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[[Berkas:GHWWSD.JPG| |
[[Berkas:GHWWSD.JPG|jmpl|350px|ka|Seorang siswa sedang mencuci tangan dengan sabun dalam perayaan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia]] |
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'''Hari Cuci Tangan |
'''Hari Cuci Tangan Sedunia''' adalah sebuah kampanye global yang dicanangkan oleh [[PBB]] bekerjasama dengan organisasi-organisasi lainnya baik pihak pemerintah maupun swasta untuk menggalakkan perilaku [[mencuci tangan]] oleh masyarakat sebagai upaya untuk menurunkan tingkat kematian [[balita]] dan pencegahan terhadap penyakit yang dapat berdampak pada penurunan kualitas hidup manusia. |
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Pengumuman penunjukkan Hari Mencuci Tangan |
Pengumuman penunjukkan Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia pada 15 Oktober dilakukan pada Pertemuan Tahunan Air Sedunia (''Annual World Water Week'') yang berlangsung pada 17-23 Agustus, 2008 di [[Stockholm]]<ref name="unicef">{{en}} [http://www.unicef.ie/news208.htm Unicef and Partners Announce Global Handwashing Day]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> seiring dengan penunjukkan tahun [[2008]] sebagai [[Tahun Internasional Sanitasi]] oleh [[Rapat Umum PBB]]. Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia diharapkan akan memperbaiki praktik-praktik kesehatan pada umumnya dan perilaku sehat pada khususnya.<ref name="GHD">{{en}} [http://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/15_10_08/en/index.html WHO Global Handwashing Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220812/http://www.who.int/gpsc/events/2008/15_10_08/en/index.html |date=2011-05-18 }}</ref> |
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Kampanye Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun sedunia adalah upaya memobilisasi jutaan orang |
Kampanye Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun sedunia adalah upaya memobilisasi jutaan orang di seluruh dunia untuk mencuci tangan mereka dengan sabun. Inisyatif ini dikumandangkan oleh PPWH, Kemitraan Swasta dan Publik untuk Cuci Tangan (''Public Private Partnership for Handwshing'') dan didukung oleh PBB.<ref name="unicef"/><ref name="GHD"/><ref>{{en}} [http://www.globalhandwashing.org/ Situs Resmi Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812002044/https://globalhandwashing.org/ |date=2023-08-12 }}</ref> |
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== Latar belakang == |
== Latar belakang == |
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[[Berkas:GHDlogo.jpg| |
[[Berkas:GHDlogo.jpg|jmpl|250px|ka|Logo resmi Mencuci Tangan Sedunia 2008 dalam bahasa Inggris]] |
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Salah satu tujuan dari kampanye ini adalah penurunan angka kematian untuk anak-anak dimana lebih dari 5.000 anak [[balita]] penderita [[diare]] meninggal setiap harinya |
Salah satu tujuan dari kampanye ini adalah penurunan angka kematian untuk anak-anak dimana lebih dari 5.000 anak [[balita]] penderita [[diare]] meninggal setiap harinya di seluruh dunia sebagai akibat dari kurangnya akses pada air bersih dan fasilitas sanitasi dan pendidikan kesehatan. Penderitaan dan biaya-biaya yang harus ditanggung karena sakit dapat dikurangin dengan melakukan perubahan perilaku sederhana seperti mencuci tangan, yang menurut penelitian dapat mengurangi angka kematian yang terkait dengan penyakit diare hingga hampir 50 persen.<ref name="unicef"/> |
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Di samping itu kampanye juga dimaksudkan sebagai upaya peningkatan pembangunan fasilitas sanitasi di sekolah. Menurut [[UNICEF]] kurangnya akses untuk [[air bersih]] mengakibatkan penurunan tingkat kehadiran anak perempuan di sekolah saat mereka memasuki masa [[puber]], karena tidak adanya fasilitas sanitasi yang memadai. Akses air bersih dan sanitasi ditenggarai merupakan dasar penting untuk kehidupan anak-anak di seluruh dunia dilihat dari segi kesehatan, kelangsungan hidup, dan rasa penghargaan terhadap diri mereka. Penyediaan air bersih dan perilaku sanitasi yang baik disekolah juga menjadi salah satu cara untuk mencapai [[Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium]] (''Millenium Development Goals'').<ref name="unicef"/> |
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* Mempromosikan kebiasaan mencuci tangan dengan sabun, jauh lebih murah dibandingkan dengan pembiayaan kesehatan lain. Investasi U$3.35 untuk mencuci tangan dengan sabun membawa keuntungan kesehatan yang sama dibandingkan dengan U$ 11 untuk membangun MCK, dan investasi U$200 untuk perbaikan pasokan air ke rumah-rumah, dan investasi ribuan dolar untuk imunisasi. |
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* Investasi pada kesehatan, pendidikan dan perbaikan pasokan air bersih, menjadi investasi yang beresiko saat perilaku mencuci tangan dengan sabun tidak dipraktikkan. |
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(belum dibuat) <ref> {{en}} [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/13/business/13habit.html?pagewanted=4&_r=1&ei=5087&em&en=893d6d16b2643e20&ex=1216180800 Warning: Habbits May Be Good For You] </ref> |
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A FEW years ago, a self-described “militant liberal” named Val Curtis decided that it was time to save millions of children from death and disease. So Dr. Curtis, an anthropologist then living in the African nation of Burkina Faso, contacted some of the largest multinational corporations and asked them, in effect, to teach her how to manipulate consumer habits worldwide. |
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Dr. Curtis, now the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, had spent years trying to persuade people in the developing world to wash their hands habitually with soap. Diseases and disorders caused by dirty hands — like diarrhea — kill a child somewhere in the world about every 15 seconds, and about half those deaths could be prevented with the regular use of soap, studies indicate. |
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But getting people into a soap habit, it turns out, is surprisingly hard. |
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To overcome this hurdle, Dr. Curtis called on three top consumer goods companies to find out how to sell hand-washing the same way they sell Speed Stick deodorant and Pringles potato chips. |
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She knew that over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues. |
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“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.” |
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The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines. |
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“OUR products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.” |
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Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. |
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As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. But for activists like Dr. Curtis, this emerging research offers a type of salvation. |
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For years, many public health campaigns that aimed at changing habits have been failures. Earlier this decade, two researchers affiliated with Vanderbilt University examined more than 100 studies on the effectiveness of antidrug campaigns and found that, in some cases, viewers’ levels of drug abuse actually increased when commercials were shown, perhaps in part because the ads reminded them about that bag of weed in the sock drawer. |
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A few years later, another group examined the effectiveness of advertising condom use to prevent AIDS. In some cases, rates of unprotected sex actually went up — which some researchers suspected was because the commercials made people more frisky than cautious. |
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To teach hand washing, about seven years ago Dr. Curtis persuaded Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever to join an initiative called the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing With Soap. The group’s goal was to double the hand-washing rate in Ghana, a West African nation where almost every home contains a soap bar but only 4 percent of adults regularly lather up after using the toilet. |
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Over the last several years, such partnerships between corporations and those trying to save the world have become commonplace. Companies like Microsoft, Pfizer and General Electric have worked with nonprofit groups on health, technology and energy programs. |
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Not everyone is comfortable with the arrangements. Some critics complain that public health professionals are becoming too cozy with companies ultimately focused on their bottom lines. Others worry that these advertising techniques may be manipulative. |
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But what Dr. Curtis learned in Ghana suggests that saving the world may be as easy as hawking chewing gum, or, to use a more contemporary example, as simple as training Americans to spray perfumed water on couches that are already clean. |
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At about the same time, the company’s staff psychologists were beginning to extend their understanding of how habits are formed. |
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“For most of our history, we’ve sold newer and better products for habits that already existed,” said Dr. Berning, the P.& G. psychologist. “But about a decade ago, we realized we needed to create new products. So we began thinking about how to create habits for products that had never existed before.” |
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“We could talk about germs until we were blue in the face, and it didn’t change behaviors,” Dr. Curtis said. So she and her colleagues asked Unilever for advice in designing survey techniques that ultimately studied hundreds of mothers and their children. |
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They discovered that previous health campaigns had failed because mothers often didn’t see symptoms like diarrhea as abnormal, but instead viewed them as a normal aspect of childhood. |
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However, the studies also revealed an interesting paradox: Ghanaians used soap when they felt that their hands were dirty — after cooking with grease, for example, or after traveling into the city. This hand-washing habit, studies showed, was prompted by feelings of disgust. And surveys also showed that parents felt deep concerns about exposing their children to anything disgusting. |
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SO the trick, Dr. Curtis and her colleagues realized, was to create a habit wherein people felt a sense of disgust that was cued by the toilet. That queasiness, in turn, could become a cue for soap. |
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A sense of bathroom disgust may seem natural, but in many places toilets are a symbol of cleanliness because they replaced pit latrines. So Dr. Curtis’s group had to create commercials that taught viewers to feel a habitual sense of unseemliness surrounding toilet use. |
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Their solution was ads showing mothers and children walking out of bathrooms with a glowing purple pigment on their hands that contaminated everything they touched. |
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The commercials, which began running in 2003, didn’t really sell soap use. Rather, they sold disgust. Soap was almost an afterthought — in one 55-second television commercial, actual soapy hand washing was shown only for 4 seconds. But the message was clear: The toilet cues worries of contamination, and that disgust, in turn, cues soap. |
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“This was radically different from most public health campaigns,” said Beth Scott, an infectious-disease specialist who worked with Dr. Curtis on the Ghana campaign. “There was no mention of sickness. It just mentions the yuck factor. We learned how to do that from the marketing companies.” |
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The ads had their intended effect. By last year, Ghanaians surveyed by members of Dr. Curtis’s team reported a 13 percent increase in the use of soap after the toilet. Another measure showed even greater impact: reported soap use before eating went up 41 percent. |
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And while those statistics haven’t silenced critics who say habit-forming advertisements are worrisome, they have convinced people who run other public health initiatives that the Ghana experiment is on the right track. |
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Today, public health campaigns elsewhere for condom use and to fight drug abuse and obesity are being revamped to employ habit-formation characteristics, according to people involved in those efforts. One of the largest American antismoking campaigns, in fact, is explicitly focused on habits, with commercials and Web sites intended to teach smokers how to identify what cues them to reach for a cigarette. |
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“For a long time, the public health community was distrustful of industry, because many felt these companies were trying to sell products that made people’s lives less healthy, by encouraging them to smoke, or to eat unhealthy foods, or by selling expensive products people didn’t really need,” Dr. Curtis said. “But those tactics also allow us to save lives. If we want to really help the world, we need every tool we can get.” --> |
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== Dukungan dan kerjasama antar organisasi == |
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Para organisasi yang mendukung penyelenggaraaan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun sedunia adalah Program Bank Dunia untuk Water and Sanitation Program (WSP/World Bank), UNICEF, USAID, [[Procter and Gamble]] dan [[Unilever]]<ref name>{{en}} [http://www.globalhandwashingday.org Official site for Global Handwashing Day]</ref> |
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<!--Commercialization and social marketing are strategies used to improve child health in many countries. They have been applied to issues such as use of soap for handwashing to prevent diarrhoea (32), ORS to treat diarrhoea (33, 34), and insecticide-treated bednets to prevent malaria (35–37). Research has shown that commercialization and social marketing have positively influenced the use of ORS by increasing knowledge (34), motivation (34), and sales (33). |
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In rural areas of the United Republic of Tanzania social marketing of insecticide-treated bednets reduced child mortality due to malaria by almost 30% (36) and reduced the prevalence of anaemia by 63% (37). Treated bednets were packaged and branded after research had identified household perceptions of malaria, and preferences regarding mosquito nets and net treatment. Health workers, shopkeepers, religious leaders, and village government members were recruited in each village as sales agents (intermediate actors). Bednets were sold both through public and private outlets and a system of community door-to-door selling. Bednet producers and households were the targets of the strategy. Competition between producers was encouraged and taxes were removed from both netting material and treated bednets. Households were sensitized through a comprehensive information, education, and communication campaign. The mechanism to achieve reduced malaria mortality was the increase in production, demand for, and use of treated bednets. |
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Improved handwashing practices and reduced diarrhoeal rates were achieved in Central America using commercialization. This programme worked with private producers of soap and with the media to encourage better handwashing practices among rural groups with low socioeconomic status in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Handwashing behaviour improved and the prevalence of diarrhoea decreased by 4.5% among children under 5 years of age (32). A project task force developed public health messages, while soap producers used their marketing skills to promote handwashing with soap. The project conducted baseline market research to analyse the handwashing behaviour of the targeted population. Since this was a multinational initiative, national ministries of health and education were intermediate actors. Additional intermediate actors were NGOs, foundations, and the media, which implemented radio and television advertisements to promote the campaign. Households were the targets of the intervention and were involved through media campaigns, community outreach education efforts, and as recipients of soap samples. The mechanism for reducing the incidence of diarrhoea was to increase the demand for, and the supply of, soap for handwashing, as well as improved handwashing practices. If attempts are made to replicate this project it should be borne in mind that an external task force was a critical factor in the success. |
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==Perubahan prilaku== |
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== Catatan kaki == |
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* {{id}} [http://digilib-ampl.net/detail/detail.php?kode=3057&row=0&tp=pustaka&ktg=petunjuk&kd_link= Buku Panduan Penyelenggaraan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia (HCTPS)]. |
* {{id}} [http://digilib-ampl.net/detail/detail.php?kode=3057&row=0&tp=pustaka&ktg=petunjuk&kd_link= Buku Panduan Penyelenggaraan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia (HCTPS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212145442/http://digilib-ampl.net/detail/detail.php?kode=3057&row=0&tp=pustaka&ktg=petunjuk&kd_link= |date=2011-12-12 }}. |
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* {{en}} [http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/Handwashing_Handbook.pdf Buku Panduan Mencuci Tangan |
* {{en}} [http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/Handwashing_Handbook.pdf Buku Panduan Mencuci Tangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203104449/http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/Handwashing_Handbook.pdf |date=2008-12-03 }}. |
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* {{en}} [http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/WASH_media_guide_en%5B1%5D.pdf Paduan untuk Media Dalam Menyelidiki Salah Satu Skandal Terakhir pada 50 Tahun Terakhir ini] |
* {{en}} [http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/WASH_media_guide_en%5B1%5D.pdf Paduan untuk Media Dalam Menyelidiki Salah Satu Skandal Terakhir pada 50 Tahun Terakhir ini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215214616/http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/WASH_media_guide_en%5B1%5D.pdf |date=2010-02-15 }} |
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* {{id}} [http://yunior.ampl.or.id/?tp=tahukah&view=detail&kode=59&path=123&ktg=1&select=1 AMPL Yunior: Kampanye Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun] |
* {{id}} [http://yunior.ampl.or.id/?tp=tahukah&view=detail&kode=59&path=123&ktg=1&select=1 AMPL Yunior: Kampanye Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{id}} [http://www.ampl.or.id/detail/detail01.php?row=&tp=laporan_ampl&ktg=&kd_link=2&jns=&kode=135 Sekretariat POKJA: Kampanye CTPS Masuk MURI, 3 Agustus 2008] |
* {{id}} [http://www.ampl.or.id/detail/detail01.php?row=&tp=laporan_ampl&ktg=&kd_link=2&jns=&kode=135 Sekretariat POKJA: Kampanye CTPS Masuk MURI, 3 Agustus 2008]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{id}} [http://wes-riunicef.org/berita.php?id=16 WES RI UNICEF: Perayaan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia, Jakarta, 15 Oktober 2009] |
* {{id}} [http://wes-riunicef.org/berita.php?id=16 WES RI UNICEF: Perayaan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia, Jakarta, 15 Oktober 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307003908/http://wes-riunicef.org/berita.php?id=16 |date=2016-03-07 }} |
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* {{en}} [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/PPP+in+Health+Review.pdf Bank Dunia: Kerjasama antar Swasta dan Pemerintah] |
* {{en}} [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/PPP+in+Health+Review.pdf Bank Dunia: Kerjasama antar Swasta dan Pemerintah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115554/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/PPP+in+Health+Review.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |
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* {{en}} [http://www.gsk.com/community/phase.htm Phase Nicaragua] |
* {{en}} [http://www.gsk.com/community/phase.htm Phase Nicaragua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927034141/http://www.gsk.com/community/phase.htm |date=2008-09-27 }} |
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* {{en}} [http://www.globalhandwashing.org/ Handwashing with soap can save millions of lives] |
* {{en}} [http://www.globalhandwashing.org/ Handwashing with soap can save millions of lives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812002044/https://globalhandwashing.org/ |date=2023-08-12 }} |
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[[Kategori:Hari peringatan internasional|Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia]] |
[[Kategori:Hari peringatan internasional|Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia]] |
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[[Kategori:Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] |
[[Kategori:Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] |
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[[ar:اليوم العالمي لغسل اليدين]] |
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[[arz:يوم غسل الايدين العالمى]] |
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[[de:Internationaler Hände-Waschtag]] |
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[[en:Global Handwashing Day]] |
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[[fi:Maailman käsienpesupäivä]] |
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[[ml:ലോക കൈകഴുകൽ ദിനം]] |
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[[pl:Światowy Dzień Mycia Rąk]] |
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[[sa:वैश्विकहस्तक्षालनदिनम्]] |
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[[simple:Global Handwashing Day]] |
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[[sv:Internationella handtvättsdagen]] |
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[[th:วันการล้างมือโลก]] |
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[[zh:世界洗手日]] |
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[[zh-yue:全球洗手日]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 15 Agustus 2023 08.21
Hari Cuci Tangan Sedunia adalah sebuah kampanye global yang dicanangkan oleh PBB bekerjasama dengan organisasi-organisasi lainnya baik pihak pemerintah maupun swasta untuk menggalakkan perilaku mencuci tangan oleh masyarakat sebagai upaya untuk menurunkan tingkat kematian balita dan pencegahan terhadap penyakit yang dapat berdampak pada penurunan kualitas hidup manusia.
Pengumuman penunjukkan Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia pada 15 Oktober dilakukan pada Pertemuan Tahunan Air Sedunia (Annual World Water Week) yang berlangsung pada 17-23 Agustus, 2008 di Stockholm[1] seiring dengan penunjukkan tahun 2008 sebagai Tahun Internasional Sanitasi oleh Rapat Umum PBB. Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia diharapkan akan memperbaiki praktik-praktik kesehatan pada umumnya dan perilaku sehat pada khususnya.[2]
Kampanye Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun sedunia adalah upaya memobilisasi jutaan orang di seluruh dunia untuk mencuci tangan mereka dengan sabun. Inisyatif ini dikumandangkan oleh PPWH, Kemitraan Swasta dan Publik untuk Cuci Tangan (Public Private Partnership for Handwshing) dan didukung oleh PBB.[1][2][3]
Latar belakang
[sunting | sunting sumber]
Salah satu tujuan dari kampanye ini adalah penurunan angka kematian untuk anak-anak dimana lebih dari 5.000 anak balita penderita diare meninggal setiap harinya di seluruh dunia sebagai akibat dari kurangnya akses pada air bersih dan fasilitas sanitasi dan pendidikan kesehatan. Penderitaan dan biaya-biaya yang harus ditanggung karena sakit dapat dikurangin dengan melakukan perubahan perilaku sederhana seperti mencuci tangan, yang menurut penelitian dapat mengurangi angka kematian yang terkait dengan penyakit diare hingga hampir 50 persen.[1]
Di samping itu kampanye juga dimaksudkan sebagai upaya peningkatan pembangunan fasilitas sanitasi di sekolah. Menurut UNICEF kurangnya akses untuk air bersih mengakibatkan penurunan tingkat kehadiran anak perempuan di sekolah saat mereka memasuki masa puber, karena tidak adanya fasilitas sanitasi yang memadai. Akses air bersih dan sanitasi ditenggarai merupakan dasar penting untuk kehidupan anak-anak di seluruh dunia dilihat dari segi kesehatan, kelangsungan hidup, dan rasa penghargaan terhadap diri mereka. Penyediaan air bersih dan perilaku sanitasi yang baik disekolah juga menjadi salah satu cara untuk mencapai Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium (Millenium Development Goals).[1]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c d (Inggris) Unicef and Partners Announce Global Handwashing Day[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ a b (Inggris) WHO Global Handwashing Day Diarsipkan 2011-05-18 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ (Inggris) Situs Resmi Hari Mencuci Tangan Sedunia Diarsipkan 2023-08-12 di Wayback Machine.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- (Indonesia) Buku Panduan Penyelenggaraan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia (HCTPS) Diarsipkan 2011-12-12 di Wayback Machine..
- (Inggris) Buku Panduan Mencuci Tangan Diarsipkan 2008-12-03 di Wayback Machine..
- (Inggris) Paduan untuk Media Dalam Menyelidiki Salah Satu Skandal Terakhir pada 50 Tahun Terakhir ini Diarsipkan 2010-02-15 di Wayback Machine.
- (Indonesia) AMPL Yunior: Kampanye Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- (Indonesia) Sekretariat POKJA: Kampanye CTPS Masuk MURI, 3 Agustus 2008[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- (Indonesia) WES RI UNICEF: Perayaan Hari Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun Sedunia, Jakarta, 15 Oktober 2009 Diarsipkan 2016-03-07 di Wayback Machine.
- (Inggris) Bank Dunia: Kerjasama antar Swasta dan Pemerintah Diarsipkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine.
- (Inggris) Phase Nicaragua Diarsipkan 2008-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
- (Inggris) Handwashing with soap can save millions of lives Diarsipkan 2023-08-12 di Wayback Machine.