Simpatri: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:N. jamban and N. lingulata.jpg|jmpl|Dua spesies [[kantong semar]]: ''[[Nepenthes jamban]]'' (kiri) dan ''[[Nepenthes lingulata]]'' (kanan) di hutan bergunung di [[Sumatra]].]] |
[[File:Gharial_in_Karnali.JPG|220x124px|thumb|right|Dua spesies antara [[Gavial]]: ''Gavialis gagenticus'' (bawah) dan [[Buaya India]]: ''Crocodylus Palustris'' (atas) di sungai Karnali, Nepal adalah salah satu contoh jenis simpatri yang terjadi pada hewan.]][[Berkas:N. jamban and N. lingulata.jpg|jmpl|Dua spesies [[kantong semar]]: ''[[Nepenthes jamban]]'' (kiri) dan ''[[Nepenthes lingulata]]'' (kanan) di hutan bergunung di [[Sumatra]] merupakan salah satu contoh simpatri yang terjadi pada tumbuhan.]] |
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Dalam ilmu [[biologi]], '''simpatri''' adalah suatu keadaan ketika dua [[spesies]] atau [[populasi]] hidup di wilayah geografis yang sama sehingga |
Dalam ilmu [[biologi]], '''simpatri''' adalah suatu keadaan ketika dua [[spesies]] atau [[populasi]] hidup di wilayah geografis yang sama sehingga sering kali saling bertemu.{{Sfn|Futuyma|2009|pp=448, G-9}} Populasi yang pada awalnya saling berkawin dan kemudian terbagi menjadi dua spesies atau lebih merupakan contoh [[spesiasi simpatrik]]. Spesiasi semacam ini disebabkan oleh [[isolasi reproduktif]] - yang membuat keturunan campuran tak dapat bereproduksi, sehingga mengurangi [[aliran gen]] - yang mengakibatkan perbedaan genetik.{{Sfn|Futuyma|2009|p=241}} Spesiasi ini berlawanan dengan [[spesiasi alopatrik]] di mana spesies terbentuk akibat isolasi geografis. |
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== Catatan kaki == |
== Catatan kaki == |
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* {{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6742/pdf/400354a0.pdf |title=On the origin of species by sympatric speciation |last1=Dieckmann |first1=U. |last2=Doebeli |first2=M. |journal=Nature |date=July 1999 |volume=400 |pages=354–357 |doi=10.1038/22521|last-author-amp=yes |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v400/n6742/pdf/400354a0.pdf |title=On the origin of species by sympatric speciation |last1=Dieckmann |first1=U. |last2=Doebeli |first2=M. |journal=Nature |date=July 1999 |volume=400 |pages=354–357 |doi=10.1038/22521|last-author-amp=yes |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Foote |first1=A.D. |last2=Morin |first2=P.A. |last3=Durban |first3=J.W. |last4=Willerslev |first4=E. |last5=Orlando |first5=L. |last6=Gilbert |first6=P.|last7=Thomas |first7=M. |title=Out of the pacific and back again: insights into the matrilineal history of pacific killer whale ecotypes |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=e24980 |date=September 2011 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024980 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024980 |displayauthors=3 |last-author-amp=yes |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |last1=Foote |first1=A.D. |last2=Morin |first2=P.A. |last3=Durban |first3=J.W. |last4=Willerslev |first4=E. |last5=Orlando |first5=L. |last6=Gilbert |first6=P.|last7=Thomas |first7=M. |title=Out of the pacific and back again: insights into the matrilineal history of pacific killer whale ecotypes |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=e24980 |date=September 2011 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024980 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024980 |displayauthors=3 |last-author-amp=yes |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Futuyma|first=D.J.|year=2009|title=Evolution|edition=2nd|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts|publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=978-0-87893-223-8 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|last=Futuyma|first=D.J.|year=2009|title=Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/evolution0002futu_d4c9|edition=2nd|location=Sunderland, Massachusetts|publisher=Sinauer Associates|isbn=978-0-87893-223-8 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=272188&_user=38557&_pii=S1471492203001946&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=30-Sep-2003&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlt-zSkWb&md5=e7ec4feacb17c6e9650bd34bbe07bb97/1-s2.0-S1471492203001946-main.pdf |title=Sympatric speciation in parasites – what is sympatry? |last=McCoy |first=K.D. |journal=Trends in Parasitology |date=September 2003 |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=400–404 |doi=10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00194-6 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=272188&_user=38557&_pii=S1471492203001946&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=30-Sep-2003&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlt-zSkWb&md5=e7ec4feacb17c6e9650bd34bbe07bb97/1-s2.0-S1471492203001946-main.pdf |title=Sympatric speciation in parasites – what is sympatry? |last=McCoy |first=K.D. |journal=Trends in Parasitology |date=September 2003 |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=400–404 |doi=10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00194-6 |ref=harv }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Noor |first=M.A.F. |title=Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry |journal=Heredity |date=November 1999 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=503–508 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00632.x |url=http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v83/n5/pdf/6886320a.pdf |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Noor |first=M.A.F. |title=Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry |journal=Heredity |date=November 1999 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=503–508 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00632.x |url=http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v83/n5/pdf/6886320a.pdf |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=A. |authorlink1=Austin Roberts |last2=Tarboton |first2=W. |title=Roberts' Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds |year=2011 |publisher=John Voelcker Bird Book Fund |isbn=978-0-620-50629-8 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=A. |authorlink1=Austin Roberts |last2=Tarboton |first2=W. |title=Roberts' Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds |year=2011 |publisher=John Voelcker Bird Book Fund |isbn=978-0-620-50629-8 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Soler |first=M. |last2=Moller |first2=A.P. |title=Duration of sympatry and coevolution between the great spotted cuckoo and its magpie host |journal=Nature |volume=343 |date=February 1990 |pages=748–750 |doi=10.1038/343748a0 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6260/pdf/343748a0.pdf |last-author-amp=yes |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Soler |first=M. |last2=Moller |first2=A.P. |title=Duration of sympatry and coevolution between the great spotted cuckoo and its magpie host |journal=Nature |volume=343 |date=February 1990 |pages=748–750 |doi=10.1038/343748a0 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6260/pdf/343748a0.pdf |last-author-amp=yes |ref=harv}} |
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[[Kategori:Evolusi]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 15 Juli 2023 15.54
Dalam ilmu biologi, simpatri adalah suatu keadaan ketika dua spesies atau populasi hidup di wilayah geografis yang sama sehingga sering kali saling bertemu.[1] Populasi yang pada awalnya saling berkawin dan kemudian terbagi menjadi dua spesies atau lebih merupakan contoh spesiasi simpatrik. Spesiasi semacam ini disebabkan oleh isolasi reproduktif - yang membuat keturunan campuran tak dapat bereproduksi, sehingga mengurangi aliran gen - yang mengakibatkan perbedaan genetik.[2] Spesiasi ini berlawanan dengan spesiasi alopatrik di mana spesies terbentuk akibat isolasi geografis.
Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Futuyma 2009, hlm. 448, G-9.
- ^ Futuyma 2009, hlm. 241.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bot, A.N.M.; Rehner, S.A. & Boomsma, J.J. (October 2001). "Partial Incompatibility between Ants and Symbiotic Fungi in Two Sympatric Species of Acromyrmex Leaf-Cutting Ants". Evolution. 55: 1980–1991. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01315.x. JSTOR 2680446.
- Coyne, Jerry A. & Orr, H. Allen (March 1989). "Patterns of Speciation in Drosophila". Evolution. hlm. 362–381. JSTOR 2409213.
- Dieckmann, U. & Doebeli, M. (July 1999). "On the origin of species by sympatric speciation" (PDF). Nature. 400: 354–357. doi:10.1038/22521.
- Foote, A.D.; Morin, P.A.; Durban, J.W.; et al. (September 2011). "Out of the pacific and back again: insights into the matrilineal history of pacific killer whale ecotypes". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24980. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024980.
- Futuyma, D.J. (2009). Evolution (edisi ke-2nd). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-223-8.
- McCoy, K.D. (September 2003). "Sympatric speciation in parasites – what is sympatry?" (PDF). Trends in Parasitology. 19 (9): 400–404. doi:10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00194-6.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Noor, M.A.F. (November 1999). "Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry" (PDF). Heredity. 83 (5): 503–508. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00632.x.
- Roberts, A.; Tarboton, W. (2011). Roberts' Guide to the Nests and Eggs of Southern African Birds. John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. ISBN 978-0-620-50629-8.
- Soler, M. & Moller, A.P. (February 1990). "Duration of sympatry and coevolution between the great spotted cuckoo and its magpie host" (PDF). Nature. 343: 748–750. doi:10.1038/343748a0.
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