Kalifornium: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tampilan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k r2.7.2) (bot Mengubah: bs:Kalifornij |
→Kegunaan: Perbaikan kesalahan ketik Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan aplikasi seluler Suntingan aplikasi Android |
||
(29 revisi perantara oleh 19 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{other|Cf (disambiguasi)}} |
|||
{{Elementbox_header | number=98 | symbol=Cf | name=californium | left=[[berkelium]] | right=[[einsteinium]] | above=[[dysprosium|Dy]] | below=(Uqo) | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
|||
{{Kotak info kalifornium}} |
|||
{{Elementbox_series | [[actinide]]s }} |
|||
'''Kalifornium''' ({{pronEng|ˌkæl<s>ɪ</s>ˈforniəm}}) adalah [[unsur kimia]] dalam [[sistem periodik unsur]] yang memiliki lambang '''Cf''' dan [[nomor atom]] 98. Atom ini dinamakan berdasarkan universitas dan negara bagian Kalifornia. Kalifornium adalah senyawa paling mahal ke-7 di dunia, dengan harga 27 juta dolar Amerika per Gram.<ref>{{Citation|title=Why Does Californium-252 Cost $27 Million Per Gram|url=https://medium.com/illumination/why-does-californium-252-cost-27-million-per-gram-91526225287|accessdate=2023-06-24|language=id-ID}}</ref> |
|||
{{Elementbox_periodblock | period=7 | block=f }} |
|||
{{Elementbox_appearance | silvery }} |
|||
== Kegunaan == |
|||
{{Elementbox_atomicmass_gpm | [[1 E-25 kg|(251)]] }} |
|||
Kalifornium bisa digunakan untuk terapi [[kanker]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mastah.org/kalifornium-californium-cf-penjelasan-ciri-sifat-dan-fungsi-kegunaan/|title=Kalifornium {{!}} Californium (Cf) : Penjelasan, Ciri Sifat dan Kegunaan|date=2017-11-30|website=MASTAH|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Elemen ini adalah sumber neutron yang efisien. Karena itu banyak potensi kegunaan baru untuk elemen ini. |
|||
{{Elementbox_econfig | [[[radon|Rn]]] 5f<sup>10</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup> }} |
|||
{{Elementbox_epershell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 }} |
|||
== Referensi == |
|||
{{Elementbox_section_physicalprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
{{Elementbox_phase | [[solid]] }} |
|||
{{Elementbox_density_gpcm3nrt | 15.1 }} |
|||
== Bacaan == |
|||
{{Elementbox_meltingpoint | k=1173 | c=900 | f=1652 }} |
|||
<!--NOTE only add URLs to places where at least some preview of the book is available --> |
|||
{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
{{Elementbox_oxistates | 2, '''3''', 4 }} |
|||
|last = Cotton|first = F. Albert |
|||
{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.3 }} |
|||
|coauthors = Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred |
|||
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies1 | 608 }} |
|||
|title = Advanced Inorganic Chemistry |
|||
{{Elementbox_section_miscellaneous | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/advancedinorgani0000unse|edition = 6th |
|||
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-71-3 }} |
|||
|year = 1999 |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
|||
|publisher = John Wiley & Sons |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=248 | sym=Cf |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-471-19957-1 |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|333.5 d]] |
|||
|chapter = |
|||
| dm1=[[spontaneous fission|SF]] | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- |
|||
|pages = |
|||
| dm2=[[alpha emission|α]] | de2=6.361 | pn2=244 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=249 | sym=Cf |
|||
}} |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E10 s|351 y]] |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- |
|||
|author = CRC contributors |
|||
| dm2=α | de2=6.295 | pn2=245 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
|||
|title = Handbook of Metal Etchants |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=250 | sym=Cf |
|||
|editor1-first = Perrin|editor1-last = Walker |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E8 s|13.08 y]] |
|||
|editor2-first = William H.|editor2-last = Tarn |
|||
| dm1=α | de1=6.128 | pn1=246 | ps1=[[curium|Cm]] |
|||
|edition = |
|||
| dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} |
|||
|year = 1991 |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=251 | sym=Cf |
|||
|publisher = CRC Press |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=898 [[year|y]] |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-8493-3623-2 |
|||
| dm=α | de=6.176 | pn=247 | ps=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|1991}} |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=252 | sym=Cf |
|||
}} |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=2.645 y |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
| dm1=α | de1=6.217 | pn1=248 | ps1=[[curium|Cm]] |
|||
|author = CRC contributors |
|||
| dm2=SF | de2=- | pn2= | ps2=- }} |
|||
|title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=253 | sym=Cf |
|||
|editor-first = David R.|editor-last = Lide |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E6 s|17.81 d]] |
|||
|edition = 87th |
|||
| dm1=[[beta emission|β<sup>-</sup>]] | de1=0.285 | pn1=253 | ps1=[[einsteinium|Es]] |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
| dm2=α | de2=6.124 | pn2=249 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
|||
|publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=254 | sym=Cf |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-8493-0487-3 |
|||
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E s|60.5 d]] |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|2006}} |
|||
| dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- |
|||
}} |
|||
| dm2=α | de2=5.926 | pn2=250 | ps2=[[curium|Cm]] }} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
{{Elementbox_isotopes_end}} |
|||
|title = The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements |
|||
{{Elementbox_footer | color1=#ff99cc | color2=black }} |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp |
|||
'''Kalifornium''' ({{pronEng|ˌkæl<s>ɪ</s>ˈforniəm}}) adalah [[unsur kimia]] dalam [[sistem periodik unsur]] yang memiliki lambang '''Cf''' dan [[nomor atom]] 98. |
|||
|publisher = Reinhold Book Corporation |
|||
|year = 1968 |
|||
|editor-last = Hampel|editor-first = Clifford A. |
|||
|last = Cunningham |
|||
|first = B. B. |
|||
|coauthors = |
|||
|chapter = Californium |
|||
|pages= |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|lccn = 68-29938 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|title = The Elements |
|||
|last = Emsley |
|||
|first = John |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 1998 |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-19-855818-7 |
|||
|pages = |
|||
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qgYpAAAAYAAJ |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |
|||
|last = Emsley |
|||
|first = John |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-19-850340-8 |
|||
|chapter = Californium |
|||
|pages = |
|||
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Greenwood |
|||
|first = N. N. |
|||
|coauthors = Earnshaw, A. |
|||
|title = Chemistry of the Elements |
|||
|edition = 2nd |
|||
|publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |
|||
|year = 1997 |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-7506-3365-9 |
|||
|page = |
|||
|chapter = |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |
|||
|editor1-first = Lester R. |
|||
|editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M. |
|||
|editor2-last = Edelstein |
|||
|editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean |
|||
|last = Haire|first = Richard G. |
|||
|chapter = Californium |
|||
|publisher = Springer Science+Business Media |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|isbn = 978-1-4020-3555-5 |
|||
|edition = 3rd |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Heiserman |
|||
|first = David L. |
|||
|year = 1992 |
|||
|title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds |
|||
|publisher = TAB Books |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-8306-3018-9 |
|||
|chapter = Element 98: Californium |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|others = trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary |
|||
|editor1-first = Hans-Dieter|editor1-last = Jakubke |
|||
|editor2-first = Hans|editor2-last = Jeschkeit |
|||
|title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry |
|||
|publisher = Walter de Gruyter |
|||
|year = 1994 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover |
|||
|isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5 |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|Jakubke|1994}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Krebs |
|||
|first = Robert |
|||
|title = The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-313-33438-2 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|title = Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version |
|||
|author = National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement |
|||
|year = 2008 |
|||
|publisher = National Academies Press |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|NRC|2008}} |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&printsec=frontcover |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-309-11014-3 |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|editor1-last = O'Neil|editor1-first = Marydale J. |
|||
|editor2-last = Heckelman|editor2-first = Patricia E. |
|||
|editor3-last = Roman|editor3-first = Cherie B. |
|||
|title = The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals |
|||
|edition = 14th |
|||
|publisher = Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-911910-00-1 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYfRAAACAAJ |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|O'Neil|2006}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite journal |
|||
| title = Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope |
|||
| last1 = Osborne-Lee|first1 = I. W. |
|||
| last2 = Alexander|first2 = C. W. |
|||
| journal = Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706 |
|||
| year = 1995 |
|||
| url = http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=205871 |doi=10.2172/205871 |
|||
| ref = {{sfnRef|Osborne-Lee|1995}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Ruiz-Lapuente |
|||
|first1 = P. |
|||
|last2 = Canal |
|||
|first2 = R. |
|||
|last3 = Isern |
|||
|first3 = J. |
|||
|year = 1996 |
|||
|title = Thermonuclear Supernovae |
|||
|publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-7923-4359-2 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=I6Rl1VAAX3QC |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|Ruiz-Lapuente|1996}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Seaborg|first1 = Glenn T. |
|||
|last2 = Loveland|first2 = Walter D. |
|||
|title = The Elements Beyond Uranium |
|||
|publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
|||
|year = 1990 |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-471-89062-1 |
|||
|ref = {{sfnRef|Seaborg|1990}} |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Seaborg |
|||
|first = G. T. |
|||
|year = 1994 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA245 |
|||
|title = Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg |
|||
|publisher = World Scientific |
|||
|isbn = 978-981-02-1440-1 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Seaborg |
|||
|first = G. T. |
|||
|year = 1996 |
|||
|editor = Adloff, J. P. |
|||
|title = One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity |
|||
|publisher = Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag |
|||
|isbn = 978-3-486-64252-0 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
|||
* {{cite encyclopedia |
|||
| last = Seaborg | first = Glenn T. |
|||
| encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry |
|||
| title = Californium |
|||
| editor = Geller, Elizabeth |
|||
| publisher = McGraw-Hill |
|||
| year = 2004 |
|||
| isbn = 978-0-07-143953-4 |
|||
| page = 94 |
|||
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
| ref= harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Szwacki|first1 = Nevill Gonzalez |
|||
|last2 = Szwacka|first2 = Teresa |
|||
|title = Basic Elements of Crystallography |
|||
|publisher = Pan Stanford |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
|isbn = 978-981-4241-59-5 |
|||
|url = http://www.scribd.com/doc/39588027/Basic-Elements-of-Crystallography |
|||
|ref= {{sfnRef|Szwacki|2010}} |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Weeks |
|||
|first = Mary Elvira |
|||
|coauthor = Leichester, Henry M. |
|||
|year = 1968 |
|||
|title = Discovery of the Elements |
|||
|url = https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse |
|||
|publisher = Journal of Chemical Education |
|||
|chapter = 21: Modern Alchemy |
|||
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/848 848]–850 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-7661-3872-8 |
|||
|lccn = 68-15217 |
|||
}} |
|||
== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
||
Baris 58: | Baris 262: | ||
{{Tabel periodik unsur kimia}} |
{{Tabel periodik unsur kimia}} |
||
{{kimia-stub}} |
|||
<!-- interwiki --> |
|||
[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] |
[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] |
||
[[Kategori:Aktinida]] |
[[Kategori:Aktinida]] |
||
[[Kategori:Unsur kimia |
[[Kategori:Unsur kimia sintetis]] |
||
{{Link FA|de}} |
|||
{{Link FA|en}} |
|||
{{kimia-stub}} |
|||
[[ar:كاليفورنيوم]] |
|||
[[az:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[be:Каліфорній]] |
|||
[[be-x-old:Каліфорн]] |
|||
[[bn:ক্যালিফোর্নিয়াম]] |
|||
[[bs:Kalifornij]] |
|||
[[ca:Californi]] |
|||
[[co:Californiu]] |
|||
[[cs:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[cv:Калифорни (элемент)]] |
|||
[[cy:Califforniwm]] |
|||
[[da:Californium]] |
|||
[[de:Californium]] |
|||
[[el:Καλιφόρνιο]] |
|||
[[en:Californium]] |
|||
[[eo:Kaliforniumo]] |
|||
[[es:Californio]] |
|||
[[et:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[eu:Kalifornio]] |
|||
[[fa:کالیفرنیم]] |
|||
[[fi:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[fr:Californium]] |
|||
[[fur:Californi]] |
|||
[[ga:Calafoirniam]] |
|||
[[gl:Californio]] |
|||
[[gv:Californium]] |
|||
[[hak:Khà (鉲)]] |
|||
[[he:קליפורניום]] |
|||
[[hif:Californium]] |
|||
[[hr:Kalifornij]] |
|||
[[ht:Kalifònyòm]] |
|||
[[hu:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[hy:Կալիֆոռնիում]] |
|||
[[ia:Californium]] |
|||
[[io:Kalifornio]] |
|||
[[it:Californio]] |
|||
[[ja:カリホルニウム]] |
|||
[[jbo:jinmrkaliforni]] |
|||
[[jv:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[ko:캘리포늄]] |
|||
[[kv:Калифорний]] |
|||
[[la:Californium]] |
|||
[[lb:Californium]] |
|||
[[lij:Californio]] |
|||
[[lt:Kalifornis]] |
|||
[[lv:Kalifornijs]] |
|||
[[ml:കാലിഫോർണിയം]] |
|||
[[mr:कॅलिफोर्नियम]] |
|||
[[mrj:Калифорний]] |
|||
[[ms:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[my:ကာလီဖိုနီယမ်]] |
|||
[[nl:Californium]] |
|||
[[nn:Californium]] |
|||
[[no:Californium]] |
|||
[[oc:Califòrni]] |
|||
[[pl:Kaliforn]] |
|||
[[pt:Califórnio]] |
|||
[[qu:Kalifornyu]] |
|||
[[ro:Californiu]] |
|||
[[ru:Калифорний]] |
|||
[[sa:कालिफोर्नियम]] |
|||
[[sah:Калифорниум]] |
|||
[[scn:Californiu]] |
|||
[[sh:Kalifornijum]] |
|||
[[simple:Californium]] |
|||
[[sk:Kalifornium]] |
|||
[[sl:Kalifornij]] |
|||
[[sq:Kaliforniumi]] |
|||
[[sr:Калифорнијум]] |
|||
[[stq:Californium]] |
|||
[[sv:Californium]] |
|||
[[th:แคลิฟอร์เนียม]] |
|||
[[tr:Kaliforniyum]] |
|||
[[ug:كالىفورنىي]] |
|||
[[uk:Каліфорній]] |
|||
[[ur:کیلیفورنیئم]] |
|||
[[vep:Kalifornii (himine element)]] |
|||
[[vi:Californi]] |
|||
[[war:Californyo]] |
|||
[[xal:Калифорниүм]] |
|||
[[yo:Californium]] |
|||
[[zh:锎]] |
|||
[[zh-yue:鉲]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 24 Juni 2023 09.06
98Cf Kalifornium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sifat umum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pengucapan | /kalifornium/[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Penampilan | keperakan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kalifornium dalam tabel periodik | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nomor atom (Z) | 98 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Golongan | golongan n/a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Periode | periode 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Blok | blok-f | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kategori unsur | aktinida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nomor massa | [251] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Konfigurasi elektron | [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elektron per kelopak | 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sifat fisik | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fase pada STS (0 °C dan 101,325 kPa) | padat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Titik lebur | 1173 K (900 °C, 1652 °F)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Titik didih | 1743 K (1470 °C, 2678 °F) (perkiraan)[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kepadatan mendekati s.k. | 15,1 g/cm3[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sifat atom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bilangan oksidasi | +2, +3, +4, +5[5][6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elektronegativitas | Skala Pauling: 1,3[7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Energi ionisasi | ke-1: 608 kJ/mol[8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lain-lain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kelimpahan alami | sintetis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Struktur kristal | susunan padat heksagon ganda (dhcp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Skala Mohs | 3–4[9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nomor CAS | 7440-71-3[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sejarah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Penamaan | dari California, tempat di mana ia ditemukan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Penemuan | Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley (1950) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Isotop kalifornium yang utama[10][11] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kalifornium (pengucapan: /ˌkælɪˈforniəm/) adalah unsur kimia dalam sistem periodik unsur yang memiliki lambang Cf dan nomor atom 98. Atom ini dinamakan berdasarkan universitas dan negara bagian Kalifornia. Kalifornium adalah senyawa paling mahal ke-7 di dunia, dengan harga 27 juta dolar Amerika per Gram.[12]
Kegunaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kalifornium bisa digunakan untuk terapi kanker.[13] Elemen ini adalah sumber neutron yang efisien. Karena itu banyak potensi kegunaan baru untuk elemen ini.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ (Indonesia) "Kalifornium". KBBI Daring. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.
- ^ CRC 2006, hlm. 1.14.
- ^ a b c CRC 2006, hlm. 4.56.
- ^ Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements. Chapman and Hall. hlm. 1038. ISBN 9780412273704. Diakses tanggal 5 Agustus 2022.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 1265, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4
- ^ Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397.
- ^ Emsley 1998, hlm. 50.
- ^ CRC 2006, hlm. 10.204.
- ^ CRC 1991, hlm. 254.
- ^ CRC 2006, hlm. 11.196.
- ^ Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager), ed. (2008). "Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 5 Agustus 2022.
- ^ Why Does Californium-252 Cost $27 Million Per Gram, diakses tanggal 2023-06-24
- ^ "Kalifornium | Californium (Cf) : Penjelasan, Ciri Sifat dan Kegunaan". MASTAH (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2017-11-30. Diakses tanggal 2020-01-24.
Bacaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Cotton, F. Albert (1999). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (edisi ke-6th). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1.
- CRC contributors (1991). Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H., ed. Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3623-2.
- CRC contributors (2006). Lide, David R., ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (edisi ke-87th). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3.
- Cunningham, B. B. (1968). "Californium". Dalam Hampel, Clifford A. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938.
- Emsley, John (1998). The Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-855818-7.
- Emsley, John (2001). "Californium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
- Greenwood, N. N. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2nd). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9.
- Haire, Richard G. (2006). "Californium". Dalam Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (edisi ke-3rd). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 98: Californium". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. TAB Books. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9.
- Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, ed. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.
- Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
- National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-11014-3.
- O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., ed. (2006). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (edisi ke-14th). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1.
- Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). "Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope". Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. doi:10.2172/205871.
- Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). Thermonuclear Supernovae. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-4359-2.
- Seaborg, Glenn T.; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). The Elements Beyond Uranium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-89062-1.
- Seaborg, G. T. (1994). Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1.
- Seaborg, G. T. (1996). Adloff, J. P., ed. One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 978-3-486-64252-0.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). "Californium". Dalam Geller, Elizabeth. Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. hlm. 94. ISBN 978-0-07-143953-4.
- Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). Basic Elements of Crystallography. Pan Stanford. ISBN 978-981-4241-59-5.
- Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). "21: Modern Alchemy". Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. hlm. 848–850. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8. LCCN 68-15217.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Californium.
Lihat entri californium di kamus bebas Wiktionary.
- WebElements.com - Californium
- NuclearWeaponArchive.org - Californium
- Los Alamos National Laboratory - Californium
- It's Elemental - Californium
- Hazardous Substances Databank – Californium, Radioactive
(besar) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
1 | H | He | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |||||||||||||||
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |||||||||||||||
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |
|