Gertrude Bell: Perbedaan antara revisi

Gertrude Bell
Gertrude Bell
	Gertrude Bell pada 1909, saat mengunjungi ekskavasi arkeologi di Babilonia
Lahir	Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell; 14 Juli 1868; Washington Hall, County Durham, Inggris
Meninggal	12 Juli 1926 (umur 57); Baghdad, Mandat Irak
Kebangsaan	Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia]]
Pekerjaan	Penjelajah, pejabat politik
Zaman	Victorian, Edwardian – 1900an
Dikenal atas	Penulis, penjelajah, pejabat politik, arkeolog, kartografer di Suriah Raya, Mesopotamia, Asia Keci, dan Arabia
Orang tua	Sir Hugh Bell Mary Bell (née Shield)
	Penghargaan (1918) Founder’s Medal (en) ; Commander of the Order of the British Empire (en) ; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (en) ;

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Revisi terkini sejak 2 September 2023 08.51

Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 Juli 1868 – 12 Juli 1926) adalah seorang penulis, penjelajah, pejabat politik, pengurus dan arkeolog asal Inggris^[2] yang menjelajahi, memetakan, dan menjadi orang paling berpengaruh pada pembuatan kebijakan kekaisaran Inggris karena pengetahuan dan kontaknya, yang dibangun melalui perjalanan khusus di Suriah Raya, Mesopotamia, Asia Kecil, dan Arabia.^[3] Bersama dengan T. E. Lawrence, Bell membantu dukungan dinasti Hashemite di apa yang sekarang menjadi Yordania serta Irak.

Ia memainkan peran besar dalam pendirian dan membantu kepengurusan negara modern Irak, memakai sudut pandang uniknya dari perjalanannya dan hubungannya dengan kepala-kepala suku di seluruh Timur Tengah. Sepanjang masa hidupnya, ia sangat disanjung dan dipercayakan oleh para pejabat Inggris dan diberikan sejumlah kekebalan kekuasaan untuk seorang wanita pada masa itu. Ia disebut sebagai "salah satu dari sedikit perwakilan Pemerintahan Yang Mulia yang diingat oleh bangsa Arab dengan hal apapun yang menyematkan dampak".^[4]

Referensi

^ Bell, Gertrude (1927). Bell, Florence, ed. The Letters of Gertrude Bell. London.
^ Bell, Gertrude Lowthian. O'Brien, Rosemary, ed. Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries, 1913-1914.
^ "Getrude Bell". The Dictionary of National Biography. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).
^ Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen B. (2008), Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., hlm. 162

Daftar pustaka

Tulisan karya Bell

Bell, Gertrude (1892). Poems from the Divan of Hafiz. London.
Bell, Gertrude (1907). The Desert and the Sown.
Bell, Gertrude (1910). Mountains of the Servants of God.
Bell, Gertrude (1911). Amurath to Amurath.
Bell, Gertrude (1914). The Palace and Mosque of Ukhaidir: a Study in Early Mohammadan Architecture.
Bell, Gertrude (1961). Gertrude Bell: From Her Personal Papers 1914–1926. London: Ernest Benn Ltd.
Bell, Gertrude (2015). A Woman in Arabia: The Writings of the Queen of the Desert. London: Penguin.
Gertrude Lowthian Bell; Gertrude Bell (1919) [1907]. The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria. W. Heinemann. hlm. 340.
Gertrude Bell (1911, rep.1924) From Amurath to Amurath Diarsipkan 2011-07-18 di Wayback Machine., complete text with illustrations.
Works by Gertrude Bell Diarsipkan 2012-11-13 di Wayback Machine. at Project Gutenberg Australia The letters of Gertrude Bell, selected and edited by Lady Bell, 1927 (plain text and HTML)
The Arabian Report
Arab Bulletin

Biografi Bell

Adams, Amanda (2010). Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure. Greystone Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-55365-641-8.
Bodley, R. V. C.; Hearst, L. (1940). Gertrude Bell. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-258-44101-2.
Howell, Georgina (2006). Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-1-4299-3401-5. ; also issued as Daughter of the Desert: the remarkable life of Gertrude Bell. Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 1-4050-4587-6

--- (paperback edition, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008) ISBN 0-374-53135-8

Lukitz, Liora (2004). "Gertrude Bell". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 4.
Lukitz, Liora (3 March 2006). A Quest in the Middle East: Gertrude Bell and the Making of Modern Iraq. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-415-3. Diakses tanggal 23 September 2013.
Wallach, Janet (1996). Desert Queen. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 978-0-307-74436-4.
Winstone, H. V. F. (2004). Gertrude Bell. Barzan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-9547728-0-2.

Sumber lain

Bell (ed.), Lady Florence (1927). The Letters of Gertrude Bell. 2 vols. London: Ernest Benn Ltd.
Hogarth, David G. "Obituary: Gertrude Lowthian Bell". Diarsipkan 2023-04-22 di Wayback Machine. The Geographical Journal 68.4 (1926): pp. 363–368. JSTOR. 28 October 2009.
Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, S. B. (2008). Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-33770-9.
O'Brien, R., ed. (2000). Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries, 1913–1914. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0672-7.
Satia, Priya (2008). Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199715985.

Pranala luar

The Gertrude Bell Project Diarsipkan 2018-01-24 di Wayback Machine. based at Newcastle University Library Diarsipkan 2023-07-17 di Wayback Machine.
Gertrude Bell Biography Diarsipkan 2012-04-15 di Wayback Machine. also Gertrude Bell on her translations of Hafiz
"Materi arsip tentang Gertrude Bell". UK National Archives.
British "Queen of Iraq" rests in Baghdad cemetery Diarsipkan 2007-10-10 di Wayback Machine.
Gertrude Bell, a Masterful Spy and Diplomat Diarsipkan 2022-12-04 di Wayback Machine.
"Gertrude of Arabia". The Economist. 7 September 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-05-25. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-07. Review of Daughter of the Desert: The Remarkable Life of Gertrude Bell by Georgina Howell
Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia, London: H.M. Stationery Office. 1920 Diarsipkan 2007-11-12 di Wayback Machine.
Karya Gertrude Bell di Project Gutenberg
Karya oleh/tentang Gertrude Bell di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
Karya Gertrude Bell di LibriVox (buku suara domain umum)
Poems from the Divan of Hafiz (dalam bahasa English). Diterjemahkan oleh Gertrude Lowthian Bell. 1897. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-12. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-07.
The Arab war; confidential information for General headquarters from Gertrude Bell, being despatches from the secret "Arab bulletin". Golden Cockerel Press. 1940. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-10-07.
The Rountons: The Bell Family Diarsipkan 2023-06-03 di Wayback Machine. (photographs)
Lifestory of Gertrude Bell, from "Lives of the First World War" Diarsipkan 2017-10-07 di Wayback Machine.

Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berkaitan

[letters-2] Bell, Gertrude (1927). Bell, Florence, ed. The Letters of Gertrude Bell. London.

[3] Bell, Gertrude Lowthian. O'Brien, Rosemary, ed. Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries, 1913-1914.

[4] "Getrude Bell". The Dictionary of National Biography. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)).

[5] Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen B. (2008), Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., hlm. 162

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Baris 10: / Baris 10: @@
 | death_place  = [[Baghdad]], [[Mandat Irak]]
 | occupation   = Penjelajah, pejabat politik
-| nationality  = Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia|Inggris]]
+| nationality  = Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia]]
 | era          = Victorian, Edwardian – 1900an
 | known_for    = Penulis, penjelajah, pejabat politik, arkeolog, kartografer di [[Suriah Raya]], Mesopotamia, Asia Keci, dan Arabia
@@ Baris 16: / Baris 16: @@
 | parents      = [[Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet|Sir Hugh Bell]]{{Plainlist}}Mary Bell (née Shield){{efn|Putri dari John Shield dari Newcastle-on-Tyne.}}<ref name="letters">{{cite book |last=Bell |first=Gertrude |editor-first=Florence |editor-last=Bell |title=The Letters of Gertrude Bell |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.21236 |location=London |year=1927}}</ref>
 }}
 '''Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] ({{lahirmati|Washington Hall, [[County Durham]], Inggris|14|7|1868|[[Baghdad]], [[Mandat Irak]]|12|7|1926}}) adalah seorang penulis, penjelajah, pejabat politik, pengurus dan arkeolog asal Inggris<ref>{{cite book| title= Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries'', 1913-1914| first= Gertrude Lowthian | last= Bell| editor-first= Rosemary| editor-last= O'Brien |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yfQYdOJpaDMC&pg=PA11&dq=gertrude+bell+spy&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mJ0xVdTVLoOZyATIioHoBg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=gertrude%20bell%20spy&f=false| year= | isbn= }}</ref> yang menjelajahi, memetakan, dan menjadi orang paling berpengaruh pada pembuatan kebijakan kekaisaran Inggris karena pengetahuan dan kontaknya, yang dibangun melalui perjalanan khusus di [[Suriah Raya]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Asia Kecil]], dan [[Arabia]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| title= Getrude Bell| work= The Dictionary of National Biography| url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/30/101030686/| subscription= yes| publisher= }}</ref> Bersama dengan [[T. E. Lawrence]], Bell membantu dukungan dinasti [[Hashemite]] di apa yang sekarang menjadi [[Yordania]] serta [[Irak]].
@@ Baris 34: / Baris 35: @@
 * {{cite book|first=Gertrude|last=Bell|title=A Woman in Arabia: The Writings of the Queen of the Desert|url=https://archive.org/details/womaninarabiawri0000bell|place=London|publisher=Penguin|date=2015}}
 * {{cite book |title=The Desert and the Sown: Travels in Palestine and Syria |author1=Gertrude Lowthian Bell |author2=Gertrude Bell |orig-year=1907 |year= 1919|publisher= W. Heinemann |pages= 340}}
-* [http://www.presscom.co.uk/amrath/amurath.html Gertrude Bell (1911, rep.1924) ''From Amurath to Amurath''], complete text with illustrations.
+* [http://www.presscom.co.uk/amrath/amurath.html Gertrude Bell (1911, rep.1924) ''From Amurath to Amurath''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102606/http://www.presscom.co.uk/amrath/amurath.html |date=2011-07-18 }}, complete text with illustrations.
-* [http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-a-m.html#bell Works by Gertrude Bell] at [[Project Gutenberg Australia]] ''The letters of Gertrude Bell'', selected and edited by Lady Bell, 1927 (plain text and HTML)
+* [http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-a-m.html#bell Works by Gertrude Bell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113135734/http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-a-m.html#bell |date=2012-11-13 }} at [[Project Gutenberg Australia]] ''The letters of Gertrude Bell'', selected and edited by Lady Bell, 1927 (plain text and HTML)
 * ''The Arabian Report''
 * ''Arab Bulletin''
@@ Baris 51: / Baris 52: @@
 === Sumber lain ===
 * {{cite book|first=Lady Florence|last=Bell (ed.)|title=The Letters of Gertrude Bell|volume=2 vols|place=London|publisher=Ernest Benn Ltd|date=1927}}
-* [[David George Hogarth|Hogarth, David G.]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1783440 "Obituary: Gertrude Lowthian Bell".] ''[[The Geographical Journal]]'' 68.4 (1926): pp.&nbsp;363–368. JSTOR. 28 October 2009.
+* [[David George Hogarth|Hogarth, David G.]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1783440 "Obituary: Gertrude Lowthian Bell".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422135108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1783440 |date=2023-04-22 }} ''[[The Geographical Journal]]'' 68.4 (1926): pp.&nbsp;363–368. JSTOR. 28 October 2009.
 * {{cite book|author2=[[Shareen Blair Brysac|Brysac, S. B.]]|author1=[[Meyer, Karl E.]]|title=Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlUl6WsDPnkC&pg=PA157|year=2008|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-33770-9}}
 * {{cite book|editor=O'Brien, R. |title=Gertrude Bell: The Arabian Diaries, 1913–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfQYdOJpaDMC&printsec=frontcover|year=2000|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-0672-7}}
@@ Baris 60: / Baris 61: @@
 {{wikisource author}}
-* [http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/ The Gertrude Bell Project] based at [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/ Newcastle University Library]
+* [http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/ The Gertrude Bell Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124164824/http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/ |date=2018-01-24 }} based at [http://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/ Newcastle University Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717022745/https://www.ncl.ac.uk/library/ |date=2023-07-17 }}
-* [http://www.writespirit.net/authors/gertrude_bell Gertrude Bell Biography] also Gertrude Bell on her translations of Hafiz
+* [http://www.writespirit.net/authors/gertrude_bell Gertrude Bell Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415030540/http://www.writespirit.net/authors/gertrude_bell/ |date=2012-04-15 }} also Gertrude Bell on her translations of Hafiz
 * {{UK National Archives ID}}
-* [http://www.mirror.co.uk/tm_objectid=17061225%26method=full%26siteid=94762%26headline=british%2d%2dqueen%2dof%2diraq%2d%2drests%2din%2dbaghdad%2dcemetery-name_page.html/ British "Queen of Iraq" rests in Baghdad cemetery]
+* [http://www.mirror.co.uk/tm_objectid=17061225%26method=full%26siteid=94762%26headline=british%2d%2dqueen%2dof%2diraq%2d%2drests%2din%2dbaghdad%2dcemetery-name_page.html/ British "Queen of Iraq" rests in Baghdad cemetery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010051248/http://www.mirror.co.uk/tm_objectid%3D17061225%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D94762%26headline%3Dbritish--queen-of-iraq--rests-in-baghdad-cemetery-name_page.html/ |date=2007-10-10 }}
-* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5552563 Gertrude Bell, a Masterful Spy and Diplomat]
+* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5552563 Gertrude Bell, a Masterful Spy and Diplomat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204234010/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5552563 |date=2022-12-04 }}
-* {{cite news| url= http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7879942 |title= Gertrude of Arabia| date= 7 September 2006| work= [[The Economist]]| postscript=. Review of ''Daughter of the Desert: The Remarkable Life of Gertrude Bell'' by Georgina Howell}}
+* {{cite news| url= http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7879942| title= Gertrude of Arabia| date= 7 September 2006| work= [[The Economist]]| postscript= . Review of ''Daughter of the Desert: The Remarkable Life of Gertrude Bell'' by Georgina Howell| access-date= 2017-10-07| archive-date= 2009-05-25| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090525035342/http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7879942| dead-url= no}}
 * [http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll7&CISOPTR=27&REC=2, Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia, London: H.M. Stationery Office. 1920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112005258/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp4013coll7&CISOPTR=27&REC=2%2C |date=2007-11-12 }}
 * {{Gutenberg author|id=46514}}
 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Gertrude Bell |sopt=t}}
 * {{Librivox author |id=10847}}
-* {{cite book| url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/pdh/index.htm |title= Poems from the Divan of Hafiz| language= English |translator= Gertrude Lowthian Bell| year= 1897}}
+* {{cite book | url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/pdh/index.htm | title= Poems from the Divan of Hafiz | language= English | translator= Gertrude Lowthian Bell | year= 1897 | access-date= 2017-10-07 | archive-date= 2023-06-12 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230612025703/https://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/pdh/index.htm | dead-url= no }}
-* {{cite book| url= http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/18482 |title= The Arab war; confidential information for General headquarters from Gertrude Bell, being despatches from the secret "Arab bulletin"| year= 1940| publisher= Golden Cockerel Press}}
+* {{cite book| url= http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/18482| title= The Arab war; confidential information for General headquarters from Gertrude Bell, being despatches from the secret "Arab bulletin"| year= 1940| publisher= Golden Cockerel Press| access-date= 2017-10-07| archive-date= 2023-04-22| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165648/https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/18482| dead-url= no}}
-* [http://www.therountons.com/festival/gallery/bell/bell0.htm The Rountons: The Bell Family] (photographs)
+* [http://www.therountons.com/festival/gallery/bell/bell0.htm The Rountons: The Bell Family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603121109/http://therountons.com/festival/gallery/bell/bell0.htm |date=2023-06-03 }} (photographs)
-* [http://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/4941738 Lifestory of Gertrude Bell, from "Lives of the First World War"]
+* [http://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/4941738 Lifestory of Gertrude Bell, from "Lives of the First World War"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007220737/https://livesofthefirstworldwar.org/lifestory/4941738 |date=2017-10-07 }}
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