Proyek Percobaan Apollo–Soyuz: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Wiz Qyurei (bicara | kontrib) k Wiz Qyurei memindahkan halaman Proyek Percobaan Apollo-Soyuz ke Proyek Percobaan Apollo–Soyuz Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
(11 revisi perantara oleh 7 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{Infobox spaceflight |
|||
⚫ | |||
| name = Apollo–Soyuz |
|||
⚫ | |||
| image_caption = Ilustrasi berlabuhnya dua wahana antariksa (1973) |
|||
| image_alt = |
|||
| mission_type = Kooperatif/ilmiah |
|||
| operator = [[NASA]] |
|||
| COSPAR_ID = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 1975-065A|Apollo: 1975-066A}} |
|||
| SATCAT = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 8030|Apollo: 8032}} |
|||
| mission_duration = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 5 hari 22 jam 30 menit|Apollo: 9 hari 01 jam 28 menit}} |
|||
| orbits_completed = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: 96|Apollo: 148}} |
|||
| spacecraft = {{Unbulleted list|[[Soyuz 7K-TM]] No. 75|[[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo CSM]]-111|Docking Module}} |
|||
| manufacturer = <!--company or companies who built the satellite--> |
|||
| launch_mass = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{Convert|6790|kg|abbr=on}}|Apollo: {{Convert|14768|kg|abbr=on}}|Docking Module: {{Convert|2012|kg|abbr=on}}}} |
|||
| dimensions = <!--body dimensions and solar array span--> |
|||
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|'''Apollo'''|[[Thomas P. Stafford]]|[[Vance D. Brand]]|[[Deke Slayton|Donald K. Slayton]]|'''Soyuz'''|[[Alexei Leonov]]|[[Valeri Kubasov]]}} |
|||
| launch_date = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{start date|1975|07|15|12|20|00|7=Z}}|Apollo: {{start date|1975|07|15|19|50|00|7=Z}}}} |
|||
| launch_rocket = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: [[Soyuz-U]]|Apollo: [[Saturn IB]] (SA-210)}} |
|||
| launch_site = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: [[Kosmodrom Baykonur|Baikonour]] [[Gagarin's Start|Site 1/5]]|Apollo: [[Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy|Kennedy]] [[Kompleks Peluncuran 39 B Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy|LC-39B]]}} |
|||
| landing_date = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{end date|1975|07|21|10|50|00|7=Z}}|Apollo: {{end date|1975|07|24|21|18|00|7=Z}}}} |
|||
| landing_site = {{Unbulleted list|Soyuz: {{Coord|50|40|N|67|1|E|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project landing|type:landmark}}|Apollo: {{Coord|21|52|N|162|45|W|name=Apollo–Soyuz Test Project landing|type:landmark}}}} |
|||
| orbit_epoch = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct--> |
|||
| orbit_reference = [[Orbit geosentris]] |
|||
| orbit_regime = [[Orbit bumi rendah]] |
|||
| orbit_periapsis = 217 km |
|||
| orbit_apoapsis = 231 km |
|||
| orbit_inclination = 51.75° |
|||
| orbit_period = 88.91 menit |
|||
| apsis = gee |
|||
| docking = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock |
|||
| docking_target = <!-- Soyuz 19 --> |
|||
| docking_type = dock |
|||
| docking_date = Pertama: {{start date|1975|07|17|16|19|09|7=Z}} |
|||
| undocking_date = Terakhir: {{end date|1975|07|19|15|26|12|7=Z}} |
|||
| time_docked = 47 jam 7 menit |
|||
}} |
|||
| insignia = |
|||
| insignia_caption = Logo resmi Apollo–Soyuz yang digunakan masing-masing oleh [[NASA]] dan [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] |
|||
| crew_photo = Portrait of ASTP crews - restoration.jpg |
|||
| crew_photo_caption = |
|||
| programme = '''[[Program Apollo]]''' |
|||
| previous_mission = [[Apollo 17]] |
|||
| programme2 = '''[[Program Soyuz]]''' |
|||
| previous_mission2 = [[Soyuz 18]] |
|||
| next_mission2 = [[Soyuz 20]] |
|||
}} |
|||
[[Berkas:Apollo-soyuz.jpg|jmpl]] |
[[Berkas:Apollo-soyuz.jpg|jmpl]] |
||
'''Proyek Apollo- |
'''Proyek Percobaan Apollo-Soyuz''' atau '''Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)''' (Rusia: '''Экспериментальный полёт «Союз» - «Аполлон»''', '''Eksperimantalniy Polyot Soyuz-Apollon''', lit. '''''"Penerbangan Eksperimental Soyuz-Apollo"''''') merupakan misi antariksa internasional pertama, yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli 1975 oleh [[Amerika Serikat]] dan [[Uni Soviet]], sebagai simbol kebijakan [[détente]] bahwa dua negara adidaya yang berlomba pada saat itu. Misi ini dianggap sebagai akhir dari [[Perlombaan Antariksa|perlombaan angkasa]], yang dimulai sejak 1957 dengan peluncuran [[Sputnik 1]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT747|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|ISBN=978-0-7619-2927-7|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |editor-first=Richard J.|editor-last=Samuels|editor-link=Richard J. Samuels|edition=1st|date=December 21, 2005|page=669|quote=Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive American victory. […] The formal end of the space race occurred with the 1975 joint Apollo–Soyuz mission, in which U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined, in orbit while their crews visited one another's craft and performed joint scientific experiments.}}</ref> |
||
Proyek ini melibatkan [[ |
Proyek ini melibatkan [[Penyandaran dan penambatan wahana antariksa|penyandaran]] dari [[Apollo Command/Service Module]] dengan Soviet [[Soyuz 19]]. Tiga astronaut Amerika Serikat dan dua kosmonaut Uni Soviet melakukan eksperimen ilmiah gabungan dan terpisah. Apollo-Soyuz merupakan penerbangan berawak terakhir Amerika Serikat selama enam tahun, sebelum [[STS-1|peluncuran pertama]] [[pesawat ulang-alik]] pada April 1981, dan penerbangan antariksa berawak menggunakan kapsul terakhir Amerika Serikat sebelum [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]] pada 2020. |
||
== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
||
Baris 9: | Baris 62: | ||
{{Commons category|Apollo-Soyuz Test Project}} |
{{Commons category|Apollo-Soyuz Test Project}} |
||
* [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Soyuz/ASTP/ASTPMission.php ASTP Chronology] |
* [http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Soyuz/ASTP/ASTPMission.php ASTP Chronology] |
||
* [http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/astp/astp.html ASTP home page] |
* [http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/astp/astp.html ASTP home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725172011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/astp/astp.html |date=2009-07-25 }} |
||
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html |
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html Apollo–Soyuz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184511/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html |date=2021-02-25 }} |
||
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project] – ''the official NASA history of the mission'' |
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123000956/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm |date=2011-01-23 }} – ''the official NASA history of the mission'' |
||
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750067869_1975067869.pdf International rendezvous and docking mission (Apollo–Soyuz/Salyut) 1971 – NASA report (PDF format)] |
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750067869_1975067869.pdf International rendezvous and docking mission (Apollo–Soyuz/Salyut) 1971 – NASA report (PDF format)] |
||
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730025080_1973025080.pdf Apollo/Soyuz test project operational data book. Volume 2: ASTP mass properties data book – NASA report (PDF format)] |
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730025080_1973025080.pdf Apollo/Soyuz test project operational data book. Volume 2: ASTP mass properties data book – NASA report (PDF format)] |
||
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750065564_1975065564.pdf |
* [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750065564_1975065564.pdf Apollo–Soyuz test project operation handbook command service docking modules systems operating procedures – NASA flight operations manual (PDF Format)] |
||
* [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications] (many of which are on-line) |
* [http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html NASA History Series Publications] (many of which are on-line) |
||
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/soyuz-i-apollon/05.html |
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/soyuz-i-apollon/05.html «Apollo-Soyuz»] – tell Soviet scientists, engineers and astronauts – participants of the joint work of American specialists, Politizdat 1976, with a circulation of 100 000 copies. |
||
;Media |
;Media |
||
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=AstpHighlights|description= of ASTP Highlights}} |
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=AstpHighlights|description= of ASTP Highlights}} |
||
Baris 30: | Baris 83: | ||
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv|name=https://archive.org/details/Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv}} (several types of media formats are available) |
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv|name=https://archive.org/details/Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv}} (several types of media formats are available) |
||
{{Program luar angkasa Rusia}} |
|||
{{angkasa-stub}} |
|||
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa yang diluncurkan tahun 1975]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Program Apollo]] |
[[Kategori:Program Apollo]] |
||
[[Kategori:Misi Soyuz berawak]] |
[[Kategori:Misi Soyuz berawak]] |
||
[[Kategori:Program Soyuz]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 2 Juli 2023 15.42
Jenis misi | Kooperatif/ilmiah |
---|---|
Operator | NASA |
COSPAR ID |
|
SATCAT no. |
|
Durasi misi |
|
Frekuensi orbit |
|
Properti wahana | |
Wahana antariksa |
|
Massa luncur |
|
Awak | |
Awak | |
Awal misi | |
Tanggal luncur |
|
Roket peluncur | |
Tempat peluncuran | |
Akhir Misi | |
Tanggal mendarat |
|
Tempat pendaratan | |
Parameter orbit | |
Sistem rujukan | Orbit geosentris |
Sistem orbit | Orbit bumi rendah |
Ketinggian perigee | 217 km |
Ketinggian apoogee | 231 km |
Inklinasi | 51.75° |
Periode | 88.91 menit |
Dock | |
Tanggal dock | Pertama: 16:19:09, 17 Juli 1975 (UTC) |
Akhir dock | Terakhir: 15:26:12, 19 Juli 1975 (UTC) |
Durasi dock | 47 jam 7 menit |
Proyek Percobaan Apollo-Soyuz atau Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (Rusia: Экспериментальный полёт «Союз» - «Аполлон», Eksperimantalniy Polyot Soyuz-Apollon, lit. "Penerbangan Eksperimental Soyuz-Apollo") merupakan misi antariksa internasional pertama, yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli 1975 oleh Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet, sebagai simbol kebijakan détente bahwa dua negara adidaya yang berlomba pada saat itu. Misi ini dianggap sebagai akhir dari perlombaan angkasa, yang dimulai sejak 1957 dengan peluncuran Sputnik 1.[1]
Proyek ini melibatkan penyandaran dari Apollo Command/Service Module dengan Soviet Soyuz 19. Tiga astronaut Amerika Serikat dan dua kosmonaut Uni Soviet melakukan eksperimen ilmiah gabungan dan terpisah. Apollo-Soyuz merupakan penerbangan berawak terakhir Amerika Serikat selama enam tahun, sebelum peluncuran pertama pesawat ulang-alik pada April 1981, dan penerbangan antariksa berawak menggunakan kapsul terakhir Amerika Serikat sebelum Crew Dragon Demo-2 pada 2020.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Samuels, Richard J., ed. (December 21, 2005). Encyclopedia of United States National Security (edisi ke-1st). SAGE Publications. hlm. 669. ISBN 978-0-7619-2927-7.
Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive American victory. […] The formal end of the space race occurred with the 1975 joint Apollo–Soyuz mission, in which U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined, in orbit while their crews visited one another's craft and performed joint scientific experiments.
- ASTP Chronology
- ASTP home page Diarsipkan 2009-07-25 di Wayback Machine.
- Apollo–Soyuz Diarsipkan 2021-02-25 di Wayback Machine.
- The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Diarsipkan 2011-01-23 di Wayback Machine. – the official NASA history of the mission
- International rendezvous and docking mission (Apollo–Soyuz/Salyut) 1971 – NASA report (PDF format)
- Apollo/Soyuz test project operational data book. Volume 2: ASTP mass properties data book – NASA report (PDF format)
- Apollo–Soyuz test project operation handbook command service docking modules systems operating procedures – NASA flight operations manual (PDF Format)
- NASA History Series Publications (many of which are on-line)
- «Apollo-Soyuz» – tell Soviet scientists, engineers and astronauts – participants of the joint work of American specialists, Politizdat 1976, with a circulation of 100 000 copies.
- Media
- Sebuah klip film of ASTP Highlights dapat diunduh di Internet Archive [more]
- Film pendek The Apollo-Soyuz Mission tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek Apollo Soyuz (1975) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek MISSION OF APOLLO-SOYUZ (1975) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek 25 Years of Progress, Episode 9: Transition Years (1983) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Facts (1975) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Facts, Part B (1975) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Facts, Part C (1975) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek History of Space Travel, Episode 13: The Mission of Apollo-Soyuz tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
- Film pendek CMP_249_Our_Laboratories_in_Space_Episode7.wmv tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya] (several types of media formats are available)
- Film pendek https://archive.org/details/Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya] (several types of media formats are available)