pn=247 | ps=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|1991}} |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=252 | sym=Cf |
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}} |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2.645 y |
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* {{cite book |
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| dm1=α | de1=6.217 | pn1=248 | ps1=[[curium|Cm]] |
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|author = CRC contributors |
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| dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} |
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|title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=253 | sym=Cf |
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|editor-first = David R.|editor-last = Lide |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|17.81 d]] |
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|edition = 87th |
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| dm1=[[beta emission|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de1=0.285 | pn1=253 | ps1=[[einsteinium|Es]] |
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|year = 2006 |
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| dm2=α | de2=6.124 | pn2=249 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
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|publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=254 | sym=Cf |
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|isbn = 978-0-8493-0487-3 |
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| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E s|60.5 d]] |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|2006}} |
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| dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- |
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}} |
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| dm2=α | de2=5.926 | pn2=250 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
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* {{cite book |
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} |
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|title = The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements |
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{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
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|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp |
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'''Kalifornium''' ({{pronEng|ˌkæl<s>ɪ</s>ˈforniəm}}) adalah [[unsur kimia]] dalam [[sistem periodik unsur]] yang memiliki lambang '''Cf''' dan [[nomor atom]] 98. |
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|publisher = Reinhold Book Corporation |
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|year = 1968 |
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|editor-last = Hampel|editor-first = Clifford A. |
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|last = Cunningham |
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|first = B. B. |
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|coauthors = |
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|chapter = Californium |
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|pages= |
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|ref = harv |
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|lccn = 68-29938 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = The Elements |
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|last = Emsley |
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|first = John |
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|publisher = Oxford University Press |
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|year = 1998 |
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|isbn = 978-0-19-855818-7 |
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|pages = |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qgYpAAAAYAAJ |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |
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|last = Emsley |
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|first = John |
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|publisher = Oxford University Press |
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|year = 2001 |
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|isbn = 978-0-19-850340-8 |
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|chapter = Californium |
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|pages = |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Greenwood |
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|first = N. N. |
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|coauthors = Earnshaw, A. |
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|title = Chemistry of the Elements |
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|edition = 2nd |
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|publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |
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|year = 1997 |
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|isbn = 978-0-7506-3365-9 |
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|page = |
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|chapter = |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |
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|editor1-first = Lester R. |
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|editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M. |
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|editor2-last = Edelstein |
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|editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean |
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|last = Haire|first = Richard G. |
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|chapter = Californium |
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|publisher = Springer Science+Business Media |
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|year = 2006 |
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|isbn = 978-1-4020-3555-5 |
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|edition = 3rd |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Heiserman |
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|first = David L. |
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|year = 1992 |
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|title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds |
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|publisher = TAB Books |
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|isbn = 978-0-8306-3018-9 |
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|chapter = Element 98: Californium |
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|ref = harv |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|others = trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary |
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|editor1-first = Hans-Dieter|editor1-last = Jakubke |
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|editor2-first = Hans|editor2-last = Jeschkeit |
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|title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry |
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|publisher = Walter de Gruyter |
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|year = 1994 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover |
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|isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5 |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|Jakubke|1994}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Krebs |
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|first = Robert |
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|title = The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide |
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|url = https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb |
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|year = 2006 |
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|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group |
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|isbn = 978-0-313-33438-2 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|title = Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version |
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|author = National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement |
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|year = 2008 |
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|publisher = National Academies Press |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|NRC|2008}} |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&printsec=frontcover |
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|isbn = 978-0-309-11014-3 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|editor1-last = O'Neil|editor1-first = Marydale J. |
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|editor2-last = Heckelman|editor2-first = Patricia E. |
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|editor3-last = Roman|editor3-first = Cherie B. |
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|title = The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals |
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|edition = 14th |
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|publisher = Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. |
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|year = 2006 |
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|isbn = 978-0-911910-00-1 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYfRAAACAAJ |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|O'Neil|2006}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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| title = Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope |
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| last1 = Osborne-Lee|first1 = I. W. |
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| last2 = Alexander|first2 = C. W. |
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| journal = Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706 |
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| year = 1995 |
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| url = http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=205871 |doi=10.2172/205871 |
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| ref = {{sfnRef|Osborne-Lee|1995}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Ruiz-Lapuente |
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|first1 = P. |
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|last2 = Canal |
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|first2 = R. |
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|last3 = Isern |
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|first3 = J. |
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|year = 1996 |
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|title = Thermonuclear Supernovae |
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|publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |
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|isbn = 978-0-7923-4359-2 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=I6Rl1VAAX3QC |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|Ruiz-Lapuente|1996}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Seaborg|first1 = Glenn T. |
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|last2 = Loveland|first2 = Walter D. |
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|title = The Elements Beyond Uranium |
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|publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
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|year = 1990 |
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|isbn = 978-0-471-89062-1 |
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|ref = {{sfnRef|Seaborg|1990}} |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Seaborg |
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|first = G. T. |
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|year = 1994 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA245 |
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|title = Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg |
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|publisher = World Scientific |
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|isbn = 978-981-02-1440-1 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Seaborg |
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|first = G. T. |
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|year = 1996 |
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|editor = Adloff, J. P. |
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|title = One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity |
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|publisher = Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |
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|isbn = 978-3-486-64252-0 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |
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| last = Seaborg | first = Glenn T. |
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| encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry |
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| title = Californium |
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| editor = Geller, Elizabeth |
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| publisher = McGraw-Hill |
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| year = 2004 |
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| isbn = 978-0-07-143953-4 |
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| page = 94 |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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| ref= harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Szwacki|first1 = Nevill Gonzalez |
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|last2 = Szwacka|first2 = Teresa |
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|title = Basic Elements of Crystallography |
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|publisher = Pan Stanford |
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|year = 2010 |
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|isbn = 978-981-4241-59-5 |
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|url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/39588027/Basic-Elements-of-Crystallography |
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|ref= {{sfnRef|Szwacki|2010}} |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Weeks |
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|first = Mary Elvira |
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|coauthor = Leichester, Henry M. |
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|year = 1968 |
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|title = Discovery of the Elements |
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|url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse |
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|publisher = Journal of Chemical Education |
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|chapter = 21: Modern Alchemy |
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/848 848]–850 |
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|ref = harv |
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|isbn = 978-0-7661-3872-8 |
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|lccn = 68-15217 |
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}} |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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