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(16 revisi perantara oleh 8 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: Baris 1:
{{redirect|Kalmuk|desa di Iran|Kalmak-e Gelal}}
{{redirect|Kalmuk|desa di Iran|Kalmak-e Gelal}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group=Kalmyks<br/>Хальмгуд Halm'gud
|group=Kalmuk<br/>Хальмгуд Halm'gud
|image =
|image = Kalmyks 02.jpg
|popplace={{flag|Kalmykia}} ([[Rusia]])
|popplace={{flag|Kalmykia}} ([[Rusia]])
|population = 196,000
|population = 196,000
|region1 = {{flag|Rusia}}
|region1 = {{flag|Rusia}}
|pop1 = 183,372
|pop1 = 183,372
|ref1 = <ref name="gks.ru">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm Итоги ВПН 2010] All Russian census, 2010</ref><ref name="joshuaproject">{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=14129&rog3=RS|title=Kalmyk-Oirat, Western Mongul in Russia :: Joshua Project|publisher=joshuaproject.net|accessdate=2014-10-25}}</ref>
|ref1 = <ref name="gks.ru">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm Итоги ВПН 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044600/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm |date=2018-12-26 }} All Russian census, 2010</ref><ref name="joshuaproject">{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=14129&rog3=RS|title=Kalmyk-Oirat, Western Mongul in Russia :: Joshua Project|publisher=joshuaproject.net|accessdate=2014-10-25}}</ref>
|region2 = {{flag|Ukraina}}
|region2 = {{flag|Ukraina}}
|pop2 = 325
|pop2 = 325
Baris 13: Baris 13:
|region3 = {{flag|Kirgizstan}}
|region3 = {{flag|Kirgizstan}}
|pop3 = 12,000
|pop3 = 12,000
|ref3 = <ref>[http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697]</ref>
|ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697 |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2016-11-28 |archive-date=2016-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206105008/http://www.president.mn/eng/newsCenter/viewNews.php?newsId=697 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|rels=Kebanyakan [[Buddha Tibetan]]<br />Minoritas [[Kristen Ortodoks]]
|rels=Kebanyakan [[Buddha Tibetan]]<br />Minoritas [[Kristen Ortodoks]]
in [[Russia]]<ref name="books.google.de">{{cite book|title=Культурное наследие народов Центральной Азии. Выпуск 3: сборник статей|author1=Содномпилова, М.М.|author2=Нанзатов, Б.З.|publisher=Imbt|isbn=9785792503649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hvpYMc71IQC|page=34|accessdate=2014-10-25}}</ref>
di [[Rusia]]<ref name="books.google.de">{{cite book|title=Культурное наследие народов Центральной Азии. Выпуск 3: сборник статей|author1=Содномпилова, М.М.|author2=Нанзатов, Б.З.|publisher=Imbt|isbn=9785792503649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hvpYMc71IQC|page=34|accessdate=2014-10-25}}</ref>
Mayoritas [[Islam Sunni]] di [[Kirgizstan]]
Mayoritas [[Islam Sunni]] di [[Kirgizstan]]
Minorias [[Yudaisme]] di [[Belarus]]<ref name="russianaz.org">http://www.russianaz.org/molokane/subbotniki/Belarus/Kalmyks.html</ref>
Minorias [[Yudaisme]] di [[Belarus]]<ref name="russianaz.org">http://www.russianaz.org/molokane/subbotniki/Belarus/Kalmyks.html</ref>
|langs=[[Kalmyk Oirat]], [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]]
|langs=[[Bahasa Kalmyk|Kalmyk Oirat]], [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]]
|related=[[Mongol]], khususnya [[Oirat]]
|related=[[Mongol]], khususnya [[Oirat]]
}}
}}
'''Kalmyk''' ([[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]]: Хальмгуд, ''Khal’mgud'', [[Bahasa Mongolia|Mongolia]]: Халимаг, ''Khalimag'') adalah sebuah [[suku bangsa Oirat]] di [[Rusia]], yang leluhurnya bermigrasi dari [[Dzungaria]] pada 1607. Mereka membuat [[Kekhanan Kalmyk]] pada 1630–1724 di wilayah Kaukasus Utara Rusia. Sekarang, mereka membentuk mayoritas di republik otonomi [[Kalmykia]] di pesisir barat [[Laut Kaspia]].
'''Kalmuk''' ([[Bahasa Kalmyk|Kalmuk]]: Хальмгуд, ''Khal’mgud'', [[Bahasa Mongolia|Mongolia]]: Халимаг, ''Khalimag'') adalah sebuah [[suku bangsa Oirat]] di [[Rusia]], yang leluhurnya bermigrasi dari [[Dzungaria]] pada 1607. Mereka membuat [[Khanat Kalmuk]] pada 1630–1724 di wilayah [[Kaukasus]] Utara Rusia. Sekarang, mereka membentuk mayoritas di republik otonomi [[Kalmykia]] di pesisir barat [[Laut Kaspia]].


Melalui emigrasi, komunitas Kalmyk kecil berada di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Perancis]], [[Jermann]], dan [[Republik Ceko]].<ref>[http://www2.nupi.no/cgi-win//Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Kalmykian Kalmyks], NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies</ref>
Melalui [[emigrasi]], komunitas Kalmuk kecil berada di [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Prancis]], [[Jerman]], dan [[Republik Ceko]].<ref>[http://www2.nupi.no/cgi-win//Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Kalmykian Kalmyks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213350/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Kalmykian |date=2007-09-27 }}, NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies</ref>


==Daftar tokoh Kalmyk terkenal==
== Daftar tokoh Kalmuk terkenal ==
{{Main article|Daftar tokoh Oirat}}
{{Main article|Daftar tokoh Oirat}}


==Tokoh politik==
== Tokoh politik ==
*[[Vladimir Lenin]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC&pg=PA20&dq=vladimir+lenin+kalmyk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTn5be-v3OAhWBJB4KHf3ECjoQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=vladimir%20lenin%20kalmyk&f=false</ref>
* [[Vladimir Lenin]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC&pg=PA20&dq=vladimir+lenin+kalmyk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTn5be-v3OAhWBJB4KHf3ECjoQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=vladimir%20lenin%20kalmyk&f=false</ref>
*[[Ilya Ulyanov]]<ref>http://www.istpravda.com.ua/blogs/2011/04/22/36859/</ref>
* [[Ilya Ulyanov]]<ref>http://www.istpravda.com.ua/blogs/2011/04/22/36859/</ref>
*[[Oka Gorodovikov]]
* [[Oka Gorodovikov]]
*[[Lavr Kornilov]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=sVX1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&dq=lavr+kornilov+kalmyk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKsc7IlajPAhWG6IMKHWiOC5AQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=lavr%20kornilov%20kalmyk&f=false</ref>
* [[Lavr Kornilov]]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=sVX1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&dq=lavr+kornilov+kalmyk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKsc7IlajPAhWG6IMKHWiOC5AQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=lavr%20kornilov%20kalmyk&f=false</ref>


===Khan [[Kekhanan Kalmyk]]===
=== Khan Kalmuk ===
*[[Kho Orlok|Kho Orluk]]
* [[Kho Orlok|Kho Orluk]]
*[[Shukhur Daichin]] — 1654-1661
* [[Shukhur Daichin]] — 1654-1661
*[[Puntsug]] (Monchak) — 1661-1669
* [[Puntsug]] (Monchak) — 1661-1669
*[[Ayuka Khan]] — 1669-1724
* [[Ayuka Khan]] — 1669-1724
*[[Tseren Donduk]] Khan — 1724-1735
* [[Tseren Donduk]] Khan — 1724-1735
*[[Donduk Ombo]] Khan — 1735-1741
* [[Donduk Ombo]] Khan — 1735-1741
*[[Donduk Dashi]] Khan — 1741-1761
* [[Donduk Dashi]] Khan — 1741-1761
*[[Ubashi Khan]] — 1761-1771
* [[Ubashi Khan]] — 1761-1771


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
Baris 55: Baris 55:
* Bormanshinov, Arash. ''The Kalmyks: Their Ethnic, Historical, Religious, and Cultural Background'', Kalmyk American Cultural Association, Occasional Papers Number One, 1990.
* Bormanshinov, Arash. ''The Kalmyks: Their Ethnic, Historical, Religious, and Cultural Background'', Kalmyk American Cultural Association, Occasional Papers Number One, 1990.
* Bretschneider, E.V. ''Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources'', 2 vols., London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1910.
* Bretschneider, E.V. ''Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources'', 2 vols., London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1910.
*{{cite book|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|first1=Ruth W.|last1=Dunnell|first2=Mark C.|last2=Elliott|first3=Philippe|last3=Foret|first4=James A|last4=Millward|volume=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134362226|accessdate=2014-03-10| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde|first1=Ruth W.|last1=Dunnell|first2=Mark C.|last2=Elliott|first3=Philippe|last3=Foret|first4=James A|last4=Millward|volume=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134362226|accessdate=2014-03-10| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* Dzhimbinov, B. ''Sovetskaia Kalmykiia'', Moscow, 1940.
* Dzhimbinov, B. ''Sovetskaia Kalmykiia'', Moscow, 1940.
* Grin, François. ''Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Assertion'', European Center or Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper #10, 2000.
* Grin, François. ''Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Assertion'', European Center or Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper #10, 2000.
Baris 66: Baris 66:
* [http://www.academia.edu/4855574/Y-chromosome_diversity_in_the_Kalmyks_at_the_ethnical_and_tribal_levels Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak, Tomasz Grzybowski and Ilya Zakharov. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels]
* [http://www.academia.edu/4855574/Y-chromosome_diversity_in_the_Kalmyks_at_the_ethnical_and_tribal_levels Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak, Tomasz Grzybowski and Ilya Zakharov. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels]
* Loewenthal, Rudolf. ''THE KALMUKS AND OF THE KALMUK ASSR: A Case in the Treatment of Minorities in the Soviet Union'', External Research Paper No. 101, Office of Intelligence Research, Department of State, September 5, 1952.
* Loewenthal, Rudolf. ''THE KALMUKS AND OF THE KALMUK ASSR: A Case in the Treatment of Minorities in the Soviet Union'', External Research Paper No. 101, Office of Intelligence Research, Department of State, September 5, 1952.
*{{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=2014-03-10| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=2014-03-10| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* Pallas, Peter Simon. {{Google books|jnsIAAAAQAAJ|''Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften''}}, 2 vols., St. Petersburg: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1776.
* Pallas, Peter Simon. {{Google books|jnsIAAAAQAAJ|''Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften''}}, 2 vols., St. Petersburg: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1776.
* Pelliot, Paul. ''Notes sur le Turkestan'', T'oung Pao, XXVII, 1930.
* Pelliot, Paul. ''Notes sur le Turkestan'', T'oung Pao, XXVII, 1930.
Baris 74: Baris 74:
* Williamson, ''H.N.H. FAREWELL TO THE DON: The Russian Revolution in the Journals of Brigadier H.N.H. Williamson'', John Harris, Editor, The John Day Company, New York, 1970.
* Williamson, ''H.N.H. FAREWELL TO THE DON: The Russian Revolution in the Journals of Brigadier H.N.H. Williamson'', John Harris, Editor, The John Day Company, New York, 1970.
* ''Wang Jinglan, Shao Xingzhou, Cui Jing et al.'' Anthropological survey on the Mongolian Tuerhute tribe in He shuo county, Xinjiang Uigur autonomous region // Acta anthropologica sinica. Vol. XII, № 2. May, 1993. pp.&nbsp;137–146.
* ''Wang Jinglan, Shao Xingzhou, Cui Jing et al.'' Anthropological survey on the Mongolian Tuerhute tribe in He shuo county, Xinjiang Uigur autonomous region // Acta anthropologica sinica. Vol. XII, № 2. May, 1993. pp.&nbsp;137–146.
*{{cite book|last1=Williamson|first1=Hudleston Noel Hedworth|title=Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H. N. H. Williamson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6AbAAAAMAAJ|date=1970|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-00-211164-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Williamson|first1=Hudleston Noel Hedworth|title=Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H. N. H. Williamson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6AbAAAAMAAJ|date=1970|publisher=Collins|isbn=978-0-00-211164-5|ref=harv}}
* ''Санчиров В. П.'' О Происхождении этнонима торгут и народа, носившего это название // Монголо-бурятские этнонимы: cб. ст. – Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 1996. C. 31–50.
* ''Санчиров В. П.'' О Происхождении этнонима торгут и народа, носившего это название // Монголо-бурятские этнонимы: cб. ст. – Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 1996. C. 31–50.
* ''Galushkin S.K., Spitsyn V.A., Crawford M.H.'' Genetic Structure of Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks // Human Biology, December 2001, v.73, no. 6, pp.&nbsp;823–834.
* ''Galushkin S.K., Spitsyn V.A., Crawford M.H.'' Genetic Structure of Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks // Human Biology, December 2001, v.73, no. 6, pp.&nbsp;823–834.
Baris 81: Baris 81:
* [hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2012_r.htm ''Хойт С.К.'' Калмыки в работах антропологов первой половины XX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 3, 2012. с. 215–245.]
* [hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2012_r.htm ''Хойт С.К.'' Калмыки в работах антропологов первой половины XX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 3, 2012. с. 215–245.]


==Pranala luar==
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://www.minorityrights.org/2497/russian-federation/kalmyks.html Minorityrights.org]
* [http://www.minorityrights.org/2497/russian-federation/kalmyks.html Minorityrights.org]
* [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/articles/yurt/ The Construction of a Yurt]
* [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/articles/yurt/ The Construction of a Yurt]
* [http://templkhosh.narod.ru/gallery1.htm Khoshotovsky Monastery Reconstruction Project]
* [http://templkhosh.narod.ru/gallery1.htm Khoshotovsky Monastery Reconstruction Project]
Baris 92: Baris 92:
* [http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code2/1212.html Prayer Profile: The Kalmyk of Russia]
* [http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code2/1212.html Prayer Profile: The Kalmyk of Russia]
* [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9044427 Kalmyk. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 7, 2006.]
* [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9044427 Kalmyk. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 7, 2006.]
* [http://kalm.ru/en/hist.html History of Kalmykia. Retrieved from Official Web Site of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia]
* [http://kalm.ru/en/hist.html History of Kalmykia. Retrieved from Official Web Site of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719153047/http://www.kalm.ru/en/hist.html |date=2011-07-19 }}
* [http://bumbinorn.ru/2006/02/03/tragedija_velikojj_stepi.html Трагедия Великой Степи (Tragedy of Great Steppe)]
* [http://bumbinorn.ru/2006/02/03/tragedija_velikojj_stepi.html Трагедия Великой Степи (Tragedy of Great Steppe)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818051346/http://bumbinorn.ru/2006/02/03/tragedija_velikojj_stepi.html |date=2006-08-18 }}
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/kalmyks.pdf Genetic Evidence for the Mongolian Ancestry of Kalmyks, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 126 (2005)]
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/kalmyks.pdf Genetic Evidence for the Mongolian Ancestry of Kalmyks, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 126 (2005)]
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/kalmyks.pdf ibid., p7.]
* [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/kalmyks.pdf ibid., p7.]
* [http://www.kalmykiaembassy.ru/html/eindex.html Official Web Site of the Embassy of Republic of Kalmykia at the President of the Russian Federation.]
* [http://www.kalmykiaembassy.ru/html/eindex.html Official Web Site of the Embassy of Republic of Kalmykia at the President of the Russian Federation.]
* [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9362647?query=hat&ct= Dge-lugs-pa. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2006.]
* [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9362647?query=hat&ct= Dge-lugs-pa. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2006.]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/TibetanB.html Tibetan Buddhism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. Retrieved March 6, 2006.]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/TibetanB.html Tibetan Buddhism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05. Retrieved March 6, 2006.]
* [http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-mongolia-central-asia/history-of-buddhism-in-west-turkistan History of Buddhism in West Turkistan]
* [http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-mongolia-central-asia/history-of-buddhism-in-west-turkistan History of Buddhism in West Turkistan]
* [http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=3,2114,0,0,1,0 Europe's biggest Buddhist temple opens in Kalmykia]
* [http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=3,2114,0,0,1,0 Europe's biggest Buddhist temple opens in Kalmykia]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lang_family.asp?code=xal Linguistic Lineage for Kalmyk-Oirat]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_lang_family.asp?code=xal Linguistic Lineage for Kalmyk-Oirat]
* [http://www.bumbinorn.com/ Kalmyk News Agency]
* [http://www.bumbinorn.com/ Kalmyk News Agency]
* [http://www.r08.ru/ The proof of business life of Kalmykia]
* [http://www.r08.ru/ The proof of business life of Kalmykia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195106/http://www.r08.ru/ |date=2016-11-28 }}
* [http://www.idiocentrism.com/torgut.htm The Kalmyk between China and Russia]
* [http://www.idiocentrism.com/torgut.htm The Kalmyk between China and Russia]
* [http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/a_enhet.exe?Kalmykia Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI)'s Centre for Russian Studies Kalmykiya page]
* [http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/a_enhet.exe?Kalmykia Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI)'s Centre for Russian Studies Kalmykiya page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221032105/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/a_enhet.exe?Kalmykia |date=2006-12-21 }}
* [http://members.tripod.com/kakono/ Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1929–1944)];
* [http://members.tripod.com/kakono/ Kalmyk Buddhist Temple in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1929–1944)];
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0071) US Library of Congress Country Studies: Russia, The North Caucasus]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0071) US Library of Congress Country Studies: Russia, The North Caucasus]
* [http://www.kalmykleaders.org Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization "The Leaders of Kalmykia"]
* [http://www.kalmykleaders.org Web-Portal of the Interregional Not-for-Profit Organization "The Leaders of Kalmykia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124130206/http://www.kalmykleaders.org/ |date=2019-01-24 }}
* [http://www.kalmykphilly.org/ Kalmyk Brotherhood Society, Philadelphia, PA]
* [http://www.kalmykphilly.org/ Kalmyk Brotherhood Society, Philadelphia, PA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209094749/http://www.kalmykphilly.org/ |date=2007-02-09 }}
* [http://www.kalmykamericansociety.org/ Kalmyk American Society]
* [http://www.kalmykamericansociety.org/ Kalmyk American Society]
* [http://www.olnagazur.org/ Kalmuck Mongolian Buddhist Center, Howell, NJ]
* [http://www.olnagazur.org/ Kalmuck Mongolian Buddhist Center, Howell, NJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306110532/http://www.olnagazur.org/ |date=2013-03-06 }}
* [http://tales.freekalmykia.org/ Kalmyk tales in Kalmyk language]
* [http://tales.freekalmykia.org/ Kalmyk tales in Kalmyk language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062139/http://tales.freekalmykia.org/ |date=2007-09-27 }}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Suku Kalmyk}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suku Kalmyk}}

Revisi terkini sejak 15 Agustus 2023 04.36

"Kalmuk" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk desa di Iran, lihat Kalmak-e Gelal.
Kalmuk
Хальмгуд Halm'gud
Jumlah populasi
196,000
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
 Kalmykia (Rusia)
 Rusia183,372[1][2]
 Ukraina325[3]
 Kirgizstan12,000[4]
Bahasa
Kalmyk Oirat, Rusia
Agama
Kebanyakan Buddha Tibetan
Minoritas Kristen Ortodoks

di Rusia[5] Mayoritas Islam Sunni di Kirgizstan

Minorias Yudaisme di Belarus[6]
Kelompok etnik terkait
Mongol, khususnya Oirat

Kalmuk (Kalmuk: Хальмгуд, Khal’mgud, Mongolia: Халимаг, Khalimag) adalah sebuah suku bangsa Oirat di Rusia, yang leluhurnya bermigrasi dari Dzungaria pada 1607. Mereka membuat Khanat Kalmuk pada 1630–1724 di wilayah Kaukasus Utara Rusia. Sekarang, mereka membentuk mayoritas di republik otonomi Kalmykia di pesisir barat Laut Kaspia.

Melalui emigrasi, komunitas Kalmuk kecil berada di Amerika Serikat, Prancis, Jerman, dan Republik Ceko.[7]

Daftar tokoh Kalmuk terkenal

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Artikel utama: Daftar tokoh Oirat

Tokoh politik

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Khan Kalmuk

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Referensi

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  1. ^ Итоги ВПН 2010 Diarsipkan 2018-12-26 di Wayback Machine. All Russian census, 2010
  2. ^ "Kalmyk-Oirat, Western Mongul in Russia :: Joshua Project". joshuaproject.net. Diakses tanggal 2014-10-25. 
  3. ^ Komite statistik negara Ukraina – Komposisi populasi nasional, sensus 2001 (bahasa Ukraina)
  4. ^ "Salinan arsip". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-12-06. Diakses tanggal 2016-11-28. 
  5. ^ Содномпилова, М.М.; Нанзатов, Б.З. Культурное наследие народов Центральной Азии. Выпуск 3: сборник статей. Imbt. hlm. 34. ISBN 9785792503649. Diakses tanggal 2014-10-25. 
  6. ^ http://www.russianaz.org/molokane/subbotniki/Belarus/Kalmyks.html
  7. ^ Kalmyks Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies
  8. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC&pg=PA20&dq=vladimir+lenin+kalmyk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTn5be-v3OAhWBJB4KHf3ECjoQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=vladimir%20lenin%20kalmyk&f=false
  9. ^ http://www.istpravda.com.ua/blogs/2011/04/22/36859/
  10. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=sVX1AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT122&dq=lavr+kornilov+kalmyk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKsc7IlajPAhWG6IMKHWiOC5AQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=lavr%20kornilov%20kalmyk&f=false

Daftar pustaka

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  • Adelman, Fred. Kalmyk Cultural Renewal, PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania,1960.
  • Anonymous. Donskaia Oblast, Donskoi Pervyi Okrug, Donskoi Vtoroi Okrug (translation: The Don Region, First Don District, Second Don District), Novyi Entsliklopedicheskii Solvar, XVI, 1914.
  • Anuchin, D. "Kalmyki", Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar Brokgauz-Efrona, XIV, St. Petersburg, 1914.
  • Arbakov, Dorzha. Genocide in the USSR, Chapter II, Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups, The Kalmyks, Nikolai Dekker and Andrei Lebed, Editors, Series I, No. 40, Institute for the Study of the USSR, Munich, 1958.
  • Borisov, T.K. Kalmykiya; a historic-political and socio-economic survey, Moscow-Leningrad, 1926.
  • Bormanshinov, Arash. The Kalmyks: Their Ethnic, Historical, Religious, and Cultural Background, Kalmyk American Cultural Association, Occasional Papers Number One, 1990.
  • Bretschneider, E.V. Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, 2 vols., London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1910.
  • Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN 1134362226. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-10. 
  • Dzhimbinov, B. Sovetskaia Kalmykiia, Moscow, 1940.
  • Grin, François. Kalmykia: From Oblivion to Assertion, European Center or Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper #10, 2000.
  • Grousset, René. The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, 1970.
  • Halkovic, Jr., Stephen A. THE MONGOLS OF THE WEST, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 148, Larry Moses, Editor, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1985.
  • Haslund, Henning. MEN AND GODS IN MONGOLIA, National Travel Club, New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1935.
  • Heller, Mikhail and Nekrich, Aleksandr M. Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present, Summit Books, 1988.
  • Krader, Lawrence. Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads, Indiana University Publications, Uralic and Altaic Series, Vol. 20., 1963.
  • Khodarkovsky, Michael. Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads 1600–1771, Cornell University Press, 1992.
  • Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak, Tomasz Grzybowski and Ilya Zakharov. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels
  • Loewenthal, Rudolf. THE KALMUKS AND OF THE KALMUK ASSR: A Case in the Treatment of Minorities in the Soviet Union, External Research Paper No. 101, Office of Intelligence Research, Department of State, September 5, 1952.
  • Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (edisi ke-illustrated). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804729336. Diakses tanggal 2014-03-10. 
  • Pallas, Peter Simon. Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften pada Google Books, 2 vols., St. Petersburg: Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1776.
  • Pelliot, Paul. Notes sur le Turkestan, T'oung Pao, XXVII, 1930.
  • Poppe, Nicholas N. The Mongolian Language Handbook, Center for Applied Linguistics, 1970.
  • Pozdneev, A.M. Kalmytskoe Verouchenie, Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar Brokgauz-Efrona, XIV, St. Petersburg, 1914.
  • Riasanovsky, V.A. Customary Law of the Mongol Tribes (Mongols, Buriats, Kalmucks), Harbin, 1929
  • Williamson, H.N.H. FAREWELL TO THE DON: The Russian Revolution in the Journals of Brigadier H.N.H. Williamson, John Harris, Editor, The John Day Company, New York, 1970.
  • Wang Jinglan, Shao Xingzhou, Cui Jing et al. Anthropological survey on the Mongolian Tuerhute tribe in He shuo county, Xinjiang Uigur autonomous region // Acta anthropologica sinica. Vol. XII, № 2. May, 1993. pp. 137–146.
  • Williamson, Hudleston Noel Hedworth (1970). Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H. N. H. Williamson. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-211164-5. 
  • Санчиров В. П. О Происхождении этнонима торгут и народа, носившего это название // Монголо-бурятские этнонимы: cб. ст. – Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 1996. C. 31–50.
  • Galushkin S.K., Spitsyn V.A., Crawford M.H. Genetic Structure of Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks // Human Biology, December 2001, v.73, no. 6, pp. 823–834.
  • Хойт С.К. Генетическая структура европейских ойратских групп по локусам ABO, RH, HP, TF, GC, ACP1, PGM1, ESD, GLO1, SOD-A // Проблемы этнической истории и культуры тюрко-монгольских народов. Сборник научных трудов. Вып. I. Элиста: КИГИ РАН, 2009. с. 146–183.
  • [hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2008_r.htm Хойт С.К. Антропологические характеристики калмыков по данным исследователей XVIII–XIX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 1. Элиста: Изд-во КГУ, 2008. с. 220–243.]
  • [hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2012_r.htm Хойт С.К. Калмыки в работах антропологов первой половины XX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 3, 2012. с. 215–245.]

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