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[[Berkas:AGMA Ostrakon Cimon.jpg|ka|jmpl|280px|Ostrakon [[Cimon]], seorang negarawan [[Atena]], menunjukkan namanya]] |
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[[Berkas:41 - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Ostracism against Megakles (487 BC) - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg|jmpl|300px|Ostrakon [[Megacles]], putra Hippocrates (inskripsi: ΜΕΓΑΚΛΕΣ ΗΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΟΣ), 487 SM. Dipamerkan di "Ancient Agora Museum", [[Atena]], [[Yunani]]; disimpan di [[Stoa of Attalus]]]] |
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[[Berkas:Athen Stoa Ostrakismos 2.jpg|ka|jmpl|280px|Ostrakon untuk voting (bertujuan untuk [[ostrakisme]], Yunani kuno)]] |
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'''Ostrakon''' (serapan dari [[bahasa Yunani]]: {{lang|grc|ὄστρακον}} ''ostrakon'', bentuk jamak: {{lang|grc|ὄστρακα}} ''ostraka'') adalah sebutan untuk pecahan [[keramik]] (atau batu), yang biasanya berasal dari suatu guci atau tempayan tanah liat lainnya. Dalam [[arkeologi]], ''ostrakon'' dapat memuat kata-kata atau tulisan yang diukir di permukaannya dan memberikan indikasi tarikh penggunaan benda tersebut. |
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Di [[Atena]], [[Yunani]], pada zaman kuno, masyarakat melakukan voting dengan menulis atau mengukir nama seseorang pada potongan keramik, misalnya untuk mengasingkan atau mengusir seseorang dari kelompok masyarakat itu. Setelah voting dihitung dan suara terbanyak menolak yang bersangkutan, maka orang tersebut diasingkan selama 10 tahun dari kota itu, sehingga menghasilkan istilah ''[[ |
Di [[Atena]], [[Yunani]], pada zaman kuno, masyarakat melakukan voting dengan menulis atau mengukir nama seseorang pada potongan keramik, misalnya untuk mengasingkan atau mengusir seseorang dari kelompok masyarakat itu. Setelah voting dihitung dan suara terbanyak menolak yang bersangkutan, maka orang tersebut diasingkan selama 10 tahun dari kota itu, sehingga menghasilkan istilah ''[[ostrakisme]]''. |
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== Ostrakon Mesir == |
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==Egyptian limestone and potsherd ostraca== |
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[[Image:Heratic script limestone.jpg|right|thumb|210px|One of four official letters to [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|vizier]] Khay copied onto a [[limestone]] ostracon, in Egyptian [[Hieratic]] ]] |
[[Image:Heratic script limestone.jpg|right|thumb|210px|One of four official letters to [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|vizier]] Khay copied onto a [[limestone]] ostracon, in Egyptian [[Hieratic]] ]] |
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[[File:Egyptian - Ostracon with a Royal Head - Walters 321.jpg|left|thumb| |
[[File:Egyptian - Ostracon with a Royal Head - Walters 321.jpg|left|thumb|[[Firaun]] [[Kerajaan Baru Mesir]] digambarkan pada fragmen batu kapur ini menunjukkan kehalusan teknik pelukis. Dua lengan digambarkan lebih kasar. depicted on this limestone fragment bears the finesse of a master's hand. The two arms, however, are rendered more crudely. It is likely that a master used this ostracon to teach his student, and the work of both individuals can be seen on the piece. [[Walters Art Museum]], [[Baltimore]].|251x251px]] |
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Anything with a smooth surface could be used as a writing surface. Generally discarded material, ostraca were cheap, readily available and therefore frequently used for writings of an ephemeral nature such as messages, prescriptions, receipts, students exercises and notes: pottery shards, limestone flakes,<ref name="Donadoni">{{Citation |editor-last=Donadoni |editor-first=Sergio |title=The Egyptians |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1997 |isbn=0-226-15555-2 |page=78 }}.</ref> thin fragments of other stone types, etc., but limestone [[sherd]]s, being flaky and of a lighter color, were most common. Ostraca were typically small, covered with just a few words or a small picture drawn in ink;<ref>{{Citation |last=Klauck |first=Hans-Josef |title=Ancient Letters And the New Testament: A Guide to Context and Exegesis |publisher=Baylor University Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-932792-40-6 |page=45 }}.</ref> but the tomb of the craftsman Sennedjem at Deir el Medina contained an enormous ostracon inscribed with the [[Story of Sinuhe]].<ref name="Donadoni" /> |
Anything with a smooth surface could be used as a writing surface. Generally discarded material, ostraca were cheap, readily available and therefore frequently used for writings of an ephemeral nature such as messages, prescriptions, receipts, students exercises and notes: pottery shards, limestone flakes,<ref name="Donadoni">{{Citation |editor-last=Donadoni |editor-first=Sergio |title=The Egyptians |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1997 |isbn=0-226-15555-2 |page=78 }}.</ref> thin fragments of other stone types, etc., but limestone [[sherd]]s, being flaky and of a lighter color, were most common. Ostraca were typically small, covered with just a few words or a small picture drawn in ink;<ref>{{Citation |last=Klauck |first=Hans-Josef |title=Ancient Letters And the New Testament: A Guide to Context and Exegesis |publisher=Baylor University Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-932792-40-6 |page=45 }}.</ref> but the tomb of the craftsman Sennedjem at Deir el Medina contained an enormous ostracon inscribed with the [[Story of Sinuhe]].<ref name="Donadoni" /> |
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==Christian ostraca== |
==Christian ostraca== |
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{{unreferenced|section|date=January 2014}} |
{{unreferenced|section|date=January 2014}} |
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Inscriptions on clay, wood, metal, and other hard materials, like [[Papyrus|papyri]], are valuable especially as the literary sources for [[Early Christianity]]. They are found chiefly in Oriental countries (i.e. ''east'' of Rome or [[Southwest Asia]]), especially Egypt (which though east of Rome is technically [[North Africa]]). The greatest number are pieces of clay or scraps of pots inscribed with colors or ink. The oldest Christian ostraca, like the papyri, are Greek and date from the [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th century]]; next come the Coptic and Arabian ostraca. Some of the texts not yet deciphered include several Nubian ostraca in a language spoken in the old Christian kingdoms in the vicinity of Aloa on the [[Blue Nile]]. |
Inscriptions on clay, wood, metal, and other hard materials, like [[Papyrus|papyri]], are valuable especially as the literary sources for [[Early Christianity]]. They are found chiefly in Oriental countries (i.e. ''east'' of Rome or [[Southwest Asia]]), especially Egypt (which though east of Rome is technically [[North Africa]]). The greatest number are pieces of clay or scraps of pots inscribed with colors or ink. The oldest Christian ostraca, like the papyri, are Greek and date from the [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th century]]; next come the Coptic and Arabian ostraca. Some of the texts not yet deciphered include several Nubian ostraca in a language spoken in the old Christian kingdoms in the vicinity of Aloa on the [[Blue Nile]]. |
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In these inscriptions Greek letters are used, with some other signs. As to contents, ostraca are either profane or ecclesiastical. Potsherds were often used for correspondence in place of the less durable papyrus; occasionally the recipient wrote the answer on the back of the potsherd. Ostraca were also used for mercantile purposes, as bills, receipts, etc. C. M. Kaufmann and J. C. Ewald Falls, while excavating the town of Menas in the Libyan desert, discovered ostraca of this class—the oldest Christian potsherds in the Greek language (5th century)—and H. J. Bell and F. G. Kenyon of the British Museum deciphered them. |
In these inscriptions Greek letters are used, with some other signs. As to contents, ostraca are either profane or ecclesiastical. Potsherds were often used for correspondence in place of the less durable papyrus; occasionally the recipient wrote the answer on the back of the potsherd. Ostraca were also used for mercantile purposes, as bills, receipts, etc. C. M. Kaufmann and J. C. Ewald Falls, while excavating the town of Menas in the Libyan desert, discovered ostraca of this class—the oldest Christian potsherds in the Greek language (5th century)—and H. J. Bell and F. G. Kenyon of the British Museum deciphered them. |
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They refer to the vine-culture of the sanctuaries of Menas and represent, for the most part, short vouchers for money or provisions. The currency is based upon gold [[solidi]] issued by [[Constantine I|Constantine]]; the date is reckoned by the year of indiction. Of historical interest is the assistance given to invalid workmen, the employment of the lower clergy, the manner of provisioning the workmen, and especially the statements about the harvest periods in the Libyan district. The series of Coptic ostraca which deals with the clergy and the monasteries in the Nile valley is particularly extensive. They refer to all phases of administration and popular life. |
They refer to the vine-culture of the sanctuaries of Menas and represent, for the most part, short vouchers for money or provisions. The currency is based upon gold [[solidi]] issued by [[Constantine I|Constantine]]; the date is reckoned by the year of indiction. Of historical interest is the assistance given to invalid workmen, the employment of the lower clergy, the manner of provisioning the workmen, and especially the statements about the harvest periods in the Libyan district. The series of Coptic ostraca which deals with the clergy and the monasteries in the Nile valley is particularly extensive. They refer to all phases of administration and popular life. |
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The ecclesiastical ostraca, in a narrow sense, contain Biblical citations from the [[New Testament]], prayers, extracts from the [[synaxaria]] (lives of the saints), and are partly of a liturgic character. Greek, which was then the language of the Church, is much used, with the Coptic. Among the samples published by W.E. Crum, a fine judge of Coptic dialects, there is a local confession of faith from the 6th century, besides the Preface and Sanctus of the Mass, prayers from the [[Liturgy of St. Basil]] and of St. Mark, a part of the [[didascalia]] of [[Schenûte of Athribis]], a Greek confession, and an [[excommunication]], also in Greek. |
The ecclesiastical ostraca, in a narrow sense, contain Biblical citations from the [[New Testament]], prayers, extracts from the [[synaxaria]] (lives of the saints), and are partly of a liturgic character. Greek, which was then the language of the Church, is much used, with the Coptic. Among the samples published by W.E. Crum, a fine judge of Coptic dialects, there is a local confession of faith from the 6th century, besides the Preface and Sanctus of the Mass, prayers from the [[Liturgy of St. Basil]] and of St. Mark, a part of the [[didascalia]] of [[Schenûte of Athribis]], a Greek confession, and an [[excommunication]], also in Greek. |
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Particularly remarkable are those ostraca which contain liturgical songs. They represent our present song-books for which purpose rolls of papyrus were less suited than the more durable potsherds; in some cases wooden books were used. Among the pieces translated by Crum we find petitions for ordination in which the petitioner promises to learn by heart one of the Gospels, and a reference to an ancient abstinence movement, against which is directed a decree that the consecration-wine should be pure or at least three-fourths pure. |
Particularly remarkable are those ostraca which contain liturgical songs. They represent our present song-books for which purpose rolls of papyrus were less suited than the more durable potsherds; in some cases wooden books were used. Among the pieces translated by Crum we find petitions for ordination in which the petitioner promises to learn by heart one of the Gospels, and a reference to an ancient abstinence movement, against which is directed a decree that the consecration-wine should be pure or at least three-fourths pure. |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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*[[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]] |
* [[Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab]] |
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* [[Ostrakon Isbeth Sartah]] |
* [[Ostrakon Isbeth Sartah]] |
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* [[Ostrakon Samaria]] |
* [[Ostrakon Samaria]] |
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== Pustaka == |
== Pustaka == |
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*{{Catholic|wstitle=Christian Ostraka}} |
* {{Catholic|wstitle=Christian Ostraka}} |
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*{{Citation |last=Parkinson |first=Richard |last2=Diffie |first2=W. |last3=Fischer |first3=M. |last4=Simpson |first4=R. S. |title=Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone, and Decipherment |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1999 |isbn=0-520-22306-3 }}. |
* {{Citation |last=Parkinson |first=Richard |last2=Diffie |first2=W. |last3=Fischer |first3=M. |last4=Simpson |first4=R. S. |title=Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone, and Decipherment |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1999 |isbn=0-520-22306-3 }}. |
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*{{Citation |last=Reeves |first=Nicholas |title=Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries: A Year-by-Year Chronicle |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=0-500-05105-4 }}. (Specifically, "1964-71: The Sacred Animal Necropolis, Saqqara"; and "1964-65: A Statue Finds Its Face".) |
* {{Citation |last=Reeves |first=Nicholas |title=Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries: A Year-by-Year Chronicle |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=0-500-05105-4 }}. (Specifically, "1964-71: The Sacred Animal Necropolis, Saqqara"; and "1964-65: A Statue Finds Its Face".) |
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* McDowell, A. G. ''Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs'' (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002). |
* McDowell, A. G. ''Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs'' (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002). |
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* Forsdyke, Sara, ''Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece'' (Princeton, PUP, 2005). |
* Forsdyke, Sara, ''Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece'' (Princeton, PUP, 2005). |
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{{Commons category|Ancient Egyptian ostracons}} |
{{Commons category|Ancient Egyptian ostracons}} |
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{{Commons category|Greek ostraka}} |
{{Commons category|Greek ostraka}} |
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* [http://archaeology.about.com/od/oterms/g/ostraca.htm Ostraca] |
* [http://archaeology.about.com/od/oterms/g/ostraca.htm Ostraca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031190819/http://archaeology.about.com/od/oterms/g/ostraca.htm |date=2005-10-31 }} |
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* [http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/index.html ''The Ostracon''], the research publication of the Egyptian Study Society. |
* [http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/index.html ''The Ostracon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183920/http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/index.html |date=2008-05-09 }}, the research publication of the Egyptian Study Society. |
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* [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/30/israel.ancient.text/index.html Archeologist discovers 3000-year old ostracon] |
* [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/30/israel.ancient.text/index.html Archeologist discovers 3000-year old ostracon] |
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*[http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9 Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription] Biblical Archaeology Review |
* [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9 Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232512/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9 |date=2012-02-29 }} Biblical Archaeology Review |
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[[Kategori:Archaeological artefact types]] |
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[[Kategori:Egyptian artefact types]] |
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[[Kategori:Yunani Kuno]] |
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[[Kategori:Ostracon| ]] |
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[[Kategori:Papyrology]] |
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[[Kategori:Writing media]] |
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[[Kategori:Types of inscriptions]] |
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[[Kategori:Artefak berkaitan dengan Alkitab]] |
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[[Category:Textual scholarship]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 15 Juli 2023 02.31
_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_9_2009.jpg)
Ostrakon (serapan dari bahasa Yunani: ὄστρακον ostrakon, bentuk jamak: ὄστρακα ostraka) adalah sebutan untuk pecahan keramik (atau batu), yang biasanya berasal dari suatu guci atau tempayan tanah liat lainnya. Dalam arkeologi, ostrakon dapat memuat kata-kata atau tulisan yang diukir di permukaannya dan memberikan indikasi tarikh penggunaan benda tersebut.
Di Atena, Yunani, pada zaman kuno, masyarakat melakukan voting dengan menulis atau mengukir nama seseorang pada potongan keramik, misalnya untuk mengasingkan atau mengusir seseorang dari kelompok masyarakat itu. Setelah voting dihitung dan suara terbanyak menolak yang bersangkutan, maka orang tersebut diasingkan selama 10 tahun dari kota itu, sehingga menghasilkan istilah ostrakisme.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Daftar artefak terkait Alkitab
- Ostrakon Isbeth Sartah
- Ostrakon Samaria
- Ostracism
- Potsherd
- Soleto Map
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Artikel ini memuat teks dari suatu penerbitan yang sekarang berada dalam ranah publik: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Christian Ostraka". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.- Parkinson, Richard; Diffie, W.; Fischer, M.; Simpson, R. S. (1999), Cracking Codes: The Rosetta Stone, and Decipherment, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-22306-3.
- Reeves, Nicholas (2000), Ancient Egypt: The Great Discoveries: A Year-by-Year Chronicle, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-05105-4. (Specifically, "1964-71: The Sacred Animal Necropolis, Saqqara"; and "1964-65: A Statue Finds Its Face".)
- McDowell, A. G. Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002).
- Forsdyke, Sara, Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy: The Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece (Princeton, PUP, 2005).
- Litinas, Nikos, Greek Ostraca from Chersonesos, Crete: Ostraca Cretica Chersonesi (O.Cret.Chers.) (Wien: Holzhausen, 2008) (Tyche. Supplementband; 6).
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Ancient Egyptian ostracons.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Greek ostraka.
- Ostraca Diarsipkan 2005-10-31 di Wayback Machine.
- The Ostracon Diarsipkan 2008-05-09 di Wayback Machine., the research publication of the Egyptian Study Society.
- Archeologist discovers 3000-year old ostracon
- Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription Diarsipkan 2012-02-29 di Wayback Machine. Biblical Archaeology Review
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